Scatter, Adapt, and Remember: How Humans Will Survive a Mass Extinction

Page 32

by Newitz, Annalee

biological, 18.1, 22.1

bioregional, 18.1, 18.2

green roofs in, 14.1, 18.1, 18.2

land management in

skyscraper farms in

SPIN model of, 18.1, 18.2

street markets in

feathers, 4.1, 6.1

ferns

Finland, 22.1, nts.1n

Florence

food chain, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2

food webs, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3

community selection of

fossil record, itr.1, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 11.1

cultural explosion in

dating of

Deccan Plateau in

Devonian, 2.1, 2.2

fungal spike in

geological periods defined by

human evolution in, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5

late Triassic

Neanderthals in, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6

stromatolites in

founder effect, 6.1, 6.2, nts.1n

Fountains of Paradise, The (Clarke),

1491 (Mann),

Fraser, Evan

fungal infections

gamma-ray bursts, 17.1, 17.2, nts.1n

Garske, Tini

gene pools, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, nts.1n

genetic diversity, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, nts.1n

genetic drift, 6.1, 7.1

genetics, itr.1, 1.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 12.1, 16.1, 16.2, 22.1, 22.2, 22.3, nts.1n

see also bottlenecks, genetic; DNA; population genetics

Genial Gene, The (Roughgarden),

genome, human

haplotypes in, 10.1, nts.1n

modified

Neanderthal DNA in, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6

genomes, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3

geoengineering, 19.1, 19.2, 22.1, nts.1n

carbon sequestration in, 19.1, 19.2

moral hazard of

Oxford Principles for

solar management in, 19.1, 20.1

unintended consequences of, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3

geological periods, 2.1, 2.2, nts.1n

geological time, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 6.1, nts.1n–70n

Germany, 6.1, 7.1

green roofs in

Nazi, 9.1, 14.1

Gilman, Ernest

Gilroy, Paul

Ginsberg, Daisy, 22.1, 23.1

Glaeser, Edward

Göbekli Tepe

Goldstein, David

Gondwana supercontinent, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1

Google Flu Trends, 16.1, 16.2

Google Lunar X Prize

Göreme, 17.1, 17.2

graptolites, 2.1, 2.2

gray whales, 11.1, 12.1

Arctic summer feeding grounds of, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4

averted extinction of, 12.1, 12.2

eastern and western Pacific groups of

extinct Atlantic group of

feeding habit of, 12.1, 12.2

juvenile

lifespan of

population size of, 12.1, 12.2, nts.1n

relative simplicity of, 12.1, 12.2

reproduction of, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3

sounds made by, 12.1, 12.2

stranded, rescue of, 12.1, 12.2

whalers attacked by

gray whales, winter migrations of, 12.1, 12.2

group composition in, 12.1, 12.2

learning route of, 12.1, 12.2

to Mexican lagoons, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4

transmitted knowledge of, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3

unihemispheric sleep of, 12.1, nts.1n

Great Dying, itr.1, itr.2, itr.3, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1

food webs and, 3.1, 3.2

see also Permian Period

Great Plague (1665)

Greece, 10.1, 17.1

World War II famine in, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4

greenhouse gases, itr.1, itr.2, itr.3, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 2.1, 3.1, 11.1, 19.1, 19.2

carbon emissions, 5.1, 9.1, 15.1, 19.1, 19.2, 21.1, nts.1n

volcanoes as source of, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2

weathering out of, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3

Greenland

green roofs, 14.1, 18.1, 18.2

Gudmundsson, Agust, 17.1, 17.2

Guns, Germs and Steel (Diamond),

Haase, Mark

Hacking the Earth (Cascio),

Haiti, earthquake in

Hall, Alex

hand axes

haplotypes, 10.1, nts.1n

Harpending, Henry

Harvey, Jim

“Has the Earth’s Sixth Mass Extinction Already Arrived?” (Barnosky)

