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India Page 86

by John Keay

Rama-rajya (Ram-raj), the utopian government of Rama, 46

  Ramayana, Sanskrit epic, xxvii, 2, 37–8, 44–7, 60, 597–8

  Ranjit Singh, Maharaja of Panjab, 410–11, 418–9, 420–3, 424

  Ranoji Scindia, 18th c Maratha leader, 368

  Ranthambor, Rajasthan, 239, 256

  Rao, P.V. Narasimha, Prime Minister, 603

  Rao, S.R., archaeologist, 9

  Rashtrakutas, 8–10th c Deccan dynasty, xxviii, 157, 190–2, 196, 199–201, 202, 215

  Rastriya Janata Party (RSP) 604

  Rastriya Swyamsevak Sangh (RSS) 524–5, 598

  Rathors, rajput lineage of Marwar, 345

  Ratnagar, Shireen, historian, 17

  Ratuins, ‘jewels’ or ministers of early kings, 55

  Ratri, Vedic deity, 30

  Ravi River, 73

  Ravikirti, poet, 169

  Rawalpindi, Panjab, 523, 540, 583

  Ray, Hemachandra, historian, 155, 233

  Raychaudhuri, Tapan, historian, 324, 325

  Raziya, 13th c Delhi Sultan (ess), 245–7

  Reinaud, M., French historian, 109

  Rewari, Rajasthan, 508

  Rig Veda, the earliest & most revered collection of Vedas, 23, 25, 26, 29, 31, 32, 35, 53

  Ripon, Lord, Viceroy, 455–6

  Risis (rishis), ‘seers’, 52

  Roe, Sir Thomas, English Ambassador in 17th c, 326, 329, 333, 370

  Rohilkand, district in NW Uttar Pradesh, 393

  Rome, contacts with India, 104, 111, 117, 121–3, 124–5, 126

  Round Table Conference (1930–1), 488, 489–90

  Rowlatt Bills (1918–19), 474

  Rudra, Vedic deity, 142

  Rudrabhuti, brahman, 159

  Rudradaman, 2nd c Western Satrap (Shaka), 130–3, 144

  Rudrasena II, 4th c Vakataka king, 142

  Rupmati, rajput princess beloved of Baz Bahadur, 311–12

  Russia, 417–9, 457, 463, see also USSR

  Russo-Japanese War (1905), 466

  Sabuktigin, 9th c Sultan of Ghazni, 204–5, 206

  Sacrifice, 29–34, 46

  Sailendra, Javanese dynasty, 177

  Saiyyid Husain Ali Khan, one of the Saiyyid brothers, 364–6, 367

  Saiyyids, king-making brothers in early 17th c, 274

  Sakyas, tribe & territory to which the

  Buddha belonged, 48, 64, 66

  Salbai, Anglo-Maratha treaty (1782), 406, 408

  Salim see Jahangir

  Salsette, Maharashtra, 405

  Salt, 486–7

  Samarkand, Uzbekistan, 291, 296, 316

  Samatasimha, Guhila rajput ruler of Mewar, 237

  Samgramaraja, 11th c king of Kashmir, 211, 212

  Samrat, over-lord, ‘emperor’, 139

  Samudra-Gupta, 4th c Gupta emperor, 134, 136–41, 146, 151, 152

  San Tomé, Portuguese settlement in Madras, 332

  Sanchi, Madhya Pradesh, xx, 87, 90, 102, 108, 141, 169, 254

  Sangam, ‘assembly’ of Tamil poets & collections of their verses, 119–20

  Sangha, Rana, 16th c rajput ruler of Mewar, 292, 295–6

  Sangha, the Buddhist monastic community, 65, 99, 115, 166, 194

  Sangharama, a Buddhist monastery, 182

  Sanjaya, Javanese dynasty, 177

  Sankara, 9th c philosopher & theologian, 194–5

  Sanskrit, language, xxvi–xxvii, 2, 19–21, 24–5, 28, 57, 61, 103, 120–1, 132–3, 149, 151–4, 157, 161, 431

  Saraswati River, 26

  Sardeshmukh, Maratha leader’s claim to 10% of revenue, 357, 366

  Sargon the Great, Sumerian king, 16

  Sarnath, Varanasi, 65, 151

  Sasana, charters or grants recorded in stone or on copper plates, 156–7, 160, 164, 171, 187, 191

