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India Page 85

by John Keay


  Mahabharata, Sanskrit epic, xxvii, 2, 3, 4, 34, 37–46, 54, 60, 73, 120

  Mahadji Scindia, 18th c Maratha leader, 368, 406–9

  Maha-janapada, ‘great clan-territories’, embryonic states, 50, 58

  Maha-kshtrapa, ‘great satrap’, see esp. Western Satraps

  Mahapadma Nanda, 4th C BC king, 70, 78

  Maharajadhiraja, ‘great king of kings’, 134, 137, 140, 160, 169, 195, 197

  Maharashtra, 118, 125–8, 168, 191, 252–5, 338, 454, 474, 520

  Mahasabha, Hindu revivalist party, 454, 481, 504, 598

  Maha-samanta, ‘great vassal’, ‘great neighbour’, 160

  Mahavira Nataputta, Jain founder, 47, 62, 64, 86

  Mahayana school of Buddhism, 115–7, 194

  Mahendrapala, 9–10th c Gurjara-Pratihara king, 199

  Maheshwar, Madhya Pradesh, 407

  Mahinda, son of Ashoka & Buddhist missionary to Sri Lanka, 90, 96

  Mahipala I, 11th c Pala king of Bengal, 220

  Mahmud Gawan, chief minister in Bahmanid sultanate, 284

  Mahmud Khalji, 15th c Sultan of Malwa, 286

  Mahmud of Ghazni, 11th c invader, 205–12, 213, 235

  Mahmud Shah, 15–16th c Bahmanid Sultan, 302

  Mahmud Shah Begarha, 15–16th c Sultan of Gujarat, 286–7

  Maitrakas, 6–8th c dynasty in Gujarat, 157, 166, 181, 187

  Majumdar, Prof R.C., historian, xvi, 28

  Makran, coastal region of Baluchistan, 10, 76, 182, 183

  Malaviya, Madan Mohan, founder of Hindu mahasabha, 481

  Malaya, 104, 123, 124, 152, 176, 222

  Malayalam language, 118

  Malcolm, Sir John, British administrator, 407, 408, 426–7

  Maldive Islands, 215

  Malhar Rao Holkar, 18th c Maratha leader, 368, 403, 407

  Malik Ambar, 17th c general, 331–2, 348

  Malik Sowar, 14th c founder of Sharqi sultanate of Jaunpur, 272–4

  Malla, early tribe & republic, 50, 66

  Malwa, western half of Madhya Pradesh, 130, 131, 137, 141, 148, 152, 162, 169, 192, 197, 243, 256–7, 283, 284–6, 296, 311–2, 368, 407, see also Avanti

  Mamallapuram, Tamil Nadu, 156, 174, 176

  Man Singh, Kacchwaha ruler of Amber, 313, 318

  Man Singh, Tomar rajput ruler of Gwalior, 289, 316

  Mandala, concentric diagram of geo-political & cosmic relations, 170–2, 179, 225

  Mandelso, Albert de, 17th c German visitor, 231

  Mandu, Madhya Pradesh, 227, 279, 285–6, 298, 311, 331

  Mangalore, Karnataka, 397

  Manjanik, catapult-like siege-engine, 184, 255, 270

  Mansabdars, those with a ranking (mansab) in the Mughal hierarchy, 324–5, 327, 347, 353, 355

  Mansehra, Panjab, 96, 114

  Mansurah, Sind, 185, 187, 202, 234

  Manu, royal progenitor & law-giver, 1–2, 27, 49, 103, 164, 169

  Manyakheta, Maharashtra, 200, 216

  Mao Tse Tung, Chinese leader, 567

  Marathas, people, kingdom & confederacy from upland Maharashtra, xxii, 331, 338, 347, 350–59, 363–4, 367–9, 388, 394, 396, 402–13, 521

  Marathi language, xxvii, 132, 461, 520

  Marco Polo, Venetian traveller, 257–8, 276–7, 278

  Marshall, Sir John, archaeologist, 9, 60

  Martand, Kashmir, 288

  Marwar, rajput kingdom based round Jodhpur, 346

  Masud of Ghazni, successor of Mahmud (q.v.), 225

  Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, xx, 42, 103, 111, 137, 151, 208, 219, 343, 386

