India
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Ghaggar River, 13
Ghakkars, warrior community in Panjab, 240, 247
Ghatotkacha Gupta, early Gupta ruler, 134
Ghazni, Afghanistan, 204, 207, 209, 210, 225–6, 235–6, 239, 256
Ghenghiz Khan, Mongol leader, 239, 243, 248
Gheriah see Vijayadurg
Ghiyas-ud-Din Tughluq, 14th c Delhi sultan, 261, 262–5
Ghor, Afghanistan, 225, 284
Ghose (Ghosh), Aurobindo, nationalist & reformer, 461, 467
Ghosh, Dr B.K., scholar, 29, 30
Gilgit, Northern Areas of Pakistan, 115, 463
Girnar, Gujarat, 84, 88, 129–30, 144, 286–7
Goa, 169, 283, 306, 348, 355, 533–4
Gobind, last Sikh Guru, 345, 360–1
Godavari River, 149, 190, 200
Godhra, Gujarat, 599–600
Godse, Nathuram, assassin, 524–5
Gokhale, Gopal Krishna, teacher & Congress leader, 461, 465–6, 468, 471, 474
Gol Gumbaz see Bijapur
Golconda, Andhra Pradesh, 293, 302, 332, 337, 338, 355
Gomateshwara, Jain saint, 85
Gondophares, 1st C AD Parthian king, 109–10, 115
Gopala, 8th c founder of Pala dynasty, 192, 195
Gosala, Ajivika founder, 64
Goverment of India Act (1935), 490–1, 502, 526, 539
Govinda III, 8–9th c Rashtrakuta king 199
Govinda-Raja, 12th c ruler of Delhi, 235, 237
Graeco-Roman perceptions of India, 58–9, 76–7, 78, 85
Great Rebellion (Indian Mutiny) of 1857–8, 436–47
Greeks, Ancient, 59, 70–77, 78–9, 104, 106–9, 117, see also Graeco-Roman
‘Green Revolution’, 544, 561–2, 563
Gresley, Captain, explorer of Ajanta, 149–50
Grhpatis, ‘house-holders’, 30, 53
Guha, Ram, historian, 604
Guhasena, 6th c Maitraka ruler of Saurashtra, 157
Gujarat, 36, 42, 84, 88, 129–33, 141–2, 195–6, 209, 231, 234, 256–7, 275, 284–7, 298–9, 306, 316, 352, 368, 405, 574, 599–600
Gujars, community of herdsmen, 195, 263
Gujranwala, Panjab, 476
Gujrat, Panjab, 424
Gulab Singh, first Maharaja of Jammu & Kashmir, 423
Gulbarga, Karnataka, 279, 283, 284
Gulf states, 587
Gungu, brahman minister, 281
Guptas, 4th – 5th c dynasty, 104, 132, 133, 134–54, 157
Gurjara-Pratiharas, composite rajput dynasty of 8–10th c Kanauj, 169, 187, 195–9, 202–3, 206, 231, 233
Gurgaon, Delhi, 578
Gurkha War of 1814–16, 415, 435
Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, 144, 199, 211, 239, 286, 289, 293, 368, 406, 408, 439, 444
Habib, Irfan, historian, 245, 320
Haidar Ali Khan, 18th c sultan of Mysore, 394–7
Hakim, half-brother of Akbar, 318
Halebid, Karnataka, 251–2, 258
Hampi, Karnataka, 282
Harappa, Panjab, 9, 13, 15, 23, 24
Harappan Civilisation, 5–18, 19, 22–4
Hardinge, Lord, Viceroy, 468
Hari Singh, Maharaja of Jammu & Kashmir, 512
Harihara I, 14th c founder of Vijayanagar kingdom, 281
Harihara II, 14th c king of Vijayanagar, 282
‘Harijans’, ‘children of God’, ‘untouchables’, ‘Dalits’, 482, 492, 604
Harisena, Gupta minister & panegyrist, 151
Harsha-vardhana, 7th c emperor, 159, 160–7, 168, 169–70, 182
Haryana, 233, 577
Hasina Wajed, Bangladeshi prime minister, 565, 590
Hastinapura, Uttar Pradesh, 4, 40, 42, 44
Hastings, Warren, Governor-General, 383, 392–3, 396, 404–6, 426
Hawkins, Captain William, East India Company emissary, 370
Hedges, William, East India Company director, 371
Heliocles, Bactrian Greek king, 107
Heliodorus, Bactrian Greek ambassador, 108
Hemu, ‘raja Vikramaditya’, 16th c adventurer, 309–10
