by John Keay
Rama-rajya (Ram-raj), the utopian government of Rama, 46
Ramayana, Sanskrit epic, xxvii, 2, 37–8, 44–7, 60, 597–8
Ranjit Singh, Maharaja of Panjab, 410–11, 418–9, 420–3, 424
Ranoji Scindia, 18th c Maratha leader, 368
Ranthambor, Rajasthan, 239, 256
Rao, P.V. Narasimha, Prime Minister, 603
Rao, S.R., archaeologist, 9
Rashtrakutas, 8–10th c Deccan dynasty, xxviii, 157, 190–2, 196, 199–201, 202, 215
Rastriya Janata Party (RSP) 604
Rastriya Swyamsevak Sangh (RSS) 524–5, 598
Rathors, rajput lineage of Marwar, 345
Ratnagar, Shireen, historian, 17
Ratuins, ‘jewels’ or ministers of early kings, 55
Ratri, Vedic deity, 30
Ravi River, 73
Ravikirti, poet, 169
Rawalpindi, Panjab, 523, 540, 583
Ray, Hemachandra, historian, 155, 233
Raychaudhuri, Tapan, historian, 324, 325
Raziya, 13th c Delhi Sultan (ess), 245–7
Reinaud, M., French historian, 109
Rewari, Rajasthan, 508
Rig Veda, the earliest & most revered collection of Vedas, 23, 25, 26, 29, 31, 32, 35, 53
Ripon, Lord, Viceroy, 455–6
Risis (rishis), ‘seers’, 52
Roe, Sir Thomas, English Ambassador in 17th c, 326, 329, 333, 370
Rohilkand, district in NW Uttar Pradesh, 393
Rome, contacts with India, 104, 111, 117, 121–3, 124–5, 126
Round Table Conference (1930–1), 488, 489–90
Rowlatt Bills (1918–19), 474
Rudra, Vedic deity, 142
Rudrabhuti, brahman, 159
Rudradaman, 2nd c Western Satrap (Shaka), 130–3, 144
Rudrasena II, 4th c Vakataka king, 142
Rupmati, rajput princess beloved of Baz Bahadur, 311–12
Russia, 417–9, 457, 463, see also USSR
Russo-Japanese War (1905), 466
Sabuktigin, 9th c Sultan of Ghazni, 204–5, 206
Sacrifice, 29–34, 46
Sailendra, Javanese dynasty, 177
Saiyyid Husain Ali Khan, one of the Saiyyid brothers, 364–6, 367
Saiyyids, king-making brothers in early 17th c, 274
Sakyas, tribe & territory to which the
Buddha belonged, 48, 64, 66
Salbai, Anglo-Maratha treaty (1782), 406, 408
Salim see Jahangir
Salsette, Maharashtra, 405
Salt, 486–7
Samarkand, Uzbekistan, 291, 296, 316
Samatasimha, Guhila rajput ruler of Mewar, 237
Samgramaraja, 11th c king of Kashmir, 211, 212
Samrat, over-lord, ‘emperor’, 139
Samudra-Gupta, 4th c Gupta emperor, 134, 136–41, 146, 151, 152
San Tomé, Portuguese settlement in Madras, 332
Sanchi, Madhya Pradesh, xx, 87, 90, 102, 108, 141, 169, 254
Sangam, ‘assembly’ of Tamil poets & collections of their verses, 119–20
Sangha, Rana, 16th c rajput ruler of Mewar, 292, 295–6
Sangha, the Buddhist monastic community, 65, 99, 115, 166, 194
Sangharama, a Buddhist monastery, 182
Sanjaya, Javanese dynasty, 177
Sankara, 9th c philosopher & theologian, 194–5
Sanskrit, language, xxvi–xxvii, 2, 19–21, 24–5, 28, 57, 61, 103, 120–1, 132–3, 149, 151–4, 157, 161, 431
Saraswati River, 26
Sardeshmukh, Maratha leader’s claim to 10% of revenue, 357, 366
Sargon the Great, Sumerian king, 16
Sarnath, Varanasi, 65, 151
Sasana, charters or grants recorded in stone or on copper plates, 156–7, 160, 164, 171, 187, 191
Sasanka, 7th c king of Gauda, 162, 163, 165
Sasaram, Uttar Pradesh, 301–2
Sastri, Prof Nilakantha, historian, 221