  Matsya-nyaya, state of anarchy, 2, 49, 171, 225

  Maues, 1st C BC Shaka king, 109, 115, 130

  Maukharis, 6–7th c Kanauj dynasty, 159, 162, 163

  Mauryas, 4–3rd C BC imperial dynasty of Magadha, 69, 78–100, 101, 104–5, 120, 139–40

  Mayawati, Ms, Chief minister of UP, 604

  Meds, piratical tribe, 183

  Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, 239, 438–9

  Megasthenes, Greek ambassador to Magadha, 79, 80, 85, 92–4, 97, 98, 119, 190

  Meghalaya, 528

  Mehrauli Pillar, ‘Iron pillar’, 142–3, 154

  Mehta, Ferozeshah, Congress leader, 461, 468, 474

  Meluhha, possible name of Harappan country, 16, 23

  Menander, 2nd C BC Bactrian Greek king, 107–8

  Mewar, Rajput kingdom based round Chitor & Udaipur, 286, 313–5, 328–30, 345

  Mewatis, elusive tribe of Delhi region, 248, 508

  Mihirakula, 6th c Hun leader, 158

  Mill, James, historian, 429–30

  Mill, John Stuart, philosopher & political economist, 429

  Minhaju-s Siraj, Muslim chronicler, 244, 245

  Minto, Lord, Governor-General, 468, 469

  Mir Jafar, 18th c Nawab of Bengal, 390–1

  Mir Jumla, 17th c adventurer & general, 338, 339, 341, 386

  Mir Qasim (Kasim), 18th c Nawab of Bengal, 391–2

  Mirpur, Azad Kashmir, 587

  Mirza, Iskander, Pakistani president, 542–4

  Mizoram, 557

  Mlechha, disparaging name for non-arya peoples, 24, 43, 59, 143, 187–8, 211, 233

  Mofussil, hinterland, upcountry provinces, 432, 453, 471

  Mohajirs, refugees, 521–2, 528, 567, 586

  Mohenjo-daro, Sind, 7, 8, 9, 13, 15, 22–3, 182

  Money, J.W.B., businessman & author, 449

  Mongols, 239, 242–3, 247–8, 249, 256, 270, 274, 288

  Montagu, Edwin, Secretary of State for India, 473

  Mont-Ford Reforms (1921), 473, 474, 480, 483

  Mookerji, R.K., historian, 92

  Moon, Penderel, administrator & historian, 397, 413, 497–8

  Moore, Thomas, poet, 514

  Morley, John, Secretary of State for India, 468

  Mouhot, Henri, French explorer & naturalist, 214

  Mount Abu, Rajasthan, 197, 233, 239, 241

  Mount Kailas, Tibet, 200–1

  Mount Meru, mythical axis of the world, 170–1

  Mountbatten, Lord, Viceroy, 57, 468, 501–3, 509

  Muazzam, Prince see Bahadur Shah

  Mubarak Khalji, son and successor, briefly, of Ala-ud-Din Khalji, 260

  Mughal empire, xxviii, 256, 289–363 passim, 382, 385, 387, 391, 439–40

  Mughal, M. Rafique, archaeologist, 9

  Muhammad Adil Shah, 17th c sultan of Bijapur, 337, 338

  Muhammad Ali, 18th c ruler of Arcot, 379, 381

  Muhammad Ali, Maulana, 464

  Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji, 13th c conqueror of Bengal, 243–4

  Muhammad bin Tughluq, 14th c sultan of Delhi, 263–71, 281, 319

  Muhammad ibn Qasim, 8th c conqueror of Sind, 183–6, 187

  Muhammad of Ghor, 12th c invader & conqueror, 213, 226, 233, 234–8, 239–40

  Muhammad Shah, 18th c Mughal emperor, 366–7, 385–6

  Muhammad, The Prophet, 157, 180

  Muizzudin Muhammad bin Sam see Muhammad of Gaur

  Mukti Bahini, Bangladeshi ‘Liberation Force’, 558–9

  Mujibnagar, Bangladesh, 557, 560

  Mujib – ur – Rahman, Bangladeshi patriot, 548, 553–60, 561–5

  Muller, Friedrich Max, scholar, 21, 458

  Multan, Sind, now Pakistan, 185, 187, 196, 202, 207–8, 234, 275, 420, 424

  Mumbai, xxviii, see Bombay

  Mumtaz Mahal, wife of Shah Jahan, 333–4, 335, 352

  Mundy, Peter, East India Company merchant, 335–6

  Munro, Hector, British officer, 392, 397, 437

  Munro, Thomas, administrator, 399, 410, 426, 427, 430, 437

  Murad Baksh, Mughal prince, son of Shah Jahan, 339, 340

  Musharraf, Pervez, Pakistani President, 544, 594, 596, 602

  Murshid Quli Khan, Mughal governor of Bengal, 387

  Murshidabad, Bengal, 387, 392

  Muslim Conquests 180–7, 187–9, 202–12, 232–3, 234–8, 243–4, 354–6, 254–9, 271–2, 295–6, 341–2

