by John Keay
Wima Kadphises, Kushana king, 111, 115
Wodeyars, Mysore dynasty, 394–5, 401, 426
World War I, 470–1
World War II, 495, 498, 504
Wyllie, Sir Curzon, political secretary to Secretary of State for India, 468
Xenophon, historian, 58
Xerxes, Achaemenid king, 58–9
Yadavas, arya lineage descended from Yada, 35, 42–3, 147, 251, 252
Yale, Elihu, American-born employee of East India Company, 373
Yasodharman of Malwa, 6th c victor over the Huns, 158
Yaswant Rao Holkar, 18th c Maratha leader, 408
Yaudheyas, tribe of Rajasthan, 131, 137
Yavanas, Sanskrit term for Greeks & other western foreigners, 59, 106, 107, 108, 121, 127, 187, 193
Younghusband, Francis, officer & explorer, 463
Yudhisthira, one of the five Pandava heroes, 39, 46
Yueh-chi, Central Asian tribe, 110, 113
Zahir-ud-Din Mohammed see Babur
Zamindars, ‘land-holders’, rural magnates & revenue officers, 321, 325, 362, 376, 386, 392, 430, 450
Zardari, Asif Ali, Pakistani President, 569
Zayn-ul-Abidin, 15th c Kashmiri sultan, 288
Zia-ul-Haq, Pakistani president, 544, 567–9, 584, 590–4
Zia-ur-Rahman, Bangladeshi president, 544, 565, 589–90
Zorawar Singh, 19th c Dogra general, 420–1
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
JOHN KEAY’S books include India Discovered, The Honourable Company, Last Post: The End of Empire in the Far East, the two-volume Explorers of the Western Himalayas, China: A History, The Great Arc, Sowing the Wind: The Seeds of Conflict in the Middle East and Mad about the Mekong: Exploration and Empire in South East Asia. He is married with four children, lives in Scotland, and is co-author with Julia Keay of the Collins Encyclopaedia of Scotland and the London Encyclopaedia.
SOURCE NOTES
Publication details of most of the cited works will be found in the bibliography.
The following abbreviations refer to works listed in the General section of the bibliography:
CEHI – The Cambridge Economic History of India, vol.1, C1200–C1750 (ed. Raychaudhuri, T. and Habib, I.)
HCIP – The History and Culture of the Indian People (ed. Majumdar, R.C. et al)
HOIBIOH – The History of India as Told by its Own Historians (ed. Elliot, H.M. and Dowson, J.)
NCHI – The New Cambridge History of India (ed. Johnson, G. et al)
INTRODUCTION
1 Majumdar, R.C., in HCIP, vol.1, ‘The Vedic Age’ p.47
2 Keay, J., India Discovered, HarperCollins, London, 1988
3 Stein, B., A History of India, Blackwell, Oxford, 1998, p.5
4 Braudel, F. (trans. Maine, R.), A History of Civilisations, Penguin, New York, 1993, p.217
CHAPTER 1
1 Adapted from the Satapatha Brahmana as rendered by A.D. Pusalkar, in HCIP, vol.1, ‘The Vedic Age’, pp.271–2
2 Thapar, R., ‘The Study of Society in Ancient India’, in Ancient Indian Social History, p.212
3 Bhandarkar, D.R., quoted in Possehl, G. (ed.), Harappan Civilisation, p.405
4 Allchin, B. and F.R., Birth of Indian Civilisation, p.131
5 Ibid, p.132
6 Ghosh, A., The City in Early Historical India, p.83
7 Lal, B.B., ‘The Indus Civilisation’, in Basham, A.L. (ed.), A Cultural History of India, p.16
8 Pusalker, A.D., in HCIP, vol.1, ‘The Vedic Age’, p.181
9 Ratnagar, S., Enquiries into the Political Organisation of Harappan Society, p.152