Satapatha Brahmana, one of the Brahmana texts, 2, 40
Satara, Maharashtra, 357, 413, 433
Sati, the cremation of a widow on the death of her husband, 429
Satiyaputras, South Indian people or tribe, 119
Satlej River, 410–11, 423
Satyagraha, Gandhian ‘truth force’ or passive resistance, 471, 475, 477, 487
Saudi Arabia, 566, 587–8
Saurshtra, Gujarat, 111, 129, 157, 209, 287, 512
Savarkar, V.D., revolutionary nationalist, 468
Science, 33, 131, 153–4, 188, 228
Scripts: 336: Aramaic, 60
Ashoka Brahmi, 6, 87–8, 104, 120, 121, 129–30
Gupta Brahmi, 136–8, 152
Harappan, 6, 13, 16
Kharosthi, 96, 104
South-East Asian, 124, 152
Sculpture: Buddhist, 103, 104, 112, 114, 117, 125, 147, 194
Gupta, 141, 148, 150–1, 176
Harappan, 14–15, 16
Hindu, 200–1
Mauryan, 88
Seleucus Nikator, Alexander the Great’s successor in his eastern conquests, 84, 106
Senas, 11–12th c dynasty in Bengal, 244
Sesodias, rajput lineage of Mewar (Udaipur), 287, 313–5, 328–30, 354, 360
Seunas, 12–13th c Yadava dynasty of Devagiri, 252–5, 257
Shah Alam I, see Bahadur Shah
Shah Alam II, 18th c Mughal emperor, 382, 391–2, 410
Shah Bano case, 588–9
Shah Jahan, Mughal emperor, 328–30, 331, 332, 333–6, 338–40, 343, 370
Shah Jahan ll, 18th c Mughal emperor, 366
Shah Shuja, 19th c claimant to throne of Kabul, 418–19, 424
Shahbazgarhi, North West Frontier Province, 95
Shahis, 9–11th c dynasty in Kabul & Panjab, 202–7, 211–2
Shahjahanabad, i.e. Old Delhi, 335, 343, 366
Shahji Bhonsle, 17th c Maratha leader, father of Shivaji, 332, 337
Shahuji, 18th c Maratha leader, grandson of Shivaji, 363, 364, 366
Shaista Khan, Mughal commander, brother of Mumtaz Mahal, 352, 371
Shaiva, Shaivite, ‘pertaining to Shiva’ (q.r.)
Shakas, ‘Scythian’ dynasty of kings & satraps, 109, 110, 111, 130–3
Shamasastry, Dr R., scholar, 81
Shambhaji, I, Maratha king, son of Shivaji, 354–5, 356
Shambhaji II, 18th c Maratha leader, grandson of Shivaji, 357, 363
Shams-ud-Din, Muhammad, 15th c Bahmanid Sultan, 284
Sharia law, 529, 590–1
Sharif, Nawaz, Pakistani prime minister, 592, 594, 595, 600, 602
Shariyar, Mughal Prince, son of Jahangir, 334
Sharqi Kings, 14–15th c dynasty of Jaunpur, 272–4
Shastri, Lal Bahadur, Prime Minister, 536, 549
Shatavahana, 1st–3rd c Deccan dynasty, 106, 125–8, 130, 133
Sher Shah Sur, 16th c Afghan rival of Mughals, 298, 299–302, 308–9, 325
Sherwani, Prof, historian, 282
Shiv Sena, militant Hindu nationalist party, 586
Shiva, deity, xxvii, 14, 33, 109, 147, 151, 200–1, 209, 212, 216
Shivaji, 17th c Maratha king & patriot, 338, 339, 350–4, 457, 461, 533
Shore, Sir John, Governor-General, 428
Shortughai, Afghanistan, 10
Shuja, Mughal Prince, son of Shah Jahan, 339, 340–1
Shunga Dynasty, 2nd–1st C BC rulers of Magadha, 105, 106, 108
Siachen glacier, 515
Siddhartha Gautama, see Buddha
Sidi Yakub, naval commander in alliance with Aurangzeb, 372
Sikander Lodi, 15th c Delhi Sultan, 289, 291–2
Sikhs, 316–7, 344–5, 360–1, 404, 411, 417, 418–19, 420–5, 439, 472, 506–8, 523, 572, 576–9, 586
Sikkim, 563–4
Simla Accorod (1972), 562
Simla Conference (1945), 500
