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CHAPTERS 16–17
British Rule
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Bayly, C.A., Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire, in NCHI, pt 2, vol.1, Cambridge, 1987
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Malcolm, John, The Political History of India 1784–1823, London, 1826
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Marshall, P.J., Bengal: The British Bridgehead, in NCHI, pt 2, vol.2, Cambridge, 1987
Mason, Philip, A Matter of Honour: An Account of the Indian Army, its Officers and Men, Jonathan Cape, London, 1974
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Moon, Penderel, The British Conquest and Dominion of India, Duckworth, London, 1989
Moorhouse, Geoffrey, India Britannica, Harvill, London, 1983
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CHAPTER 18–23
To Independence and After
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Bayly, C.A., Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion 1770–1870, CUP, Cambridge, 1983
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Shaikh, Farzana, Making Sense of Pakistan, Hurst, London, 2009
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Tully, Mark and Jacob, Satish, Amritsar: Mrs Gandhi’s Last Battle, Jonathan Cape, London, 1985
Tully, Mark, No Full Stops in India, Viking, London, 1991
Wolpert, Stanley, A New History of India, OUP, New York, 1982
Ziring, Lawrence, Pakistan in the Twentieth Century, OUP, Karachi, 1977
INDEX
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Abbasid Caliphate of Baghdad, 180, 187
Abdullah, Dr. Farooq, Kashmir chief minister, 597, 601
Abdullah, Shaikh Muhammad, Kashmiri patriot, 513–6, 536, 547
Abdu-r Razzak, 15th c ambassador, 277
Abu’l-Fazl, Mughal chronicler, 309, 310, 311, 312, 317, 320, 325, 327
Achaemenids, kings of Persia, 57–9, 60–2, 71, 88
Achyuta-Deva-Raya, 16th c Vijayanagar ruler, 307
Adham Khan, Mughal general, 310–12
Aditya, 9–10th c Chola king, 215
Adivasis, ‘Aboriginals’, 28, 587
Advani, L.K., BJP leader, 598
Afghanistan 15, 21, 26, 71, 84, 96, 104, 106, 180, 203–5, 225–6, 291, 308–9, 417–20, 451, 479, 566, 569, 587, 592–6
Afzal Khan, Bijapur general, 351, 461
Aga Khan, Ismaili leader, 468
‘Agarthala Conspiracy’, 533
Agni, Vedic deity, 21, 25, 40, 43
Agra, Uttar Pradesh, 289, 293, 296, 315, 319, 334–6, 340, 353, 410, 439
Ahalyabhai Holkar, ‘Philosopher Queen’ of Malwa, 407, 408, 425
Ahmad Shah Abdali (Durrani), 18th c Afghan adventurer, 367, 385–6, 403–4, 418
Ahmad Shah, 15th c Sultan of Gujarat, 285, 298–9
Ahmadabad, Gujarat, 279, 285, 298, 406, 471, 487
Ahmadnagar, Maharashtra, 302, 319, 331, 348, 359
Ahmedi (Ahmadiyya) Muslims, 566
Aihole, Karnataka, 3, 169, 174, 195, 222
Ajanta, Maharashtra, 125, 149–51, 153
Ajatashatru, 5th C BC king of Magada, 66–70
Ajaya-Raja, Chahamana rajput king of Ajmer, 233
Ajit Singh, Rathor rajput ruler of Marwar, 345, 360
Ajivikas, sect, 64, 89, 99, 104
Ajmer, Rajasthan, 206, 233, 235, 239, 241, 315, 334, 347
Akali Dal, Sikh political party, 575, 576–9
Akbar, Mughal emperor, 136–7, 309–19, 325, 327, 331, 334
Akbar, Prince, son of Aurangzeb, 346–7, 355
Akbar-nama see Abu’l-Fazl
Aksai Chin, Ladakh, 534–5
Alamgirpur, Harappan site, 10
Ala-ud-din Husain Shah, 15–16th c Sultan of Bengal, 287–8
Ala-ud-din Khalji, 13–14th c Delhi Sultan, 250, 254–60, 293
Al-Biladuri, Muslim chronicler of Sind, 184, 185, 187
Al-Biruni, (‘Alberuni’) 15th c scholar, 188, 189, 203, 210, 212
Alexander the Great of Macedonia, 59, 63, 70–7, 78–9, 82, 83, 106
Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, 8th c governor of Iraq, 183, 185
Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, 239, 294, 458
Alivardi Khan, 18th c Nawab of Bengal, 387–8