Herodotus, historian, 58, 59, 60, 78
Himachal Pradesh, 208, 415, 577
Himalayas, xxii, 27, 113–7, 182, 244, 267–8, 421, 535
Hinayana School of Buddhism, 115–7, 182
Hindal, Mughal prince, brother of Humayun, 298
Hindi Language 44, 132, 457, 527–30 ‘Hindu’, ‘Hindustan’, 57–8
Hindu Kush, 113–7
Hinduism, 133, 147–8, 189, 304
Hindutwa (Hindu-ness), 600
Hindustani, language, 527
Hisb-ul-Mujahidin, 594
History & Culture of the Indian People, 3, 155
Ho Chi Minh, 485
‘Hostage Theory’, 521–2
Horses, 25, 29, 32, 70, 109, 158, 181, 211, 276–7, 306, 398
Hoysalas, 10–13th c dynasty in Karnataka, 251–2, 258
Hsuan Tsang, 7th c Chinese visitor, 158, 161, 162, 164–7, 168, 170, 182, 195, 203
Hughli, river & town in Bengal, 371, 372, 390
Hulagu, Mongol leader, 248
Humayun, Mughal emperor, 293, 294, 296–9, 308–9, 316, 332
Hume, Allan, Congress leader, 457–8
Hund (Ohind), Panjab, 203
Huns, 110, 117, 143–4, 158–9, 167
Hunza, Pakistan’s Northern Areas, 114, 115
Husain Ali Khan see Saiyid
Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, 276, 338, 355–6, 357, 369–70, 377, 379, 381, 393–4, 395, 400–1, 488, 496, 512–3
Hyderabad, Sind, 184, 567
Hydrography, xxiii–xxv
I’Tsing (I’Ching) 7th c Chinese visitor, 177
Ibn Asir, 11th c scholar, 235
Ibn Batuta, 14th c traveller, 265, 266–7, 270, 275–6
Ibrahim Adil Shah, 16–17th c sultan of Bijapur, 337
Ibrahim Lodi, 16th c sultan of Delhi, 292–3
Ilbert Bill (1883), 456
Iltumish, Shams-ud-Din, 13th c sultan of Delhi, 240–1, 243–4
Independence, (of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh), 483, 497, 502–3, 509, 526
‘India’, etymology of, 56–9
India Councils Acts of 1892 & 1909, 459, 469
India Office, 455
India, Republic of, 7, 56–7, 89, 112, 510ff passim
‘Indian Mutiny’ see Great Rebellion
‘Indian National Army’, (INA) 495, 505
Indian National Congress see Congress
Indigo, 350, 372, 391, 448, 471
Indo-Aryans, xxvi–xxvii, 19–36, 42, see also arya & Aryanisation
Indo-European languages, 21
Indonesia, 20, 176, 177–8, 415, 515
Indo-Pakistan Wars and relations, 515–6, 536, 545. 546–8, 556–60
Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 368
Indra III, 10th c Rashtrakuta king, 199
Indra, Vedic deity, 21, 23, 25, 26
Indraprastra, Delhi, 41–2, 301
Indus River, xxiv, 4–5, 56–60, 71, 75–6, 107, 114–7, 143, 180–7, 417–8
Indus Valley Civilisation – see Harappan Civilisation
Indus Waters Agreement (1960), 544–5
Industry see Crafts & Industry
Inscriptions, xx–xxi, 84, 87–9, 91–6, 101–2, 111, 114–7, 129–30, 136–7, 144–5, 169, 216–8, 222–3, 305
Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), 594–6
Iqta, a military fief, 244, see also Jagir Iron, 41, 142, 154, 466
Irrigation, xxiv-vi, 118, 130, 144, 272, 288, 450, 463, 518, 544
Irwin, Lord, Viceroy, 486, 487–8
Isami, historian, 245, 247
Islam Shah Sur, son & successor of Sher Shah, 309
Islamabad, Pakistan, 523, 545, 583, 594
Islamicisation 518–9, 569, 588–93
Itimad-ud-Daula, Jahangir’s minister, 332–4
Jagat Singh, 17th c Rana of Mewar, 330
Jagir, a revenue right over specified lands as granted by a Mughal ruler to one of his amirs for
the maintenance of troops, 321–6, 345, 346, 359, 362, 364, 387, 390
Jagirdar, the holder of a jagir (q.v.)