Simla, Himachal Pradesh, 415, 517
Simon, Sir John, UK politician & chairman of 1927 Commission, 483
Sind, 58, 131, 166, 167,
180–7, 202, 210, 256, 271, 318, 419–20, 490, 518, 554, 567
Singapore, 415, 452, 472, 473, 495
Singh, Hari, Maharajah of Kashmir 514, 536
Singh, Manmohan, Indian prime minister, 603
Singh, Vishwanath Pratap, prime minister, 532
Sinkiang, 104, 112, 114
Siraj-ud-Daula, 18th c nawab of Bengal, 381, 388–90
Sircar, D.C., historian, 155
Sirhind, Panjab, 235, 309
Sita Ram, brahman NCO in Bengal army, 419
Sita, deity, xxvii
Skanda-Gupta, 5th c Gupta emperor, 130, 144, 145
‘Slave’ Dynasty, the first Delhi sultanate founded by Qutb-ud-Din Aybak, 240–50
Sobraon, battle of (1846), 423
Solankis of Gujarat, rajput dynasty of 11th–13th c, 227, 234, 241
Somapura (Paharpur), Bengal, 193
Somnath, Gujarat, 209, 257, 598
Sopara, Maharashtra, 126, 127
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), 602
South East Asian Treaty Organisation (SEATO) 533, 541
Sowars, mounted soldiers, troopers, 275, 324, 325, 379
Spices, 122–3, 188, 306
Sramanas, renunciates, members of heterodox sects, 97, 184
Sravana Belgola, Karnataka, 85–6
Sravasti, capital of Koshala, 51, 64, 66, 165
Sreni, guilds of urban artisans, 125–6, 145
Sri Gupta, 3rd c precursor of imperial Guptas, 134
Sri Lanka, 89, 90, 119, 121, 137, 146, 172–3, 177, 215, 220, 223, 531, 602
Srinagar, Kashmir, 514, 602
Sriangam, Tamil Nadu, 252, 258
Srirangapatnam, Karnataka, 396, 397, 398–9
Srivijaya, SE Asian naval kingdom, 222
Stupa a hemispherical mound, often clad in stone, commemorating the Buddha & containing Buddhist relics – see esp. Amaravati, Barhut, Sanchi
Suddhodana, father of Buddha, 64
Sudraka, playwright, 151
Sudras, the labouring caste, 53, 182
Sufis, Islamic saints & miracle workers, 279, 316
Suhrawardy, Husayn Shaheed, Bengali politician & founder of Bangladesh’s Awami League, 505, 509, 528, 543, 546
Sukarno, President of Indonesia, 484–5, 533
Suleiman, merchant, 190, 191, 195
Sultaniyeh, Iran, 308
Sumatra, Indonesia, 104, 123, 133, 177, 222
Sumeria, ancient Mesopotamian kingdom, 3, 9, 16
Sundara Pandya, 13th c Pandya king of Madurai, 252
Sundramurti, Tamil saint, 219
Surat, Gujarat, 323, 339, 348–50, 352, 354, 371–2, 375
Surman, John, East India Company factor, 374–5, 376
Suryadevi, princess of Sind, 185–6
Sutkagen-dor, Makran, 10
Suvarnagiri, Andhra Pradesh, 98, 100
Suvisakha, Rudradaman’s minister, 130, 133
Swadeshi, nationalist focus on ‘homeproduced’ goods & the boycott of imported manufactures, 466, 467, 477, 487
Swaraj, ‘self-rule’, 467, 470, 479, 480, 481, 483, 486
Swat, Pakistan, 71, 107, 108, 114, 158, 596
Sylhet, Bangladesh, 587
Tagore, Rabindranath, Bengali philosopher & poet, 336, 461, 467, 471, 477
Taj Mahal, xxviii, 241, 335–6
Takla Makan, Sinkiang, 104, 114
Taliban, 595–6
Talikota, Battle of (1565), 307–8
Tamasp, Shah of Persia, 299, 308, 386
Tamil Nadu, xxv, 118, 172, 212, 214–23, 252, 258, 332, 337, 354, 529
Tamil language, 106, 118, 119–20, 121–2, 219–20, 529
