Righting the Mother Tongue: From Olde English to Email, the Tangled Story of English Spelling
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13. David Crystal, The Stories of English (Woodstock, New York: The Overlook Press, 2004), 302.
14. Suzanne Kemmer, “Loanwords: Major Periods of Borrowing in the History of English,” http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~kemmer/Words/loanwords.html; David Crystal, The Stories of English (Woodstock, New York: The Overlook Press, 2004), 302.
15. Melvyn Bragg, The Adventure of English: The Biography of a Language (New York: Arcade Publishing, 2004) 118–119; David Crystal, The Fight for English: How Language Pundits Ate, Shot, and Left (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2006), 39, 61.
16. Alexander Gil, as cited in Seth Lerer, Inventing English (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007), 148.
17. Oxford University Press computerized survey, http://www.askoxford.com/asktheexperts/faq/aboutenglish/proportion?view=uk; David Crystal personal correspondence, March 2008.
18. David Crystal, The Fight for English: How Language Pundits Ate, Shot, and Left (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2006), 28.
19. David Crystal, The Fight for English: How Language Pundits Ate, Shot, and Left (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2006), 28.
20. Seth Lerer, Inventing English (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007), 115.
21. David Crystal, The Stories of English (Woodstock, New York: The Overlook Press, 2004), 268. Also: David Crystal, The Fight for English: How Language Pundits Ate, Shot, and Left (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2006), 32.
22. Seth Lerer, Inventing English (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007), 161–163.
23. David Crystal, The Fight for English: How Language Pundits Ate, Shot, and Left (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2006), 28.
24. David Crystal, The Stories of English (Woodstock, New York: The Overlook Press, 2004), 266.
25. Seth Lerer, Inventing English (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007), 156.
26. David Crystal, The Stories of English (Woodstock, New York: The Overlook Press, 2004), 266.
27. Seth Lerer, Inventing English (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007), 160.
28. Bill Bryson, Made in America: An Informal History of the English Language in the United States (New York: Perennial, 1994), 15.
29. David Crystal, The Fight for English: How Language Pundits Ate, Shot, and Left (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2006), 32.
30. Seth Lerer, Inventing English (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007), 156.
31. John Noble Wilford, “World’s Languages Dying off Rapidly,” New York Times, September 18, 2007.
32. Melvyn Bragg, The Adventure of English: The Biography of a Language (New York: Arcade Publishing, 2004), 118.
33. Vivian Cook, Accomodating Brocolli in the Cemetary: Or Why Can’t Anybody Spell? (New York: Touchstone, 2004), 100.
34. Seth Lerer, Inventing English (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007), 148.
35. David Crystal, The Fight for English: How Language Pundits Ate, Shot, and Left (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2006), 33.
36. British Library Web site scans of Richard Mulcaster, The Elementarie (London: Thomas Vautroullier dwelling in the blakfriers by Ludgate, 1582), http://www.21citizen.org.uk/learning/langlit/dic/mul/flinder/mouse.html
37. David Crystal, The Stories of English (Woodstock, New York: The Overlook Press, 2004), 269.
38. John Humphrys, Introduction to James Cochrane, Between You and I: A Little Book of Bad English (Naperville, Illinois: Sourcebooks Inc., 2004), xiii.
39. David Crystal, The Fight for English: How Language Pundits Ate, Shot, and Left (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2006), 68.
40. Melvyn Bragg, The Adventure of English: The Biography of a Language (New York: Arcade Publishing, 2004), 197.
41. Robert McCrum, Robert MacNeil, and William Cran, The Story of English (New York: Penguin, 1986), 132; Melvyn Bragg, The Adventure of English: The Biography of a Language (New York: Arcade Publishing, 2004), 134.
42. Geoffrey Nunberg, The Way We Talk Now (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2001), 191.
43. James Cochrane, Between You and I: A Little Book of Bad English (Naperville, Illinois: Sourcebooks Inc., 2004), 57, 120, 121.
44. David Crystal, personal interview, September 2007; David Crystal, The Fight for English: How Language Pundits Ate, Shot, and Left (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2006), 87.
45. Geoffrey Nunberg, The Way We Talk Now (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2001), 121.
46. David Crystal, The Fight for English: How Language Pundits Ate, Shot, and Left (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2006), 217.
47. David Crystal, personal interview, September 2007; David Crystal, The Fight for English: How Language Pundits Ate, Shot, and Left (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2006), 168; David Crystal, The Stories of English (Woodstock, New York: The Overlook Press, 2004), 477.