10 Ratnagar, S., Encounters: The Westerly Trade of the Harappan Civilisation, p.247
CHAPTER 2
1 Thapar, R., ‘The Image of the Barbarian in Early India’, repr. in Ancient Indian Social History, p.140
2 Thapar, R., ‘The Study of Society in Ancient India’, repr. in ibid, p.190
3 Asiatick Researches, vol.1, 1788, quoted in Keay, John, India Discovered, p.30
4 Muller, F. Max, Chips from a German Workshop, vol.1, 1867, p.63
5 Wheeler, R.E. Mortimer, ‘Harappan Chronology and the Rig Veda’, repr. in Possehl, G.L. (ed.), Ancient Cities of the Indus, p.291
6 Dales, G.F., ‘The Mythical Massacre at Mohenjo Daro’, repr. in ibid, p.293
7 Elphinstone, Mountstuart, The History Of India etc., p.54
8 Majumdar, R.C., Ancient India, p.30
9 Ghosh, B.K., ‘Language and Literature’, in ‘The Age of the Rik-Samhita’, bk v in HCIP, vol.1, ‘The Vedic Age’, pp.347–8
10 Rig Veda, Mandala I, 175
CHAPTER 3
1 Kosambi, D.D., The Culture and Civilisation of Ancient India in Historical Outline, p.89
2 Kosambi, D.D., An Introduction to the Study of Indian History, p.2
3 Ibid, p.146
4 Ghosh, A., The City in Early Historical India, p.34
5 Thapar, R., From Lineage to State, pp.16–17
6 Quoted in Meyer, J.T., Sexual Life in Ancient India
7 Thapar, R., From Lineage to State, p.22
8 Ibid, p.134
9 Sharma, J.P., Republics in Ancient India, p.9
10 Thapar, R., From Lineage to State, p.73
11 Ghosh A., The City in Early Historical India, p.64
12 Thapar, R., From Lineage to State, pp.102–3
13 Rig Veda, X, 90
14 Thapar, R., From Lineage to State, p.170
15 Spelman, J.W., Political Theory of Ancient India, p.69
CHAPTER 4
1 Mountbatten, quoted in Collins, L. and Lapierre, D., Mountbatten and the Partition of India, p.70
2 Lane Fox, R., Alexander the Great, p.56
3 Marshall, J., Taxila, vol.1, p.12
4 Basham, A.L., The Wonder that was India, p.390
5 Bechert, H., in When did the Buddha Live?: The Controversy of the Dating of the Historical Buddha (ed. Bechert, H.), p.286
6 Sharma, J.P., The Republics in Ancient India, pp.123–4
7 Mookerji, R.K., in HCIP, vol.2, ‘The Age of Imperial Unity’, p.25
8 Thapar, R., A History of India, vol.1, p.59
9 Majumdar, R.C., Ancient India, p.101
10 Lane Fox, R., Alexander the Great, p.331
11 Mookerji, R.K., in HCIP, vol.2, ‘The Age of Imperial Unity’, p.44
CHAPTER 5
1 Asiatick Researches, 1793, quoted in Keay, J., India Discovered, p.35
2 Wells, H.G., A Short History of the World, 1922, repr. Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1946, p.114
3 Kautilya (ed. and trans. Rangarajan, L.N. etc.), The Arthasastra, p.21
4 Trautmann, Thomas R., Kautilya and the Arthasastra, p.186
5 Fergusson, J., A History of Indian Architecture, London, 1897
6 Yazdani, G., The Early History of the Deccan, vol.1, p.69
7 Kosambi, D.D., An Introduction to the Study of Indian History…, 1975, preface and pp.17–53
8 Tod, James, Travels in Western India, W.H. Allen, London, 1839, p.76
9 Prinsep, James, in Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, vol.8, 1838, quoted in Keay, John, India Discovered, p.53
10 As trans. in Thapar, Romila, Asoka and the Decline of the Mauryas, p.256