  Sasanka, 7th c king of Gauda, 162, 163, 165

  Sasaram, Uttar Pradesh, 301–2

  Sastri, Prof Nilakantha, historian, 221

  Satapatha Brahmana, one of the Brahmana texts, 2, 40

  Satara, Maharashtra, 357, 413, 433

  Sati, the cremation of a widow on the death of her husband, 429

  Satiyaputras, South Indian people or tribe, 119

  Satlej River, 410–11, 423

  Satyagraha, Gandhian ‘truth force’ or passive resistance, 471, 475, 477, 487

  Saudi Arabia, 566, 587–8

  Saurshtra, Gujarat, 111, 129, 157, 209, 287, 512

  Savarkar, V.D., revolutionary nationalist, 468

  Science, 33, 131, 153–4, 188, 228

  Scripts: 336: Aramaic, 60

  Ashoka Brahmi, 6, 87–8, 104, 120, 121, 129–30

  Gupta Brahmi, 136–8, 152

  Harappan, 6, 13, 16

  Kharosthi, 96, 104

  South-East Asian, 124, 152

  Sculpture: Buddhist, 103, 104, 112, 114, 117, 125, 147, 194

  Gupta, 141, 148, 150–1, 176

  Harappan, 14–15, 16

  Hindu, 200–1

  Mauryan, 88

  Seleucus Nikator, Alexander the Great’s successor in his eastern conquests, 84, 106

  Senas, 11–12th c dynasty in Bengal, 244

  Sesodias, rajput lineage of Mewar (Udaipur), 287, 313–5, 328–30, 354, 360

  Seunas, 12–13th c Yadava dynasty of Devagiri, 252–5, 257

  Shah Alam I, see Bahadur Shah

  Shah Alam II, 18th c Mughal emperor, 382, 391–2, 410

  Shah Bano case, 588–9

  Shah Jahan, Mughal emperor, 328–30, 331, 332, 333–6, 338–40, 343, 370

  Shah Jahan ll, 18th c Mughal emperor, 366

  Shah Shuja, 19th c claimant to throne of Kabul, 418–19, 424

  Shahbazgarhi, North West Frontier Province, 95

  Shahis, 9–11th c dynasty in Kabul & Panjab, 202–7, 211–2

  Shahjahanabad, i.e. Old Delhi, 335, 343, 366

  Shahji Bhonsle, 17th c Maratha leader, father of Shivaji, 332, 337

  Shahuji, 18th c Maratha leader, grandson of Shivaji, 363, 364, 366

  Shaista Khan, Mughal commander, brother of Mumtaz Mahal, 352, 371

  Shaiva, Shaivite, ‘pertaining to Shiva’ (q.r.)

  Shakas, ‘Scythian’ dynasty of kings & satraps, 109, 110, 111, 130–3

  Shamasastry, Dr R., scholar, 81

  Shambhaji, I, Maratha king, son of Shivaji, 354–5, 356

  Shambhaji II, 18th c Maratha leader, grandson of Shivaji, 357, 363

  Shams-ud-Din, Muhammad, 15th c Bahmanid Sultan, 284

  Sharia law, 529, 590–1

  Sharif, Nawaz, Pakistani prime minister, 592, 594, 595, 600, 602

  Shariyar, Mughal Prince, son of Jahangir, 334

  Sharqi Kings, 14–15th c dynasty of Jaunpur, 272–4

  Shastri, Lal Bahadur, Prime Minister, 536, 549

  Shatavahana, 1st–3rd c Deccan dynasty, 106, 125–8, 130, 133

  Sher Shah Sur, 16th c Afghan rival of Mughals, 298, 299–302, 308–9, 325

  Sherwani, Prof, historian, 282

  Shiv Sena, militant Hindu nationalist party, 586

  Shiva, deity, xxvii, 14, 33, 109, 147, 151, 200–1, 209, 212, 216

  Shivaji, 17th c Maratha king & patriot, 338, 339, 350–4, 457, 461, 533

  Shore, Sir John, Governor-General, 428

  Shortughai, Afghanistan, 10

  Shuja, Mughal Prince, son of Shah Jahan, 339, 340–1

  Shunga Dynasty, 2nd–1st C BC rulers of Magadha, 105, 106, 108

  Siachen glacier, 515

  Siddhartha Gautama, see Buddha

  Sidi Yakub, naval commander in alliance with Aurangzeb, 372

  Sikander Lodi, 15th c Delhi Sultan, 289, 291–2

  Sikhs, 316–7, 344–5, 360–1, 404, 411, 417, 418–19, 420–5, 439, 472, 506–8, 523, 572, 576–9, 586

