India
Page 88
22 Ziau-d Din Barani, Tarikh-i-Feroz Shahi etc., p.155
23 Ibid, p.163
24 Venkataramanyya, N., The Early Muslim Expansion in South India, p.31
25 Ibid, p.57
26 Digby, S., in CEHI, p.97
27 Ziau-d Din Barani, Tarikh-i-Feroz Shahi etc., p.204
28 Lal, K.S., History of the Khaljis, p.275
29 Ziau-d Din Barani, Tarikh-i-Feroz Shahi etc., p.195
30 Ferishta (trans. Dow), The History of Hindoostan, vol.1, p.267
CHAPTER 12
1 Ziau-d Din Barani, Tarikh-i-Feroz Shahi etc., p.235
2 Majumdar, R.C. et al, An Advanced History of India, p.317
3 Ibn Batuta (Muhammad ibn ’Abd Allah) (trans. Gibb, H.A.R.), Travels in Africa and Asia, p.196
4 Ziau-d Din Barani, Tarikh-i-Feroz Shahi etc., pp.241–2
5 Majumdar, R.C., ‘Muhammad Bin Tughluq’, in HCIP, vol.6, The Delhi Sultanate, p.64
6 Ziau-d Din Barani, Tarikh-i-Feroz Shahi etc., p.238
7 Digby, S., in CEHI, p.97
8 Husain, A.M., The Rise and Fall of Muhammad Bin Tughluq, p.134
9 Ibn Batuta etc., Travels etc., p.204
10 Shams-i Siraj Afif, Tarikh-i Firoz Shahi, in HOIBIOH, vol.3, p.312
11 Davies, P., The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India, vol.2, p.138
12 Malfuzat-i Timuri (Autobiography of Timur), in HOIBIOH, vol.3, p.446
13 Ibn Batuta etc., Travels etc., p.207
14 Polo, Marco (trans. and ed. Yule, H.), The Book of Ser Marco Polo, vol.2, p.313
15 ‘The Travels of Athanasius Nikitin’, in India in the Fifteenth Century (ed. Major, R.H.), p.8
16 ‘Narrative of the Journey of Abd-er-Razzak’, in ibid, p.31
17 Ferishta (trans. Dow), The History of Hindoostan, vol.2, p.292
18 Haroon Khan Sherwani, ‘The Bahmani Kingdom’, in The Indian History Congress, A Comprehensive History of India, vol.5, pt ii, p.974
19 ‘The Travels of Athanasius Nikitin’, in India in the Fifteenth Century etc., pp.23–8
20 Harle, J.C., Art and Architecture etc., p.429
21 Tod, J., Annals etc., vol.1, p.231
CHAPTER 13
1 Ferishta (trans. Briggs), History of the Rise etc., vol.1, p.579
2 Lal, K.S., Twilight of the Sultanate, p.176
3 Ibid, p.180
4 Ross, D., Cambridge History of India, vol.5, p.236
5 Babur (trans. Beveridge, A.S.), Babur-nama, vol.2, p.459
6 Ibid, p.463
7 Ibid, p.477
8 Tod, J., Annals etc., vol.1, p.245
9 Babur, Babur-nama etc., vol.2, pp.628, 637
10 Ferishta (trans. Briggs), History of the Rise etc., vol.2, p.70
11 Ibid, p.79
12 Richards, J.F., ‘The Mughal Empire’, in NCHI, Pt 1, vol.5, p.11
13 Habib, I., ‘Monetary System and Prices’, in CEHI, p.360
14 Harle J.C., Art and Architecture etc., p.427
15 Babur, Babur-nama etc., vol.2, p.482
16 Stein, B., Vijayanagara, in NCHI, pt 1, vol.2, p.30
17 Paes, D., in Sewell, R., A Forgotten Empire, pp.246–7
18 Majumdar, R.C. et al, An Advanced History of India, p.366
19 Stein, B., Vijayanagara etc., p.43
20 Pearson, M.N., The Portuguese in India, in NCHI, pt 1, vol.1, p.29
21 Sewell, R., A Forgotten Empire, p.207