11 Mookerji, R.K., ‘Asoka the Great’, in HCIP, vol.2, ‘The Age of Imperial Unity’, p.74
12 Wells, H.G., A Short History of the World, 1922, repr. Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1946, p.115
13 Kautilya (ed. and trans. Rangarajan, L.N. etc.), The Arthasastra, p.741
14 McCrindle, J.W., Ancient India as Described by Megasthenes and Arrian, Trübner, London, 1877, p.84
15 As trans. in Thapar, Romila, Asoka and the Decline of the Mauryas, p.254
16 Ibid, p.266
17 Thapar, R., ‘Asokan India and the Gupta Age’, in Basham, A.L. (ed.), A Cultural History of India, p.42
CHAPTER 6
1 Narain, A.K., The Indo-Greeks, p.viii
2 Kulke, H. and Rothermund, D., A History of In
dia, p.83
3 S[h]astri, K.A. Nilakantha, A Comprehensive History of India, vol.2, The Mauryas and the Satavahanas, p.102
4 Thapar, Romila, A History of India, vol.1, p.93
5 Narain, A.K., The Indo-Greeks, p.11
6 Harle, J.C., The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent, p.70
7 Bagchi, P.C., India and China: A Thousand Years of Cultural Relations, p.10
8 Dani, A.H., Human Records on the Karakoram Highway, p.49
9 Ibid, p.77
10 S[h]astri, K.A. Nilakantha, A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vjayanagar, 1955, p.130
11 Hart, George L., ‘Ancient Tamil Literature: Its Scholarly Past and Future’, in Stein, Burton (ed.), Essays on South India, pp.41–2
12 Maloney, Clarence, ‘Archaeology in South India: Accomplishments and Prospects’, in ibid, p.24
13 Wheeler, R.E. Mortimer, Rome Beyond the Imperial Frontiers, p.147
14 Glover, I.C., Early Trade Relations Between India and South East Asia, pp.47–8
15 Coedes, G., The Indianised States of Southeast Asia, p.18
16 Quoted in Sarkar, H.B., Cultural Relations Between India and Southeast Asian Countries, p.87
17 Quoted in Coedes, G., The Indianised States etc., p.37
18 Ray, Himanshu Prabha, Monastery and Guild: Commerce Under the Satavahanas, p.108
CHAPTER 7
1 Williams, L.F. Rushbrook (ed.), A Handbook for Travellers in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, p.278
2 Banerjea, J.N., ‘The Satraps of Northern and Western India’, in S[h]astri, K.A. Nilakantha (ed.), A Comprehensive History of India, vol.2, p.283
3 Ghoshal, U.N., ‘Political Organisation (Post-Mauryan)’, in ibid, p.350
4 Kosambi, D.D., An Introduction to the Study of Indian History, p.285
5 Ibid, p.279
6 Ibid, p.286
7 Bagchi, P.C. and Raghavan, V., ‘Language and Literature’, in S[h]astri, K.A. Nilakantha (ed), A Comprehensive History of India, vol.2, pp.632–3
8 Smith, V.A., The Early History of India, p.266
9 Majumdar, R.C., ‘The Rise of the Guptas’, in HCIP, vol.3, ‘The Classical Age’, p.4
10 Fleet, J.F., Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, vol.3, ‘Inscriptions of the Early Gupta Kings and their Successors’, pp.10–17
11 Smith, V.A., The Early History of India, p.274
12 Kosambi, D.D., An Introduction etc., p.313
13 Mookerji, R.K., The Gupta Empire, p.38
14 Inden, R., Imagining India, pp.239–40
15 See Williams, J.G., The Art of Gupta India, p.25
16 Beal, S., in H[i]euen Tsang, Si-Yu-Ki, Buddhist Records of the Western World, vol.1, pp.xxxvii-xxxviii