48. Charles McGrath, “Death-Knell. Or Death Knell,” New York Times, October 7, 2007.
49. James Cochrane, Between You and I: A Little Book of Bad English (Naperville, Illinois: Sourcebooks Inc., 2004), 121.
50. David Crystal, The Fight for English: How Language Pundits Ate, Shot, and Left (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2006), 69.
51. David Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of English (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 72.
52. Swift, as cited in Robert McCrum, Robert MacNeil, and William Cran, The Story of English (New York: Penguin, 1986), 134.
53. Swift, as cited in David Crystal, The Fight for English: How Language Pundits Ate, Shot, and Left (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2006), 71–72.
54. Swift, as cited in Melvyn Bragg, The Adventure of English: The Biography of a Language (New York: Arcade Publishing, 2004), 197.
55. John Oldmixon, as cited in Melvyn Bragg, The Adventure of English: The Biography of a Language (New York: Arcade Publishing, 2004), 197.
56. Johnson, as cited in David Crystal, The Fight for English: How Language Pundits Ate, Shot, and Left (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2006), 73.
57. Jack Lynch, “Johnson’s Dictionary Lays Down the Law,” The Athenæum of Philadelphia, April 12, 2004, 3.
58. Jack Lynch, “Johnson’s Dictionary Lays Down the Law,” The Athenæum of Philadelphia, April 12, 2004, 4; Jack Lynch personal interview, May 2007.
59. Jack Lynch, “Johnson’s Dictionary Lays Down the Law,” The Athenæum of Philadelphia, April 12, 2004, 5. Also Jack Lynch, personal interview, May 2007.
60. Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade and Randy Bax, “Of Dodsley’s projects and linguistic influence: The language of Johnson and Lowth,” Historical Sociolinguistics and Sociohistorical Linguistics Vol. 2, 2002.
61. Houghton Mifflin Dictionary of Biography (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003), 814.
62. Jack Lynch, “Review of Kolb & DeMaria, Johnson on the English Language,” 3. [mailed to author]63. Jack Lynch, “Reading Johnson’s Unreadable Dictionary,” Boston Athenæum, January 15, 2004, 2.
CHAPTER 6: OUTLAW ORTHOGRAPHY
1. Henry Gallup Paine, Handbook of Simplified Spelling (New York: Simplified Spelling Board, 1920), 16.
2. Isabel Proudfit, Noah Webster: Father of the Dictionary (New York: Julian Messner, Inc., 1942), 4.
3. Isabel Proudfit, Noah Webster: Father of the Dictionary (New York: Julian Messner, Inc., 1942), 68.
4. Isabel Proudfit, Noah Webster: Father of the Dictionary (New York: Julian Messner, Inc., 1942), 18.
5. Isabel Proudfit, Noah Webster: Father of the Dictionary (New York: Julian Messner, Inc., 1942), 15.
6. From Noah Webster to Merriam-Webster: Celebrating 200 Years of American Dictionary Making (Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster Inc., 2006), 11.
7. Jill Lepore, A is for American: Letters and Other Characters in the Newly United States (New York: Vintage Books, 2002), 25.
8. Jill Lepore, A is for American: Letters and Other Characters in the Newly United States (New York: Vintage Books, 2002), 22.
9. Jill Lepore, A is for American: Letters and Other Characters in the Newly United States (New York: Vintage Books, 2002), 22.
10. Seth Lerer, Inventing English (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007), 185.
11. Jill Lepore, A is for American: Letters and Other Characters in the Newly United States (New York: Vintage Books, 2002), 30, 34.
12. Jill Lepore, A is for American: Letters and Other Characters in the Newly United States (New York: Vintage Books, 2002), 31.
13. Jill Lepore, A is for American: Letters and Other Characters in the Newly United States (New York: Vintage Books, 2002), 32.
14. Webster, as cited in From Noah Webster to Merriam-Webster: Celebrating 200 Years of American Dictionary Making (Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster Inc., 2006), 52.
15. David Crystal, The Fight for English: How Language Pundits Ate, Shot, and Left (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2006), 268.
16. Isabel Proudfit, Noah Webster: Father of the Dictionary (New York: Julian Messner, Inc., 1942), 160.
17. Jill Lepore, A is for American: Letters and Other Characters in the Newly United States (New York: Vintage Books, 2002), 30.
18. Jill Lepore, A is for American: Letters and Other Characters in the Newly United States (New York: Vintage Books, 2002), 16.
19. Bill Bryson, Made in America: An Informal History of the English Language in the United States (New York: Perennial, 1994), 18.