  Muslim League, 454, 468
–9, 470, 483, 494, 495–7, 500–2, 504, 519–21, 528, 539, 541, 546

  Muslim perceptions of India, 188–9, 207–10, 241–3, 244, 275–9, 294, 312

  Mussoorie, Uttar Pradesh, 415

  Muttra see Mathura

  Muzaffar Jang, 18th c Nawab/Nizam of Hyderabad, 381

  Mysore, 337, 394–401, 416, 488

  Nabobs, British officials & officers personally enriched by their service in India, 384, 390, 428

  Nadia, Bengal, 244

  Nadir Shah of Persia, 367, 385–6, 553

  Nagaland, 528

  Nagas, tribe, 40, 557

  Nagasena, Buddhist philosopher, 108

  Naghabhata II, 8–9th c Gurjara-Pratihara king, 199

  Nagpur, Madhya Pradesh, 190, 368, 413, 433

  Nahapana, 1st C AD Shaka satrap, 131

  Naini Tal, Uttar Pradesh, 415

  Naipaul, V.S. 579, 587

  Nalanda, Bihar, 167, 169, 176, 193

  Namazga Culture of Turkestan, 15

  Nana Phadnavis, 18th c minister of several Pune peshwas, 405–6, 407, 408

  Nana Sahib, adopted son of peshwa Baji Rao II, 413, 433, 440–2, 444

  Nanak, Guru, first Sikh guru, 100, 316

  Nandas, 4th C BC dynasty of Magadha, 70, 73, 78–9, 80, 82, 83, 102, 120

  Nandangarh, Bengal, 179

  Naoroji, Dadabhai, Congress president, 450, 453, 455, 459, 466

  Napier, Major-General Sir Charles, British conqueror of Sind, 419–20

  Napoleon, 400, 414, 421–2

  Narain, Raj, socialist politician, 552, 574, 575

  Narasimha Tuluva, 15–16th c Vijayanagar king, 303

  Narasimha-varman I, 7th c Pallava king, 172, 174

  Narasimha-varman II, 8th c Pallava king, 174

  Narayan J.P., Gandhian activist & reformer, 573–5

  Narmada River, xxv, 84, 90, 126, 192, 227, 357

  Narwar, Madhya Pradesh, 239, 289

  Nasik, Maharashtra, 125, 131

  Nasir-ud-Din, son of Slave Sultan Iltumish, 244

  Natal, S. Africa, 452

  Nayaks, military commanders of the Vijayanagar kingdom & later independent rulers, 305, 307, 308, 337

  Naxalites, Maoist guerillas, 587

  Nazimuddin, Kwaja, Pakistani prime minister, 528, 546

  Negapatnam, Tamil Nadu, 223

  Nehru, Jawaharlal, Prime Minister, 56–7, 89, 137, 426, 453, 481, 483, 484–6, 491, 494, 498, 501, 502–3, 512, 513, 514–7, 521, 527, 529, 530–6, 551

  Nehru, Motilal, President of Congress Party, 477, 482, 486

  Nepal, 64, 97, 135, 137, 194, 415, 587

  Nicobar Islands, 222

  Nikitin, Athanasius, 15th c Russian visitor, 277, 284

  Nizam Ali, 18th c Nawab/Nizam of Hyderabad, 395

  Nizam-ud-Din Auliya, Delhi Shaikh, 263

  Nizam-ul-Mulk, Mughal governor & then Nawab in the Deccan, 363, 368–70, 377, 379, 395

  Non-Alignment, 532–4, 566

  Northern Areas (Pakistan), 516

  Northern Circars, coastal belt in Andhra Pradesh, 381, 393–4

  North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan, 462–3, 499, 500, 518, 566, 592, 593, 596