Hawks, John, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4

Hays, Jo

Hertsgaard, Mark

Hionidou, Violetta, 9.1, 9.2

Hirschfeld, Magnus

Hodder, Ian

Homo erectus, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 7.1, nts.1n

H. ergaster, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4

H. heidelbergensis,

H. neanderthalensis, itr.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1

appearance of, 7.1, 7.2, nts.1n

brain size of

burial goods of

cave dwellings of, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4

culture lacked by, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3

DNA of, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7

in fossil record, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6

hardships of, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4

injuries of, 7.1, 7.2

interbreeding of, 7.1, 7.2

meat-heavy diets of, 7.1, 7.2

population size of, 7.1, 7.2

regional groups of

symbolic communication of, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3

tools of, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5

H. neanderthalensis, extinction of, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5

African replacement theory (recent African origins theory) of, 7.1, 7.2

assimilation in, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, nts.1n

extermination in, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4

multiregional theory of

H. sapiens, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 19.1

actual vs. effective population size of, 6.1, 6.2, nts.1n

H. sapiens (continued)

brain wiring of, 7.1

cultural explosion of, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3

future humans’ view of

lineage of

out-of-Africa migration of, itr.1, itr.2, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 23.1

racial groups of

sexual predilections attributed to, 7.1, 7.2

symbolic communication of, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2

see also evolution, human

H1N1 (swine flu) pandemic (2009), 16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 16.4

House Un-American Activities Committee

Huff, Chad

Human Career, The (Klein),

humanitarian aid, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3

humpback whales, 12.1, 12.2

hydrogen fuel, 11.1, 11.2

hypernovae

IBM

ice ages, itr.1, itr.2, itr.3, 7.1

Older Dryas

of Snowball Earth, itr.1, 1.1

ice caps, polar, 5.1, 12.1

icehouse states

Ordovician

Permian, 3.1, 4.1

ILINet

Incan empire, 8.1, 8.2, nts.1n

India, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2, 11.1, 19.1

indirect extinctions

Indonesia

influenza pandemics, 8.1, 16.1

mutant strains in

1918–19, 8.1, 16.1

origin of, 16.1, 16.2

SARS, 16.1, 16.2

stages of, 16.1, 16.2

2009 H1N1 (swine flu), 16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 16.4

influenza pandemics, containment of

antiviral medications in, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3

decentralized treatment in

“hedging” strategy in

quarantining in

social distancing in, 16.1, 16.2

vaccination in, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3

“intelligence explosion” (“Singularity”), 22.1, 23.1r />
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

International Center for Advanced Renewable Energy and Sustainability (I-CARES)

International Space Station, 21.1, 21.2

International Whaling Commission, 12.1, nts.1n

invasive species, itr.1, 2.1, 2.2, 19.1

Iraq, 14.1, 14.2

iridium anomaly

Irish Potato Famine (Black ’47), 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4

ISEC (International Space Elevator Consortium), nts.1n–90n

Israel, northern kingdom of, 10.1, 10.2, nts.1n

Israelites, 10.1, 10.2

Iverson, Richard, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3

Jacobs, Jane

Jacob’s Legacy (Goldstein),

Jakubowski, Marcin, nts.1n

Japan, 15.1, 15.2, 17.1

Jemison, Mae, 23.1, 23.2

Jenkins, Dennis

Jerusalem, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4

Jewish HapMap Project

Jews, 10.1, 21.1

ancient Roman, 10.1, 10.2, 17.1, 17.2

Babylonian exile of, 10.1, 10.2

God of

matriliny of

Passover story of, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3

persecution of, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5

population genetics of, 10.1, nts.1n

Portuguese

proselytizing by, 10.1, 10.2

underground cities created by, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3

Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis

Jones, David S.