20. Melvyn Bragg, The Adventure of English: The Biography of a Language (New York: Arcade Publishing, 2004), 149–154.
21. Jill Lepore, “Noah’s Mark,” New Yorker, November 6, 2006.
22. David Crystal, The Stories of English (Woodstock, New York: The Overlook Press, 2004), 421.
23. Lynch talk at National Archives, 1.
24. Jill Lepore, “Noah’s Mark,” New Yorker, November 6, 2006.
25. From Noah Webster to Merriam-Webster: Celebrating 200 Years of American Dictionary Making (Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster Inc., 2006), 14.
26. Jill Lepore, “Noah’s Mark,” New Yorker, November 2006; From Noah Webster to Merriam-Webster: Celebrating 200 Years of American Dictionary Making (Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster Inc., 2006), 20.
27. Webster, as cited in From Noah Webster to Merriam-Webster: Celebrating 200 Years of American Dictionary Making (Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster Inc., 2006), 54.
28. John Morse, personal correspondence, March 2008.
29. Jill Lepore, “Noah’s Mark,” New Yorker, November 6, 2006.
30. Jack Lynch, “Reading Johnson’s Unreadable Dictionary,” Boston Athenæum, January 15, 2004, 6.
31. Jill Lepore, “Noah’s Mark,” New Yorker, November 6, 2006.
32. Webster, as cited in From Noah Webster to Merriam-Webster: Celebrating 200 Years of American Dictionary Making (Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster Inc., 2006), 54.
33. Jill Lepore, “Noah’s Mark,” New Yorker, November 6, 2006.
34. Jill Lepore, “Noah’s Mark,” New Yorker, November 6, 2006.
35. Jill Lepore, “Noah’s Mark,” New Yorker, November 6, 2006.
36. Thomas Gustafson, Representative Words: Politics, Literature, and the American Language, 1776–1865 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 320.
37. John Morse, personal interview, May 2007.
38. Webster, as cited in From Noah Webster to Merriam-Webster: Celebrating 200 Years of American Dictionary Making (Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster Inc., 2006), 53.
CHAPTER 7: A FIRST CLASS MAN
1. Melvil Dewey Papers, Rare Books and Manuscript Library, Columbia University Libraries, Box 35A.
2. Melvil Dewey Papers, Rare Books and Manuscript Library, Columbia University Libraries, Box 84.
3. Melvil Dewey Papers, Rare Books and Manuscript Library, Columbia University Libraries, Box 84.
4. Wayne A. Wiegand, Irrepressible Reformer: A Biography of Melvil Dewey (Chicago: American Library Association, 1996), 10, 12.
5. Wayne A. Wiegand, Irrepressible Reformer: A Biography of Melvil Dewey (Chicago: American Library Association, 1996), 21–22.
6. Letter from Dewey to Vaile dated May 13, 1902. Melvil Dewey Papers, Rare Books and Manuscript Library, Columbia University Libraries, Box 84.
7. Melvil Dewey Papers, Rare Books and Manuscript Library, Columbia University Libraries, Box 85.
8. Bartlomiej Beniowski, Anti-Absurd or Phrenotypic Alphabet and Orthography for the English Language, Invented by Major Beniowski (London: Beniowski, 1844), 15, 20.
9. Bartlomiej Beniowski, Anti-Absurd or Phrenotypic Alphabet and Orthography for the English Language, Invented by Major Beniowski (London: Beniowski, 1844), 74.
10. David L. Bigler, Forgotten Kingdom: The Mormon Theocracy in the American West, 1847–1896 (Arthur H. Clark Co., 1998), 56.
11. State of Nevada, Department of Cultural Affairs, Division of Museums and History, “Brigham Young and the Deseret Alphabet,” http://dmla.clan.lib.nv.us/docs/museums/reno/thiswas/deseret.htm
12. Brigham Young address, delivered in the Tabernacle, Salt Lake City, October 8, 1868, Journal of Discourses, Vol. 12, p. 298, http://www.utlm.org/onlineresources/deseretalphabet.htm
13. State of Nevada, Department of Cultural Affairs, Division of Museums and History, “Brigham Young and the Deseret Alphabet,” http://dmla.clan.lib.nv.us/docs/museums/reno/thiswas/deseret.htm
14. Joseph Skibeell, personal correspondence, February 2008.
15. Wayne A. Wiegand, Irrepressible Reformer: A Biography of Melvil Dewey (Chicago: American Library Association, 1996), 63.
16. Wayne A. Wiegand, Irrepressible Reformer: A Biography of Melvil Dewey (Chicago: American Library Association, 1996), 80–81.
17. Wayne A. Wiegand, Irrepressible Reformer: A Biography of Melvil Dewey (Chicago: American Library Association, 1996), 75.