17 Ibid, p.lvii
18 Altekar, A.S., ‘Religion and Philosophy’, in The Vakataka-Gupta Age (ed. Majumdar, R.C. and Altekar, A.S.), p.341
19 Devahuti, D., Harsha, A Political Study, pp.114–15
20 Quoted in Keay, J., India Discovered, pp.151–2
21 Williams, J.G., The Art of Gupta India, p.3
22 Harle, J.C., Art and Architecture etc., p.87
23 Basham. A.L., The Wonder that was India, p.442
24 Keith, A.B., A History of Sanskrit Literature, p.94
25 Kosambi, D.D., An Introduction etc., p.284
CHAPTER 8
1 Kosambi, D.D., The Culture and Civilisation of Ancient India, p.191
2 Gaur, A., Indian Charters on Copper Plates in the Department of Oriental Manuscripts and Books, p.viii
3 Fleet, J.F., Corpus Inscriptionum Indicum etc., p.169
4 H[i]euen Tsang (trans. Beal, S.), Si-Yu-Ki, Buddhist Records etc., vol.1, pp.120, 137
5 See Sudhir Ranjan Das, ‘Types of Land in North-Eastern India (from the Fourth Century to the Seventh Century)’, in Chattopadhyaya, B. (ed.) Essays in Ancient Indian Economic History, pp.62–3
6 Basham, A.L., The Wonder that was India, p.449
7 Devahuti, D., Harsha etc., p.71
8 Bana (trans. Cowell, E.R. and Thomas, F.W.), Harsa-Carita
9 H[i]euen Tsang (trans. Beal, S.), Si-Yu-Ki: Buddhist Records etc., vol.1, p.213
10 Ibid, vol.2, p.256
11 Michell, G., Monuments of India, vol.1, p.332
12 Satianathaier, R., ‘Dynasties of South India’, in HCIP, vol.4, ‘The Classical Age’, p.262
13 Coedes, G., The Indianised States of South East Asia, p.66
14 Lamb, A., ‘Indian Influence in South East Asia’, in A Cultural History of India (ed. Basham, A.L.), p.446
15 Smithies, M., Yogyakarta, p.60
16 Dumarcay, J., The Temples of Java, p.5
17 Inden, R., Imagining India, p.230
CHAPTER 9
1 H[i]euen Tsang, Si-Yu-Ki, Buddhist Records etc., vol.2, pp.272–3
2 Chach-nama or Tarikh-i Hind wa Sind, in HOIBIOH (ed. Elliot, H.M. and Dowson, J.), vol.1, pp.142–4
3 Al-Biladuri, in HOIBIOH, vol.1, p.119
4 Majumdar, R.C., ‘Northern India during AD 650–750’, in HCIP, vol.3 ‘The Classical Age’, p.170
5 Chach-nama etc., as above, pp.209–11
6 Al-Biladuri quoted in Ray, H.C., The Dynastic History of Northern India, vol.1, p.12
7 See Puri, B.N., The History of the Gurjara-Pratiharas, pp.445–6
8 Quoted in Thapar, R., A History of India, vol.1, p.239
9 See Inden, R., Imagining India, pp.217–28
10 Suleiman, in HOIBIOH, vol.1, p.7
11 Altekar, A.S., ‘The Rashtrakutas’, in The Early History of the Deccan (ed. Yazdani, G.), vol.1, p.256
12 As rendered in Inden, R., Imagining India, p.260
13 Puri, B.N., The History of the Gurjara-Pratiharas, p.94
14 Majumdar, R.C., ‘The Palas’, in HCIP, vol.4, ‘The Imperial Age of Kanauj’, p.53
15 Williams, L.F. Rushbrook (ed.), A Handbook for Travellers etc., p.698
16 Munshi, K.M., in HCIP, vol.4, The Imperial Age of Kanauj, p.xiv
17 Majumdar, R.C., Ancient India, p.266
18 See Altekar, A.S., ‘The Rashtrakutas’, in The Early History of the Deccan etc., vol.1, p.273
19 Inden, R., Imagining India, p.259
CHAPTER 10
1 Sulaiman, as quoted in HOIBIOH, vol.1, p.4
2 Tabaqat-i-Akbari, as quoted in Ray, H.C., The Dynastic History of Northern India, vol.1, p.81
3 Al-Utbi, Shahr-i Tarikhi Yamini, as quoted in HOIBIOH, vol.2, p.20