Jahandah Shah, 18th c Mughal emperor, 364
Jahangir, Mughal emperor, 136–7, 315, 319, 326, 328, 332–3, 334, 345, 370
Jai Singh, Kacchwaha rajput of Amber, 9, 336, 339, 353, 360
Jains, 47, 64, 76, 85–6, 99, 120, 129, 219, 285, 316
Jaipur, Rajasthan, 9, 313
Jalal, Ayesha, historian, 578
Jalalabad, Afghanistan, 203
Jalal-ud-Din (Jadusen), 15th c sultan of Bengal, 287
Jalal-ud-Din Feroz see Feroz Shah I Khalji
Jallianwala Bagh, site of 1919 Amritsar massacre, 475–7
Jamal-ud-Din Yakut, African companion of Raziya, 245
Jamaat-i-Islami, 589–91, 594
Jammu & Kashmir, 423, 463, 488, 511–6, 536, 546–8, 559, 562, 572, 585, 597, 600–2
Jamshedpur, Bihar, 466
Jamuna River, xxv, 26, 136, 164, 263
Jan Sangh, Hindu nationalist party, 454, 530, 550, 575, 576, 598
Janapada, a post-Vedic clan (jana) territory, 35, 43, 44, 48, 50, 58, 143
Janata Party, ‘People’s’ party & front, 575–6
Jati, family & profession-based caste (cp. varna) 54, 55, 98, 145, 189
Jats, caste of cultivators in Panjab, Rajasthan, UP, 344, 410, 415
Jauhar, the ritualised abandonment of a fortress or palace, 256, 296, 315
Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh, 272–4, 279, 287, 292, 294, 298, 318
Java, Indonesia, 28, 47, 120, 133, 152, 177–9, 194, 415, 449
Jaxartes River, 71
Jayapala (Jaipal), 10–11th c Shahi king, 204–6, 207
Jayappa Scindia, 18th c Maratha leader, 403
Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, 433, 443–4
Jhelum River, 72, 75
Jinji, Tamil Nadu, 337, 354, 356
Jinnah, Mohammed Ali, Quaid-i-Azam of Pakistan, 56–7, 453, 469, 481, 482, 483, 487, 494, 495–6, 501–3, 506, 514, 518–22, 528
Jizya, a tax imposed by Muslim rulers on non-Muslims, 185, 242, 274, 282, 343, 356
Jodha, Raja, Rathor rajput ruler of Marwar, 287
Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 287, 300, 345, 360
Jogiakarta, Java, 47, 177, 415
Jones, Sir William, scholar & judge, 20–21, 79, 86, 151, 383, 385, 426
Joshi, J.P., archaeologist, 9
Junagadh, Gujarat, 84, 129–30, 131, 144, 145, 512
Junaid ibn Abdur Rahman al-Marri, 8th c governor of Sind, 186, 187
Junejo, M.K. Pakistani prime minister, 583, 592
Junnar, Maharashtra, 131
Jurz, probably Gujarat, 195–6 see Gurjara-Pratiharas
Jute, 451, 485, 518, 522, 538
Kabir, 15th c poet & reformer, 316, 344
Kabul, Afghanistan, 71, 158, 181, 203–4, 205, 256, 290–1, 308, 318, 418–9
Kacchwahas, rajput clan of Amber/Jaipur, 199, 313, 318, 336, 360
Kadamba kings of Mysore 168, 169
Kadaram (Kedah), Malaya, 222, 223
Kafur, Malik, 14th c general, 257–9, 260
Kakatiyas, 12–14th c dynasty in Andhra Pradesh, 252, 257–8
Kakshivant, Vedic brahman, 30, 32, 35
Kalachuris, 10–13th c dynasty in Madhya Pradesh, 227, 252
Kalhana, historian, 203, 211, 212
Kali Yug, (‘the Dark Era’) 2, 46, 48, 102
Kalibangan, Harappan site, 13
Kalidasa, poet & playwright, xx, 103–4, 151–2, 153, 169, 170
Kalinga (Orissa), 50, 84, 91–2, 94, 106, 108, 109, 220