  Nuclear weapons, 515, 563–4, 566, 584–5, 592, 602

  Nur Jahan, Jahangir’s queen, 332–4

  Oc-Eo, Indian site in Vietnam, 124

  Odantapuri, Bihar, 244

  O’Dwyer, Sir Michael, Lieutenant-Governor of Panjab, 475

  Ojhri explosion (1988), 583–4

  Omirah, the nobility, the class of amirs, 313

  Operation Bluestar (1984), 579–80

  Operation Searchlight (1971), 556–7, 565

  Opium, 448

  Orchha, Madhya Pradesh, 443

  Organisation of Islamic countries, 566

  Orissa, 50, 70, 91, 106, 166, 170, 176, 220, 271–2, 287–8, 303, 318, 388, 416, 464, 490

  Oudh, see Awadh

  Oxus River, 10, 71

  Paes, Domingo, 16th c Portuguese visitor to Vijayanagar, 304

  Pagan, Burma, 194

  Paharpur, Bengal, 179, 193

  Pahlavas, ‘Parthians’, 109

  Paithan, Maharashtra, 127

  Pakistan, 7, 56–7, 113–7, 183, 234, 416, 459, 496–7, 499, 500, 502–3, 506, 511–24, 536, 537–49, 551–60, 561, 565–9, 583, 585, 589–96

  Pakistan People’s Party, 549, 555–60, 566–9

  Pal, Bipin Chandra, radical Bengali journalist, 467

  Palas, 8–11th c dynasty in Bengal, 192–4, 199, 220

  Pali language, 87

  Palkhed, battle of (1728), 368

  Pallavas, 5–9th c dynasty of Tamil Nadu, 110, 137, 156, 170, 172–7, 190, 192, 215

  Panchala, tribe & territory in the Doab, 108

  Pandavas, sons of Pandu, heroes of Mahabharata, 39, 41, 42, 44, 46

  Pandyas, long-lasting dynasty of Madurai, 119, 120, 121, 170, 172, 199, 215, 218, 220, 223, 252, 258

  Panhala, Maharashtra, 352, 354

  Panini, Sanskrit grammarian, 60–1, 71, 103, 153

  Panipat, battles of (1526, 1556 & 1761), 292–3, 301, 310, 386, 403–4

  Panjab, xxiv, 21, 26, 43, 57–61, 70–7, 82, 84–5, 106–12, 144, 202–5, 225–6, 233–5, 247, 256, 288, 289–90, 316–7, 361, 362, 385, 417, 420–4, 445, 472, 473, 475–7, 492, 499, 505–9, 517–24, 539, 547, 567, 572, 577–80

  Panth, the Sikh brotherhood, 317, 360–1

  Paramaharajadhiraja, ‘king of all other great kings’, 134

  Paramaras, rajput lineage & rulers of Malwa, 201, 226–30, 257 Paramesvara, ‘lord of other [lords]’, 169, 195, 197

  Parantaka, 10th c Chola king, 215

  Parsees, Zoroastrian community, 455

  Parthia, eastern Iran, 102, 109, 110

  Partition, of India in 1947 & Pakistan in 1971, 56–7, 502, 506–9, 510–11, 517–24, 526–7, 558, 577, 585

  Pataligrama see Pataliputra

  Pataliputra, Bihar, xx, 68–9, 79, 80, 82–3, 85, 90, 96, 97, 100, 104–5, 108, 135, 146

  Patan see Anhilwara

  Patanjali, Sanskrit grammarian, 103, 153

  Patel, Vallabhai, Congress leader, 472, 505, 515, 521

  Pathans, 514, 566, 587, 593, 595

  Patna, Bihar, 69, 386

  Pattadakal, Karnataka, 169, 174

  Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, The, 1st C AD description of Indian Ocean, 121, 126, 127, 130

  Persepolis, Iran, 57, 71

  Peshawar, North-West Frontier, 26–7, 95, 114, 158, 206, 419, 420, 592

  Peshwas of Pune, Maratha ministers & rulers, see Baji Rao, Balaji Vishvanath, etc.

  Pindaris, 19th c freebooters, 411–3

  Pir Panjal, outer range of Himalayas (q.v.)