4 Ferishta (trans. Dow, A.), The History of Hindoostan, vol.1, p.34
5 Al-Utbi, as above, p.48
6 Ibn Asir, Kamilu-t Tawarikh, quoted in HOIBIOH, vol.2, p.470
7 Ferishta, The History of Hindoostan etc., vol.1, pp.33–4
8 Al-Biruni, quoted in Ganguly, D.C., ‘Ghaznavid Invasion’, in HCIP, vol.5, p.17
9 Keay, J., India Discovered, pp.98–9
10 See Punja, S., Divine Ecstasy: The Story of Khajuraho
11 Harle, J.C., Art and Architecture etc., p.311
12 Champakalakshmi, R., ‘State and Economy: South India c.AD 400–1300’, in Recent Perspectives of Early Indian History (ed. Thapar, R.), p.282
13 Duby, G. (trans. Clarke, H.B.), The Early Growth of the European Economy: Warriors and Peasants from the Seventh to the Twelfth Century, Ithaca, 1974, pp.51–2
14 Spencer, G.W., The Politics of Expansion: The Chola Conquest of Sri Lanka and Sri Vijaya, p.11
15 Karashima, N., South Indian History and Society: Studies from Inscriptions AD 850–1800, pp.37–40
16 Narayanan, M.G.S. and Kesuvan Veluthat, ‘Bhakti Movement in South India’, in Indian Movements: Some Aspects of Dissent, Protest and Reform (ed. Malik, S.), p.37
17 Champakalakshmi, R., ‘State and Economy’, as above, p.298
18 Spencer, G.W., The Politics of Expansion etc., p.39
19 S[h]astri, K.A. Nilakantha, The Colas
20 Harle, J.C., Art and Architecture etc., pp.321–5
21 Verma, H.C., ‘The Ghaznavid Inv
asions, Part’, in The Indian History Congress, A Comprehensive History of India, vol.4, pt 1 (ed. Sharma, R.S.), p.365
22 Sharma, R.S., Indian Feudalism, pp.195–6
23 Quoted in Ray, H.C., The Dynastic History of Northern India, vol.2, p.857
24 Keith, A.B., A History of Sanskrit Literature, p.53
25 Sharma, D., ‘The Paramaras of Malwa’, in Indian History Congress, A Comprehensive History of India’, vol.5, pp.420–2
CHAPTER 11
1 Yule, H. and Burnell, A.C., Hobson-Jobson: A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases, p.754
2 Ferishta (trans. Briggs, J.), The History of the Rise of Mohammedan Power in India, vol.1, p.xx and e.g. p.175
3 Tod, J., Annals and Antiquities of Rajas’than, vol.1, p.155
4 Ray, H.C., Dynastic History of Northern India, vol.2, p.1086
5 Elliot, H.M. and Dowson, J. (eds), HOIBIOH, vol.2, p.251
6 Nizami, K.A., Some Aspects of Religion and Politics in India during the Thirteenth Century, pp.76–7
7 Ferishta (trans. Briggs), History of the Rise etc., vol.1, p.177
8 Tod, J., Annals and Antiquities etc., vol.1, p.210
9 Nizami, Khaliq Ahmed, Some Aspects etc., p.91
10 Munshi, K.M., in HCIP, vol.5, The Struggle for Empire, p.xv
11 Minhaju-s Siraj, Tabakat-i Nasiri, in HOIBIOH, vol.2, p.329
12 Habib, I., in CEHI, p.67
13 Nizami, K.A., Some Aspects etc., p.90
14 Nigam, S.B.P., The Nobility Under the Sultans, p.183
15 Minhaju-s Siraj, Tabakat-i Nasiri, in HOIBIOH, vol.2, p.306
16 Abu Imam, ‘Bengal in History’, in India: History and Thought (ed. Mukherjee, S.N.), pp.76–7
17 Minhaju-s Siraj etc., as above, p.332
18 Habib, I., as above, p.78
19 Ziau-u Din Barani, Tarikh-i Feroz Shahi, in HOIBIOH, vol.3, p.103
20 Ferishta (trans. Dow), The History of Hindoostan, vol.1, p.197
21 Derrett, J.D.M., The Hoysalas, p.33