Kalinjar, Madhya Pradesh, 206, 211, 213, 239, 298, 300
Kalyan, Karnataka, 126, 130
Kalyana, Maharashtra, 216, 252
Kamarapura see Assam
Kamasutra, 81, 103
Kambujas/Kamboja, ancient lineage & territory, 50, 176–7
Kamran, Prince, brother of Humayun, 298
Kanauj, Uttar Pradesh, xx, 159, 162, 164, 181, 192–201, 206, 208, 234, 239, 299
Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, xx, 110, 137, 156, 170, 172, 173–4, 199, 215
Kandahar, Afghanistan, 96, 256, 308, 319, 330–1
Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, 208, 330
Kanheri, Maharashtra, 150
Kanhoji Angria, Maratha naval commander, 364, 372, 381
Kanishka, Kushana emperor, 103, 111–2, 114, 115, 203
Kannada language, xxvii, 118
Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 413, 428, 439, 440–2
Kanva Dynasty of Magadha, 105–6, 125
Kapilavastu, Nepal, Buddha’s birthplace, 64, 146
Kara, Uttar Pradesh, 254, 255
Karachi, Sind, 183, 420, 502, 508, 518, 521–2, 523, 542, 567, 586, 592
Karakoram Highway, 113–7, 134, 145, 158, 463, 517
Kargil ‘war’ (1999) 515, 601–2
Karli, cave site, Maharashtra, 125, 150
Karma, ‘deed’, ‘fate’, the causal effect of conduct in one life on status in the next, 189
Karnal, Haryana, 385
Karnataka, xxvii, 85–6, 105, 118, 168, 191, 251–2, 302–8, 474, 517
Kashmir, 97, 107, 111, 144, 158, 166, 182, 202–3, 211–12, 288, 318, 330, 334, 341, 385, 420, 423, 493, see also Jammu & Kashmir
Kaundinya, brahman adventurer, 124, 177
Kauravas, descendents of Kuru (q.v.)
Kaushambi, Uttar Pradesh, 51, 69, 136
Kautilya, supposed author of the Arthasastra, xx, 60, 63, 80–3, 92, 103, 119, 170–1
Kaveri River, xix, 118, 122, 214–5
Kelat, Baluchistan, 545
Kerala, 28, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 170, 277, 396, 398, 448, 481, 530–1, 550
Khadi, homespun cotton textiles, 481
Khafi Khan, Muslim chronicler, 350–1, 352, 364, 366, 533
Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh, 151, 213–4
Khaleda Zia, Bangladeshi prime minister, 590
‘Khalistan’, 578, 579
Khaljis (Khiljis), Afghan lineage & Delhi dynasty, 243–5, 249, 253–61
Khalsa, (1) land revenues reserved to the king, 321, 387
(2) the Sikh brotherhood of ‘the pure’, 361
Khan, General Ayub, President of Pakistan, 540–8, 553, 554
Khan, General Yahya, President of Pakistan, 553–60
Khan, Liaqat Ali, prime minister of Pakistan, 501, 519–20, 540
Khan, Sir Sayyid Ahmad, Muslim reformer & educationalist, 458, 459
Khan, Wali, Pathan leader, 566–7
Khanua, battle of (1526), 295–6
Kharavela, King of Kalinga, 106, 108, 119
Khilafat Movement in support of Ottoman caliphate, 477–9, 482
Khilnani, Sunil, political scientist, 563
Khizrabad, Haryana, 136
Khmers, Cambodian dynasty & people, 124, 176, 223
Khunjerab Pass, between Pakistan & China on Karakoram Highway, 113, 115
Khurram, Prince, see Shah Jahan
Khusrau, Prince, son of Jahangir, 328, 345
Khyber Pass, between Pakistan & Afghanistan, 71, 181, 206