Tamluk (Tamralipti), Bengal, 65, 145, 176
Tamralipti see Tamluk
Tanjore, Tamil Nadu, xix, 215, 216–7, 218, 222–3, 337, 379
Tantras, Hindu-Buddhist texts on the rites of supernatural communion, 194
Tarabai, Maratha consort & regent, 357, 363, 368
Tarain, Battles of (1191 & 1192), 235–7
Tashkent, Treaty of (1966), 548, 549
Tashkurgan, Sinkiang, 115
Tata, Jamshed, industrialist, 466, 531
Tatya Topi (Tantia Topi), military leader in 1857 Rebellion, 442, 444
Taxation, 50, 97–8, 185, 218–9, 235, 242, 268, 272, 276, 313, 321–4, 325, 342–3, 357–9, 375–6, 387, 390, 414, 430, 436, 526
Taxila, Panjab, 51, 60–2, 71, 79, 90, 96, 98, 100, 103, 107, 114, 158
Tea, 448
Tegh Bahadur, Sikh Guru, 345
Telugu language, 118
Terrorism, 572, 579–80, 585–6, 600–1
Thailand, 123
Thanesar, Haryana, 159, 160, 162, 208, 235
Thapar, Romila, historian, 4, 19, 38–9, 99
Thar Desert, Sind/Rajasthan, 182
Theosophy, 457, 458, 473
Thevenot, Jean de, 17th c French visitor, 327
Thomas, St, apostle, 109–10, 115, 122
Tibet, 194, 420–1, 463, 533–6
Tilak, Bal Gangadhar, radical nationalist, 461, 467, 470, 473–4
Timur ‘the Lame’, Mongol leader, 274, 290, 320
Tipu Sultan, 18th c ruler of Mysore, 394, 396, 397–401, 407
Tod, James, officer & antiquarian, 88, 196, 231–3, 237–8, 287, 296, 315, 408, 426
Todar Mal, Akbar’s finance minister, 318, 325–6, 331
Tomars, rajput lineage of Delhi & Gwalior, 199, 206
Tondaimandalam, district in Tamil Nadu, 156, 215
Toramana; Hun leader, 144, 158
Tosali, Orissa, 98, 100
Trade & Commerce, xxvi, 52, 55, 60, 84, 90, 117, 118–28, 145–6, 158, 181, 188, 275, 305–6, 323, 370, 372–3, 391, 398, 414, 428–9, 449, 451, 531, 538, 562, 603 Harappan, 12, 15–17
Trautman, Thomas, historian, 81
Travancore, southern Kerala, 400, 488
Trilochanapala, 11th c Shaka king, 211–2
Tripura, 528
Tughluq Dynasty, Delhi sultans, 261
Tughluqabad, 262–5, 269
Tully, Mark, journalist & author, 511, 579
Tulsi Das, Hindi poet, 44
Tunga, 11th c Kashmiri commander, 211–2
Tungabhadra River, 283
Turfan, China, 104
Turks (Turuskas) 203–4, 234, 235, 238, 240, 243, 247, 249, 255, 291
Udai Singh, rajput rana of Mewar, 313–5
Udaipur, Rajasthan, 315, 330, 346
Udayagiri, Orissa, 148
Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, 42, 51, 90, 98, 100, 105, 111, 130, 146, 187, 227, 339, 368
Ulema, the legal, academic & religious ‘establishment’ in Muslim society, 231, 275, 282, 287, 316, 318, 342, 344
Uma, deity, 109
Umarkot, Sind, 312
Umayyad Caliphate, 180, 186
United States of American, 533, 540, 548, 558, 559, 569, 592–5, 602
United Nations, 515–6, 534, 547, 561, 594
USSR, 533, 548, 558, 559, 569, 592–3
Union Carbide, 583–5
Unionist Party of Panjab, 492, 500, 506
Upanisads, ancient Sanskrit texts concerned with metaphysics & mysticism, 26, 30, 66, 147, 339
Urdu language, 336, 435, 457, 528
‘Usmanistan’, 512–3
Ushas, Vedic deity, 30
Utkala, kingdom in Orissa, 193
Uttar Pradesh, 40, 135, 159, 296, 415, 519–20, 598–9
Uttarapatha, the ‘northern route’ of arya settlement or traffic, 43, 44, 61, 169
Vaishnava, Vaishnavite, ‘pertaining to Vishnu’ (q.v.)