18. Melvil Dewey Papers, Rare Books and Manuscript Library, Columbia University Libraries, Correspondences 1892–1894, S.R. 65, Box 84.
19. Funk & Wagnall’s letter to Dewey dated November 17, 1890, Melvil Dewey Papers, Rare Books and Manuscript Library, Columbia University Libraries, SS Correspondences 1874–1883, Box 83.
20. Melvil Dewey Papers, Rare Books and Manuscript Library, Columbia University Libraries, Box 84.
21. Melvil Dewey Papers, Rare Books and Manuscript Library, Columbia University Libraries, Box 83.
22. Melvil Dewey Papers, Rare Books and Manuscript Library, Columbia University Libraries, Box 84.
23. Wayne A. Wiegand, Irrepressible Reformer: A Biography of Melvil Dewey (Chicago: American Library Association, 1996), 17.
24. Melvil Dewey Papers, Rare Books and Manuscript Library, Columbia University Libraries, Box 84.
25. David Nasaw, Andrew Carnegie (New York: The Penguin Press, 2006), 664; Bill Bryson, The Mother Tongue: English and How It Got That Way (New York: Perennial, 1990), 130.
26. Henry F. Pringle, Theodore Roosevelt: A Biography (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World Inc., 1931), 328.
27. H. W. Brands, TR: The Last Romantic (New York: Basic Books, 1997), 566.
28. David Nasaw, Andrew Carnegie (New York: The Penguin Press, 2006), 622, 631.
29. “All Federal Printing in the New Spelling.” New York Times, August 29, 1906.
30. “Children of the Code—Background Research and Notes: Theodore Roosevelt,” http://www.childrenofthecode.org/code-history/roosevelt.htm
31. H. W. Brands, TR: The Last Romantic (New York: Basic Books, 1997), 566.
32. H. W. Brands, TR: The Last Romantic (New York: Basic Books, 1997), 567.
33. “Roosevelt Spelling Makes Britons Laugh,” New York Times August 26, 1906.
34. H. W. Brands, TR: The Last Romantic (New York: Basic Books, 1997), 557.
35. H. W. Brands, TR: The Last Romantic (New York: Basic Books, 1997), 557.
36. “Englishmen now call Roosevelt an Autocrat; London Paper Sarcastic About America’s Democracy. Spelling Reform b
y Ukase St. James’s Gazette Says President Has Done What Neither King, Czar, Nor Kaiser Could Do,” New York Times, August 30, 1906.
37. George E. Mowry, The Era of Theodore Roosevelt: 1900–1912 (New York: HarperCollins College Division, 1968), 212.
38. Henry F. Pringle, Theodore Roosevelt: A Biography (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World Inc., 1931), 328.
39. Bill Bryson, The Mother Tongue: English and How It Got That Way (New York: Perennial, 1990), 130.
40. “Code Reform Attempts,” http://www.childrenofthecode.org/code-history/codereform.htm [video]
41. H. L. Mencken, The American language: An inquiry into the development of English in the United States, 2nd Edition (New York: A.A. Knopf, 1921); Bartleby. com, 2000. www.bartleby.com/185/(accessed April 4, 2008).
42. “Code Reform Attempts,” http://www.childrenofthecode.org/code-history/codereform.htm [video]
43. Simon Goodenough, The Greatest Good Fortune (Edinburgh: MacDonald, 1985), 223, as cited in David Nasaw, Andrew Carnegie (New York: The Penguin Press, 2006), 665.
44. “Code Reform Attempts,” http://www.childrenofthecode.org/code-history/codereform.htm [video]
45. Carnegie Collections, Columbia University, Reel 80, letter dated September 29, 1917.
46. Jackson J. Benson, John Steinbeck, Writer: A Biography (New York: Penguin, 1990) 155.
47. Bill Bryson, The Mother Tongue: English and How It Got That Way (New York: Perennial, 1990), 131; Simplified Spelling Society, “Spelling the Chicago Tribune Way, 1934–1975, Part I,” http://www.spellingsociety.org/journals/j24/shipley1.php
48. Henry Alexander, The Story of Our Language (New York: Dolphin Books, 1962), 31.
49. Stephen Pinker, The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language (New York: Harper Perennial, 1994), 188.
50. George Bernard Shaw, Preface to The Miraculous Birth of Language (London: Guild Books, 1941) 18.
CHAPTER 8: SPELLRAISERS
1. National Education Association, Journal of Proceedings and Addresses of the Fortieth Annual Meeting, University of Chicago Press, 1901, 225.
2. Read, as cited in James Maguire, American Bee: The National Spelling Bee and the Culture of Word Nerds (New York: Rodale, 2006), 59.