  Sikkim, 563–4

  Simla Accorod (1972), 562

  Simla Conference (1945), 500

  Simla, Himachal Pradesh, 415, 517

  Simon, Sir John, UK politician & chairman of 1927 Commission, 483

  Sind, 58, 131, 166, 167,
180–7, 202, 210, 256, 271, 318, 419–20, 490, 518, 554, 567

  Singapore, 415, 452, 472, 473, 495

  Singh, Hari, Maharajah of Kashmir 514, 536

  Singh, Manmohan, Indian prime minister, 603

  Singh, Vishwanath Pratap, prime minister, 532

  Sinkiang, 104, 112, 114

  Siraj-ud-Daula, 18th c nawab of Bengal, 381, 388–90

  Sircar, D.C., historian, 155

  Sirhind, Panjab, 235, 309

  Sita Ram, brahman NCO in Bengal army, 419

  Sita, deity, xxvii

  Skanda-Gupta, 5th c Gupta emperor, 130, 144, 145

  ‘Slave’ Dynasty, the first Delhi sultanate founded by Qutb-ud-Din Aybak, 240–50

  Sobraon, battle of (1846), 423

  Solankis of Gujarat, rajput dynasty of 11th–13th c, 227, 234, 241

  Somapura (Paharpur), Bengal, 193

  Somnath, Gujarat, 209, 257, 598

  Sopara, Maharashtra, 126, 127

  South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), 602

  South East Asian Treaty Organisation (SEATO) 533, 541

  Sowars, mounted soldiers, troopers, 275, 324, 325, 379

  Spices, 122–3, 188, 306

  Sramanas, renunciates, members of heterodox sects, 97, 184

  Sravana Belgola, Karnataka, 85–6

  Sravasti, capital of Koshala, 51, 64, 66, 165

  Sreni, guilds of urban artisans, 125–6, 145

  Sri Gupta, 3rd c precursor of imperial Guptas, 134

  Sri Lanka, 89, 90, 119, 121, 137, 146, 172–3, 177, 215, 220, 223, 531, 602

  Srinagar, Kashmir, 514, 602

  Sriangam, Tamil Nadu, 252, 258

  Srirangapatnam, Karnataka, 396, 397, 398–9

  Srivijaya, SE Asian naval kingdom, 222

  Stupa a hemispherical mound, often clad in stone, commemorating the Buddha & containing Buddhist relics – see esp. Amaravati, Barhut, Sanchi

  Suddhodana, father of Buddha, 64

  Sudraka, playwright, 151

  Sudras, the labouring caste, 53, 182

  Sufis, Islamic saints & miracle workers, 279, 316

  Suhrawardy, Husayn Shaheed, Bengali politician & founder of Bangladesh’s Awami League, 505, 509, 528, 543, 546

  Sukarno, President of Indonesia, 484–5, 533

  Suleiman, merchant, 190, 191, 195

  Sultaniyeh, Iran, 308

  Sumatra, Indonesia, 104, 123, 133, 177, 222

  Sumeria, ancient Mesopotamian kingdom, 3, 9, 16

  Sundara Pandya, 13th c Pandya king of Madurai, 252

  Sundramurti, Tamil saint, 219

  Surat, Gujarat, 323, 339, 348–50, 352, 354, 371–2, 375

  Surman, John, East India Company factor, 374–5, 376

  Suryadevi, princess of Sind, 185–6

  Sutkagen-dor, Makran, 10

  Suvarnagiri, Andhra Pradesh, 98, 100

  Suvisakha, Rudradaman’s minister, 130, 133

  Swadeshi, nationalist focus on ‘homeproduced’ goods & the boycott of imported manufactures, 466, 467, 477, 487