  Pitt, Thomas, Governor of Madras, 373–4, 376

  Plantations, 448–9

  Plassey, battle of (1757), 381, 390

  Pliny the Elder, Roman author, 121

  Plutarch, Greek historian, 78, 79

  Polilur, Tamil Nadu, battle of (1780), 172, 396–7

  Pondicherry, Tamil Nadu, 121, 377, 379, 393, 394, 467, 533

  Poona see Pune

  Population, 320, 586

  Portuguese, 287, 305–6, 317, 323, 348, 355, 373, 533–4

  Porus, king, adversary of Alexander the Great, 72–3, 82

  Pottery: Black and Red Ware, 42, 43

  Harappan, 8, 12, 13, 14

  Northern Black Polished, 51–2

  Ochre Glazed, 37

  Painted Grey Ware, 42, 43

  Roman, 121–3

  Prabhakara-Vardhana, father of Harsha, 162

  Prabhavati, daughter of Chandra-Gupta II & Vakataka queen, 142

  Prambanam, Java, 194

  Prasad, Rajendra, President, 472, 482

  Prasenajit, 5th C BC King of Koshala, 66, 67

  Pratabgarh, Maharashtra, 351

  Pratapa-Rudra, 14th c Kakatiya king, 258, 263

  Pratihara, ‘gate-keeper’, a rajput dynasty, 202, & see Gurjara-Pratiharas

  Prayaga (Allahabad), Uttar Pradesh, 135, 165 />
  President’s/Governor’s Rule, constitutional device, 526, 530, 542, 575, 576–7, 601, 603

  Prinsep, James, antiquarian, 87–9, 136

  Prithviraj III, 12th c Chahamana ruler of Ajmer, 233–8, 241

  Ptolemy, Egyptian geographer, 121

  Pudukottai, Tamil Nadu, xxvii

  Pulakesin I, founder of Chalukya dynasty, 168

  Pulakesin II, 7th c Chalukya king, 168–70, 172

  Pundra, Bengal, 165

  Pune (Poona), Maharashtra, 86, 338, 352, 354, 368, 402, 405–6, 409, 412, 461

  Purana Qila, Delhi, 301

  Puranas, ancient Sanskrit texts dealing with genealogies & traditions, 3, 38–9, 42, 46, 79, 89, 135, 148, 152

  Purandhar, Treaty of (1665), 353

  Puri, Orissa, 213, 219, 271

  Purushpura (Peshawar), iii

  Pushyamitra of Malwa, 5th c opponent of Guptas, 143

  Pushyamitra, 2nd C BC, founder of Shunga dynasty, 105

  Quetta, Baluchistan, 181

  Quilon, Kerala, 276

  Quit India Movement of 1942, 498–9, 504

  Qutb Minar, Delhi, 142, 240–1

  Qutb-ud-din Aybak, first Delhi sultan, 240, 244

  Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque, Delhi, 240–1, 259

  Radcliffe, Sir Cyril, judge, 507–8

  Rae Bareli, UP 552, 574, 583

  Raffles, Thomas Stamford, Lieut-Governor of Java, 415

  Raghu, King of Ayodhya, 152, 170

  Raghunath Rao, 18th c Maratha peshwa, 403, 405–6, 408

  Rai Dynasty of Sind, 182

  Rai, Lala Lajpat, Arya Samaj leader, 467

  Raichur Doab, between Kistna & Tungabhadra Rivers in Andhra Pradesh, 283, 303

  Rajanya, clan leadership, 32, 35, 36, 52

  Rajaraja I, 10th c Chola king, 215–9, 220, 222

  Rajaram, 17th c Maratha ruler, 356, 357

  Rajasthan, 130, 131, 137, 169, 196–7, 231–4, 233, 238, 270, 287, 295, 313–5, 345–6, 360, 411

  Rajasuya, royal consecration ritual, 46

  Rajendra I, 11th c Chola king, 214, 216–23

  Rajgir (Rajagriha), Bihar, 51, 62, 64, 66, 67

  rajputs, 53, 196–7, 206, 227–30, 231–4, 237–8, 256–7, 284, 295, 313–5, 329–30, 345–6, 360, 408, 413

  Rajya-Sri, sister of Harsha, queen of Maukharis, 162–4

  Rajya-vardhana, brother of Harsha, 162

  Ralph, Mr, explorer of Ajanta, 149–50

  Rant Lila see Ramayana

  Rama Raja, 17th c Vijayanagar king, 307

  Rama, King of Ayodhya, xxvii, 39, 44, 45, 46, 102, 597–8

  Rama-Chandra, 13–14th c Seuna king of Devagiri, 254–5, 257

  Rama-Gupta, 4th c Gupta king, 141

 

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