Aliwal, Battle of (1846), 423
Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, 136–7, 153, 327, 334, 392, 439, 441, 453–4, 477
Allard, Colonel, Napoleonic officer, 422
Al-Masudi, 10th c Muslim chronicler, 196
Alor (Rohri), Sind, 185
Alptigin, Turkish general, 204
Al-Utbi, 11th c Muslim chronicler, 205, 206, 207, 208
Amar Das, Sikh Gutu, 317
Amar Singh, Rana of Mewar, 328–30
Amaravati Stupa, 102, 125
Amber, Rajasthan, 313
Ambhi, 4th C BC ruler of Taxila, 71, 82
Amir, a member of the Mughal nobility, a Muslim prince, 313, 321, 324, 356
Amrapali (Ambarapali), courtesan, 67–8
Amritsar, Panjab, 317, 411, 475–7, 578–9
Amyntas, Bactrian Greek king, 107
Anandapala, 11th c Shahi king, 207–8
Anandpur Sahib, Sikh shrine, 360, 577, 578
Andaman Islands, 495
Andhra Pradesh, 105, 118, 125, 170, 220, 252, 303, 377, 474, 520
Anga Kingdom, Bengal, 50, 65, 68, 83
Angkor, Cambodia, 124, 176, 214
Anglo-French Wars, 377–82, 388, 393–4, 396
Anhilwara (Patan), Gujarat, 239
Antialcidas, Bactrian Greek king, 108
Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka, 215
Aornos, Battle of (326 BC), 71
Arabs, 167, 172, 180–7, 196, 202
Aranya, forest, wilderness, 40
Archaeological Survey of India, 7, 9, 462
Architecture, xviii–xix, 24
Buddhist 51, 102–3, 125, 178–9, 194
Gupta, 141, 169
Harappan, 8–9, 12, 13–14
Jain, 241
Mughal, 315–6, 334–6
Muslim, 240–1, 259, 262–3, 272, 285–6, 301–2, 337, 433–5
Temples, 168–9, 173–4, 178–9, 200–1, 213, 216–7, 223–5, 252, 278
Arcot, Tamil Nadu, 377, 379
Argaon, Battle of (1803), 410
Arikamedu, Tamil Nadu, 121–3
Arjan Singh, Sikh Guru, 344, 345
Arjuna, hero, 4, 39, 73
Arrian, Romano-Greek historian, 73, 78
Arthasastra, Sanskrit manual of statecraft attrib. to Kautilya, xx, 60, 63, 80–2, 83, 92, 94, 97–8, 103, 119, 170–1
Artillery,
282, 284, 291, 310, 339, 350, 395
Arunachal Pradesh, 528
Arya, (‘Aryans’), 19–29
Arya Samaj, Hindu revivalist movement, 458, 467, 481
Arya-varta, ‘land of the arya’, 26, 159, 233
Aryanisation, xxvi–xxvii, 28–9, 42, 43, 44, 46–7, 49, 53, 120–1, 127–8, 132, 176–7, 200, 233
Asaf Khan, Mughal general, 333
Ashoka, 3rd C BC Maurya emperor, 63, 88–100, 106, 114, 119, 127, 129, 136, 140, 233, 272
Asiatic Society of Bengal, 79, 426
Askari, Prince, brother of Humayun, 298, 299
Assam, 137, 163, 193, 239, 244, 330, 341, 416, 448, 464–5, 535
Assaye, Battle of (1803), 410
Asvaghosha, Buddhist writer, 103, 104
Aswamedha, Vedic horse-sacrifice, 32–3, 139, 147, 168
Atlee, Clement, British Prime Minister 497, 500
Auckland, Lord, British Governor-General, 418
Augustus, Roman Emperor 121
Aurangabad, Maharashtra, 348, 359, 369
Aurangzeb, Mughal Emperor, 327, 328, 330, 332, 336, 338–47, 355–9, 362, 371–2, 387
Avanti, ancient name for Malwa, 42, 50, 84, 90
Avatar, descent, incarnation or manifestation as with Vishnu’s (q.v.) nine avatars
Avitabile, General, Napoleonic officer, 422
Awadh (Oudh), Uttar Pradesh, 242, 272, 287, 294, 362, 391–2, 393, 404, 433–6, 439, 440–3, 446
Awami League, Bangladeshi political party, 528, 541, 548, 553–60, 564–5, 590
Ayanar, deity, xxvii
Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, 44, 45, 46–7, 102, 165, 202, 301, 598–600
Ayuthia, Thailand, 47
Azad Hind (‘Free India’), 495
Azad Kashmir, 515, 547
Azes, Shaka king, 109, 130
Babri (Baburi) Masjid, Ayodhya, Babur’s mosque which became 1990s Hindu/Muslim flashpoint, 301, 598–600
Babur, Mughal emperor, 289–96, 297–8, 301, 302, 320, 598
Bactria, Northern Afghanistan, 84, 102, 106–9, 114, 117, 143
Badami, Karnataka, xx, 168–9, 170, 172, 191
Bahadur Shah (Muazzam, Shah Alam) Mughal emperor, 359–60, 361, 364, 374
Bahadur Shah Zafar, the last Mughal, 439–40
Bahman Shah (Hasan), founder of Bahman dynasty, 281–2
Bahmanid Kingdom, 275–6, 280–2, 302–3