Kingship, 32–3, 39, 47, 48–9, 70, 111, 131, 139, 140, 159, 170–2, 220, 248, 350, 354
Kipling, Rudyard, 336
Kistna River, 200, 283
Kitchener, Lord, Commander-in-chief of Indian army 468
Koh-i-Nur Diamond, 293, 299, 308, 386, 418, 424–5
Kolhapur, Maharashtra, 368, 413
Kolkota, xxviii, see Calcutta
Konarak, Orissa, 213, 275
Kosambi, D.D., historian, xvii, 38–9, 86, 132, 133, 134, 154, 159
Koshala, ancient kingdom in Uttar Pradesh, 44, 50, 66, 67–70
Krishna I, 8th c Rashtrakuta king, 191, 200
Krishna, III, 10th c Rashtrakuta king, 215
Krishna, deity, 42, 46, 73, 147, 208
Krishan-Deva-Raya, I, 16th c king of Vijayanagar, 294, 303–5
Krishna-Deva-Raya III, 18th c Maharaja of Mysore, 425
Ksatriya, the warrior & ruling caste, 52, 70, 120
, 131, 197, 231, 345
Kshtrapas, ‘satraps’, subordinate rulers, see esp. Western Satraps
Kujula Kadphises, Kushana king, 111, 115
Kumaradevi, 4th c queen, consort of Chandra-Gupta I, 135
Kumara-Gupta, 5th c Gupta emperor, 142, 143–4
Kumbalgarh, Rajasthan, 287
Kumbha, 15th c Rana of Mewar, 287
Kuru, Vedic clan, 41, 42, 46, 50
Kurukshetra, battle of (c950BC), 46
Kushanas, 1–2nd C AD dynasty, 110–12, 113–4, 115–6, 117, 130, 137
Kutch, Rana of, 557
Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir, 288, 341–2, 420, 513, 515, 534–5
Lahore, Panjab, 73, 203, 225, 226, 233, 247, 292, 318, 334, 403, 411, 422, 476, 483, 508, 523, 548, 602
Lake, Gerard, British general, 410
Lakhnauti, Bengal, 244
Lakshmana, hero, xxvii, 39
Lakshmanasena, 12–13th c Sena king of Bengal, 244
Lakshmi Bai, 19th c Rani of Jhansi, 443–4
Lal Kunwar, 18th c mistress of Jahandah Shah, 364
Lal, B.B., historian, 9
Lalliya, 9th c king of Kabul, 203
Lamghan (Lughman), Afghanistan, 203, 205
Lashkar-i-Taiba, 594
Language issues, 527–30, 577
Laswari, battle of (1803), 410
Lawrence, John, Governor-General, 424
Licchavis, tribe & republic, 48, 49–50, 52, 67–70, 135–6
Lingam, the phallic icon of Shiva, 209, 216, 343
Linlithgow, Lord, Viceroy, 498, 504
Literature, 103, 119–20, 151–2, 161, 229
Lodi, Afghan tribe & Delhi dynasty, 274, 288, 289–90, 298
Lohara, 11th c Kashmiri dynasty, 212
Lokayats, sect, 64
Lop Nor, China, 114
Lothal, Harappan site, 10, 13
Louis XVI, French king, 397–8
Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 428, 435, 440–3
Lucknow Pact (1916), 470, 474
Lytton, Lord, Viceroy, 447, 454, 455
Macaulay, Thomas, author, stateman & legal adviser in India, 171, 431, 503
Machchlipatnam, Andhra Pradesh, 357
Mackay, Ernest, archaeologist, 9
Mackenzie, Colin, surveyor & antiquarian, 426
McMahon Line, Sino-Indian frontier 535, 536
Madhava Rao, Maratha Peshwa, 404
Madho Singh, Raja of Jaipur, 404
Madhya Pradesh, 130, 227, 584
Madras, 121, 122, 156, 332, 370, 373, 376, 377–9, 393–4, 396, 472, 529
Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 119, 120, 172, 215, 252, 258, 308, 337
Magadha, Bihar, 50, 61–70, 73, 79, 82–3, 90–100, 105, 106, 111, 134, 135, 147, 165