  Swaraj, ‘self-rule’, 467, 470, 479, 480, 481, 483, 486

  Swat, Pakistan, 71, 107, 108, 114, 158, 596

  Sylhet, Bangladesh, 587

  Tagore, Rabindranath, Bengali philosopher & poet, 336, 461, 467, 471, 477

  Taj Mahal, xxviii, 241, 335–6

  Takla Makan, Sinkiang, 104, 114

  Taliban, 595–6

  Talikota, Battle of (1565), 307–8

  Tamasp, Shah of Persia, 299, 308, 386

  Tamil Nadu, xxv, 118, 172, 212, 214–23, 252, 258, 332, 337, 354, 529

  Tamil language, 106, 118, 119–20, 121–2, 219–20, 529

  Tamluk (Tamralipti), Bengal, 65, 145, 176

  Tamralipti see Tamluk

  Tanjore, Tamil Nadu, xix, 215, 216–7, 218, 222–3, 337, 379

  Tantras, Hindu-Buddhist texts on the rites of supernatural communion, 194

  Tarabai, Maratha consort & regent, 357, 363, 368

  Tarain, Battles of (1191 & 1192), 235–7

  Tashkent, Treaty of (1966), 548, 549

  Tashkurgan, Sinkiang, 115

  Tata, Jamshed, industrialist, 466, 531

  Tatya Topi (Tantia Topi), military leader in 1857 Rebellion, 442, 444

  Taxation, 50, 97–8, 185, 218–9, 235, 242, 268, 272, 276, 313, 321–4, 325, 342–3, 357–9, 375–6, 387, 390, 414, 430, 436, 526

  Taxila, Panjab, 51, 60–2, 71, 79, 90, 96, 98, 100, 103, 107, 114, 158

  Tea, 448

  Tegh Bahadur, Sikh Guru, 345

  Telugu language, 118

  Terrorism, 572, 579–80, 585–6, 600–1

  Thailand, 123

  Thanesar, Haryana, 159, 160, 162, 208, 235

  Thapar, Romila, historian, 4, 19, 38–9, 99

  Thar Desert, Sind/Rajasthan, 182

  Theosophy, 457, 458, 473

  Thevenot, Jean de, 17th c French visitor, 327

  Thomas, St, apostle, 109–10, 115, 122

  Tibet, 194, 420–1, 463, 533–6

  Tilak, Bal Gangadhar, radical nationalist, 461, 467, 470, 473–4

  Timur ‘the Lame’, Mongol leader, 274, 290, 320

  Tipu Sultan, 18th c ruler of Mysore, 394, 396, 397–401, 407

  Tod, James, officer & antiquarian, 88, 196, 231–3, 237–8, 287, 296, 315, 408, 426

  Todar Mal, Akbar’s finance minister, 318, 325–6, 331

  Tomars, rajput lineage of Delhi & Gwalior, 199, 206

  Tondaimandalam, district in Tamil Nadu, 156, 215

  Toramana; Hun leader, 144, 158

  Tosali, Orissa, 98, 100

  Trade & Commerce, xxvi, 52, 55, 60, 84, 90, 117, 118–28, 145–6, 158, 181, 188, 275, 305–6, 323, 370, 372–3, 391, 398, 414, 428–9, 449, 451, 531, 538, 562, 603 Harappan, 12, 15–17

  Trautman, Thomas, historian, 81

  Travancore, southern Kerala, 400, 488

  Trilochanapala, 11th c Shaka king, 211–2

  Tripura, 528

  Tughluq Dynasty, Delhi sultans, 261

  Tughluqabad, 262–5, 269

  Tully, Mark, journalist & author, 511, 579

  Tulsi Das, Hindi poet, 44

  Tunga, 11th c Kashmiri commander, 211–2

  Tungabhadra River, 283

  Turfan, China, 104

  Turks (Turuskas) 203–4, 234, 235, 238, 240, 243, 247, 249, 255, 291

  Udai Singh, rajput rana of Mewar, 313–5

  Udaipur, Rajasthan, 315, 330, 346

  Udayagiri, Orissa, 148

  Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, 42, 51, 90, 98, 100, 105, 111, 130, 146, 187, 227, 339, 368

  Ulema, the legal, academic & religious ‘establishment’ in Muslim society, 231, 275, 282, 287, 316, 318, 342, 344

  Uma, deity, 109

  Umarkot, Sind, 312

  Umayyad Caliphate, 180, 186

  United States of American, 533, 540, 548, 558, 559, 569, 592–5, 602

  United Nations, 515–6, 534, 547, 561, 594

  USSR, 533, 548, 558, 559, 569, 592–3

  Union Carbide, 583–5

  Unionist Party of Panjab, 492, 500, 506

  Upanisads, ancient Sanskrit texts concerned with metaphysics & mysticism, 26, 30, 66, 147, 339

  Urdu language, 336, 435, 457, 528

  ‘Usmanistan’, 512–3

  Ushas, Vedic deity, 30

  Utkala, kingdom in Orissa, 193

  Uttar Pradesh, 40, 135, 159, 296, 415, 519–20, 598–9

  Uttarapatha, the ‘northern route’ of arya settlement or traffic, 43, 44, 61, 169

  Vaishnava, Vaishnavite, ‘pertaining to Vishnu’ (q.v.)