Vaisali, capital of the Licchavi republic, 52, 64, 67–8, 69
Vaisya, the wealth-creating & mercantile caste, 52–3, 82, 120
Vajpayee, Atul Behari, prime minister, 575–6, 598, 602, 603
Vakatakas, 3rd – 5th c Deccan dynasty, 142, 150
Vallabhi, Gujarat, 144, 157, 159, 166
Vanga, kingdom in Bengal, 142, 193
Varanasi, Uttar P’radesh, xx, 33, 44�
�5, 51, 67, 157, 239, 241, 244, 342, 392, 439, 441
Vardhanas, 7th c dynasty of Thanesar & Kanauj, 159, 160–7
Varna, the fourfold division of post-Vedic society into classes or castes, 54, 64, 98, 145, 189, see also brahmans, ksatriya, vaisya, sudras
Varnaramadharma, social order based on varna and on the ages of man, 64
Varuna, Vedic deity, 25
Vasudeva, deity, 108
Vasudeva, 1st C BC Kanva king, 105
Vatsaraja, 8th c Gurjara-Pratihara ruler, 197
Vatsyana, supposed author of Kamasutra, 103
Vedas, collections of early Sanskrit hymns, 1, 6, 19, 21–2, 23, 24, 27, 29–34, 37, 52, 148, 149
Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 354, 437
Ventura, General, Napoleonic officer, 422
Vengi, kingdom in Andhra Pradesh, 170, 216, 220
Victoria, Queen, 446–7
Videha, clan & territory in Bihar, 43, 48
Vidisha, Andhra Pradesh, 90, 108
Vietnam, 104, 123, 124, 133, 177, 515
Vigraha-raja, 12th c Chahamana king of Ajmer, 233
Vijayaditya, 8th c Chalukya king, 174
Vijayadurg, Maharashtra, 381
Vijayanagar (Hampi), Karnataka, 277, 279, 280–3, 294, 302–8
Vikramaditya, 16th c Tomar ruler of Gwalior, 293
Vikramaditya I, 7th c Chalukya king, 172, 174
Vikramaditya II, 8th c Chalukya king, 173–4, 190
Vikramashila, Bihar, 193
Vinayaditya, 11th c Hoysala king, 251
Vindhya Hills, 43, 84, 163
Vishnu, deity, xvii, 2, 49, 108, 124, 139, 147–8, 191
Vishnugopa, 4th c Pallava king, 137
Vishwa Hindu Parishad (V.H.P), World Hindu Council, 598–9
Vitashoka, brother of Ashoka, 91
Vivekananda, 19th c Hindu reformist & teacher, 458
Vratya, ‘degenerate’ or quasi, as in vratya ksatriya, 59
Wadgaon, Battle & Convention of (1779), 405
Walid, Caliph, 185–6
Wandiwash, Battle of (1760), 394
Warangal, Andhra Pradesh, 252, 258, 263
Watson, Admiral Charles, 381, 390
Wavell, Lord, Viceroy, 500–1, 504
Waziristan, 596
Wellesley, Arthur, Duke of Wellington, 400, 409–10
Wellesley, Richard, Governor-General, 399–400, 401, 408, 410, 416
Wells, H.G., writer, 92
West Bengal, 550, 552
‘West Pakistan’, 539, 542, 554, 555
Western Ghats, xxii, 127, 168, 338, 350, 356–7
Western Satraps, Shaka rulers of Gujarat/Malwa, 111, 126, 130–3, 137, 141
Wheeler, Sir Mortimer, archaeologist, 9, 14, 22–3
Wilberforce, William, philanthropist & propagandist, 429