Jones, Matt

Judah, kingdom of, 10.1, 10.2

Jurassic Period, 4.1, 4.2

Kaliampakos, Dmitris

Keith, David

Keller, Gerta

Kelton, Paul

Kent, Susan

kinetic impactor

Kirschvink, Joe, 1.1, 1.2

Klein, Richard, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5

Kleinboehl, Armin, 23.1, nts.1n

Koerth-Baker, Maggie

Kolbert, Elizabeth

Kostof, Spiro, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1

Krakatoa eruption, 19.1, 19.2

Kruger, Tim

Kurzweil, Ray

Lahn, Bruce

landslides, 15.1, 15.2

LaserMotive

Laubscher, Bryan

Layzer, Judith, 18.1, 18.2

Leakey, Richard, itr.1, nts.1n

Leiber, Fritz, 14.1, nts.1n

Lilith’s Brood (Butler), 13.1, 13.2

Lo, Cynthia, 11.1, 11.2

Lofstrom, Keith

Lystrosaurus, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 4.1

McAuley, Paul

McElwain, Jennifer

MacKay, David

McKibben, Bill, 1.1, 19.1

McNally, Amy

magnesium silicate

Mainzer, Amy

Malthus, Thomas

Mann, Charles, 8.1, nts.1n

Mao Zedong, 9.1, 9.2

Marcu, Oana

Mars, 13.1, 20.1, 21.1, 22.1, 22.2, 23.1, 23.2

Marshall, Charles, 1.1, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1

Martian Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), 23.1, nts.1n

Maryland, Health and Hygiene Department of

mass extinctions:

causes of, itr.1, itr.2, itr.3, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1

defining, 1.1, 2.1

periodicity of

potential responses to

rate of

sixth, itr.1, 5.1, nts.1n

Mating Mind, The (Miller),

Matrajt, Laura

Max Planck Institute, 6.1, 7.1

Medea Hypothesis, The (Ward),

megafauna extinctions, itr.1, 5.1

megavolcanoes, itr.1, itr.2, itr.3, 2.1, 3.1, 17.1, 19.1, nts.1n

CAMP

in India

Permian, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1

Toba, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3

Melott, Adrian

Mesopotamia

meteorite impacts, 4.1, 17.1

see also asteroid impacts

methane clathrates

methane ecosystem

Mexico, 8.1, 14.1

gray whale migrations to, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4

Middle Ages, 8.1, 8.2, 14.1, nts.1n

Milky Way galaxy, 2.1, 22.1

Miller, Geoffrey

Miocene Epoch

mitochondria

mitochondrial DNA

Mitochondrial Eve, 7.1, 7.2

Montréal, “RÉSO” in, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3

Moon, 1.1, 13.1, 19.1, 21.1, 21.2, 23.1, 23.2

Moon Express, 21.1, 21.2

Moses

Moss, Robert

Moss Landing Marine Laboratories (MLML)

mud slides, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3

multiregionalism

Musk, Elon, 21.1, 21.2

nanotubes, 21.1, 21.2

NASA, itr.1, 21.1, 23.1, nts.1n–91n

Deep Impact mission of

space elevator and, 21.1, 21.2, 21.3, 21.4

Spaceguard program of, 20.1, 20.2

Space Shuttle of, 21.1, 21.2

WISE satellite of, 20.1, 20.2

Native Americans, 5.1, 8.1

Nature, 1.1, 5.1, 5.2

Neanderthals, see H. neanderthalensis

Nebuchadnezzar II, King of Babylon

Neilan, Brett

NEOCam space telescope, 20.1, 20.2

Neolithic Revolution

NEOs (near-Earth objects), 20.1, 20.2, 20.3, nts.1n

New York City, 14.1, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3

nitrogen fixation

noise pollution, 12.1, nts.1n–81n

NORAD (North American Aerospace Defense Command), 17.1, 17.2, nts.1n

nuclear radiation, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3, 20.1, nts.1n

nuclear winter, 17.1, 20.1, nts.1n

O, The Oprah Magazine,

Occupy movement

ocean acidification, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3

ocean anoxic dead zones, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 20.1