  Vaisali, capital of the Licchavi republic, 52, 64, 67–8, 69

  Vaisya, the wealth-creating & mercantile caste, 52–3, 82, 120

  Vajpayee, Atul Behari, prime minister, 575–6, 598, 602, 603

  Vakatakas, 3rd – 5th c Deccan dynasty, 142, 150

  Vallabhi, Gujarat, 144, 157, 159, 166

  Vanga, kingdom in Bengal, 142, 193

  Varanasi, Uttar P’radesh, xx, 33, 44�
�5, 51, 67, 157, 239, 241, 244, 342, 392, 439, 441

  Vardhanas, 7th c dynasty of Thanesar & Kanauj, 159, 160–7

  Varna, the fourfold division of post-Vedic society into classes or castes, 54, 64, 98, 145, 189, see also brahmans, ksatriya, vaisya, sudras

  Varnaramadharma, social order based on varna and on the ages of man, 64

  Varuna, Vedic deity, 25

  Vasudeva, deity, 108

  Vasudeva, 1st C BC Kanva king, 105

  Vatsaraja, 8th c Gurjara-Pratihara ruler, 197

  Vatsyana, supposed author of Kamasutra, 103

  Vedas, collections of early Sanskrit hymns, 1, 6, 19, 21–2, 23, 24, 27, 29–34, 37, 52, 148, 149

  Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 354, 437

  Ventura, General, Napoleonic officer, 422

  Vengi, kingdom in Andhra Pradesh, 170, 216, 220

  Victoria, Queen, 446–7

  Videha, clan & territory in Bihar, 43, 48

  Vidisha, Andhra Pradesh, 90, 108

  Vietnam, 104, 123, 124, 133, 177, 515

  Vigraha-raja, 12th c Chahamana king of Ajmer, 233

  Vijayaditya, 8th c Chalukya king, 174

  Vijayadurg, Maharashtra, 381

  Vijayanagar (Hampi), Karnataka, 277, 279, 280–3, 294, 302–8

  Vikramaditya, 16th c Tomar ruler of Gwalior, 293

  Vikramaditya I, 7th c Chalukya king, 172, 174

  Vikramaditya II, 8th c Chalukya king, 173–4, 190

  Vikramashila, Bihar, 193

  Vinayaditya, 11th c Hoysala king, 251

  Vindhya Hills, 43, 84, 163

  Vishnu, deity, xvii, 2, 49, 108, 124, 139, 147–8, 191

  Vishnugopa, 4th c Pallava king, 137

  Vishwa Hindu Parishad (V.H.P), World Hindu Council, 598–9

  Vitashoka, brother of Ashoka, 91

  Vivekananda, 19th c Hindu reformist & teacher, 458

  Vratya, ‘degenerate’ or quasi, as in vratya ksatriya, 59

  Wadgaon, Battle & Convention of (1779), 405

  Walid, Caliph, 185–6

  Wandiwash, Battle of (1760), 394

  Warangal, Andhra Pradesh, 252, 258, 263

  Watson, Admiral Charles, 381, 390

  Wavell, Lord, Viceroy, 500–1, 504

  Waziristan, 596

  Wellesley, Arthur, Duke of Wellington, 400, 409–10

  Wellesley, Richard, Governor-General, 399–400, 401, 408, 410, 416

  Wells, H.G., writer, 92

  West Bengal, 550, 552

  ‘West Pakistan’, 539, 542, 554, 555

  Western Ghats, xxii, 127, 168, 338, 350, 356–7

  Western Satraps, Shaka rulers of Gujarat/Malwa, 111, 126, 130–3, 137, 141

  Wheeler, Sir Mortimer, archaeologist, 9, 14, 22–3

  Wilberforce, William, philanthropist & propagandist, 429

 

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