ocean fertilization

ocean subduction

Ó Gráda, Cormac

Older Dryas ice age

100 Year Starship project, 23.1, 23.2

Ordovician Period, itr.1, 2.1, 3.1, 17.1, 19.1

extinction of

icehouse state of

Oregon, 5.1, 15.1, 15.2

Oregon State University, itr.1, 15.1, 15.2, nts.1n

organelles, 1.1, 11.1

Ostrer, Harry, 10.1, 10.2, nts.1n

Oxford Martin School

Future of Humanity Institute of

oxygen, 2.1, 11.1, 19.1

depletion of, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 20.1

Oxygen Apocalypse, itr.1, 1.1

Pääbo, Svante, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2

Paisley Caves

Pakrasi, Himadri, 11.1, 11.2

pandemics, itr.1, 7.1, 8.1, 9.1, 14.1, 15.1, 16.1, 22.1

American colonial, 8.1, 13.1

death tolls of, 8.1, 8.2, 16.1, 16.2

quarantining in, 8.1, 8.2, 16.1, 16.2

smallpox, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3

social effects of, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3

stages of

see also Black Death; epidemic modeling; influenza pandemics; plagues

Pangaea supercontinent, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1

Parable of the Talents (Butler),

Paradise Built in Hell, A (Solnit),

Passover story, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3

Payne, Jonathan, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3

peasants, 8.1, 9.1, 14.1

Peasants’ Revolt, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 9.1

Pepys, Samuel, 8.1, 8.2

perchlorates, 21.1, nts.1n

periurban agriculture

Permian Period, itr.1, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1

ecosystems of

icehouse state of, 3.1, 4.1

survivors of, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 4.1

Perryman, Wayne

Peru, 14.1, 14.2

Incan empire of, 8.1, 8.2, nts.1n

PHOs (potentially hazardous objects), 20.1, 20.2, 20.3, nts.1n

photosynthesis, 1.1, 4.1, 11.1

&
nbsp; as future energy source

global algae economy based on

Photosynthetic Antenna Project, 11.1, 18.1

Pinderhughes, Raquel

Pizarro, Francisco

placoderms

plagues, 7.1, 8.1, 16.1

biblical

bubonic, see Black Death

see also pandemics

plant cells, 11.1, nts.1n–79n

polypropylene

Pompeii

population genetics, 6.1, 7.1

Jewish, 10.1, nts.1n

see also bottlenecks, genetic; evolution, human

population size

actual vs. effective, 6.1, 6.2, nts.1n

of gray whales, 12.1, 12.2, nts.1n

inbreeding and

of Ireland

Neanderthal, 7.1, 7.2

reduction of, 14.1, nts.1n–82n

Poverty and Famines (Sen),

Prehistoric Art (White),

Proterozoic Eon

proto-cells

quarantining, 8.1, 8.2, 16.1, 16.2

Quaternary Period

Quiet War, The (McAuley),

quipu, 8.1, nts.1n

radiation bombardments, 17.1, 17.2, 22.1, 23.1, nts.1n

cosmic, itr.1, itr.2, itr.3, itr.4, 2.1, 17.1

highly ionizing particles in

nuclear, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3, 20.1, nts.1n

in space, 22.1, 22.2

Rainier, Mount

Redmount, Carol

Renne, Paul, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3

Rhodes, Richard, 23.1, nts.1n

Rice University

Richards, Bob

right whales

Rio de Janeiro

Robinson, Kim Stanley, 22.1, nts.1n

Robock, Alan, 17.1, 19.1, 20.1

robotic climbers, 21.1, 21.2, 21.3, 21.4

robots, 15.1, 20.1, 21.1, 21.2, 22.1, 23.1, 23.2, 23.3

Roman Catholic Church, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 14.1

Spanish Inquisition of, 10.1, 10.2

Roman empire, 8.1, 10.1, 10.2, 17.1, 17.2

Rome

Roopnarine, Peter, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1

Roughgarden, Joan

Safran, William

Sandberg, Anders

San Francisco, 14.1, 15.1, 17.1, nts.1n

earthquakes in, 15.1, 15.2

SARS, 16.1, 16.2

Scammon, Charles Melville, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3

Schabas, Richard

science fiction, 13.1, 20.1, 21.1, 22.1, 22.2, nts.1n, nts.2n

sea levels, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1

secondary extinctions

self-healing concrete, 18.1, 22.1, 22.2

Sen, Amartya, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4

serial-founder theory, 6.1, 6.2

SETICon conference, 21.1, 23.1

SETI Institute

sexual selection, 6.1, 6.2, 22.1, nts.1n

Sheehan, Peter

Siberian Traps

Silk Road

Sinai Peninsula, 6.1, 6.2

sixth extinction theory, itr.1, 5.1, nts.1n

skyscraper farms

slavery, 10.1, 13.1

of Jews

of Native Americans

in Passover story

Slime World

smallpox, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3

Smarter Cities program

Smit, Jan, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3

Smith, Monica L.

Snow, John, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3

Snowball Earth, itr.1, 1.1

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