22 Abu’l-Fazl (trans. Beveridge, H.), Akbar-nama, vol.1, pp.620–1
23 Lane-Poole, S., The History of the Moghul Emperors of Hindustan Illustrated by their Coins, Constable, London, 1892, p.lii
24 Abu’l-Fazl, Akbar-nama etc., vol.2, p.59
25 Ibid, pp.62–4
26 Ibid, vol.1, pp.27–8
27 Ibid, vol.2, pp.271–2
28 Ibid, p.236
29 Richards, J.F., The Mughal Empire etc., p.23
30 Tod, J., Annals and Antiquities etc., vol.1, p.253
CHAPTER 14
1 See especially CEHI
2 Babur, Tuzak-i Babari (Babur-nama), in HOIBIOH, vol.4, p.223
3 Habib, I., ‘North India’, in ‘Agrarian Relations and Land Revenue’, CEHI, p.238
4 Bernier, F. (trans. Constable, A.), Travels in the Mogol Empire AD 1656–1668, pp.225–7
5 Raychaudhuri, T., ‘The Mughal Empire’, in ‘The State and the Economy’, CEHI, p.173
6 Richards, J.F., The Mughal Empire etc., p.63
7 Raychaudhuri, T., in CEHI, p.179
8 Richards, J.F., The Mughal Empire etc., p.86
9 Roe, Sir T. (ed. Foster, W.), The Embassy of Sir Thomas Roe to India, 1615–19, pp.283–4
10 Bernier, F., Travels etc., p.222
11 Thevenot, J. de, ‘The Third Part of the Travels’, in Indian Travels of Thevenot and Careri (ed. Surendranath Sen), p.7
12 Jehangir, Waki’at-i Jahangiri, in HOIBIOH, vol.6, pp.292, 385
13 See Tod, J., Annals and Antiquities, vol.1, pp.278–92
14 Jehangir, Waki’at-i Jahangiri etc., p.374
15 Roe, Sir T., The Embassy etc., pp.270, 337
16 Asher, C.B., Architecture of Mughal India, in NCHI Pt 1, vol.4, p.200
17 Mundy, P., The Travels of Peter Mundy in Europe and Asia, 1608–67, vol.2, p.213
18 Richards, J.F., The Mughal Empire etc., p.127
19 Sarkar, J., History of Aurangzib, vol.1, p.302
20 Richards, J.F., The Mughal Empire etc., p.152
21 Khafi Khan, Muntakhabu-l Lubab, in HOIBIOH, vol.7, p.246
22 Khafi Khan (ed. and trans. Moinul Haq, S.), History of Alamgir, p.159
23 See Moinul Haq, S., introduction to ibid, p.xxvii
24 Bernier, F., Travels etc., p.334
25 Khafi Khan, Muntakhabu-l etc., p.296
26 Richards, J.F., The Mughal Empire etc., p.178
27 Gascoigne, B., The Great Moghuls, p.227
28 Tod, J., Annals and Antiquities, vol.1, p.302
CHAPTER 15
1 Gordon, S., The Marathas 1600–1818, in NCHI, pt, vol.4, p.67
2 Khafi Khan, History of Alamgir etc., pp.122–4
3 Ibid, p.125
4 Gordon, S., The Marathas etc., p.74
5 Sardesai, G., ‘Shivaji’, in HCIP, vol.7, The Mughal Empire, p.264
6 Gordon, S., The Marathas etc., p.92
7 Richards, J.F., The Mughal Empire etc., p.220
8 As quoted in Gascoigne, B., The Great Moghuls, p.238
9 Khafi Khan, Muntakhubu-l Lulab, in HOIBIOH, vol.7, p.485
10 Richards, J.F., The Mughal Empire etc., p.256
11 Muzaffar Alam, The Crisis of Empire in Mughal North India: Awadh and the Punjab, 1707–48, p.134
12 Bayly, C.A., Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire, in NCHI, pt 2, vol.1, p.3
13 ‘The Mahratta Manuscripts’, as quoted in Duff, J.C. Grant, A History of the Mahrattas, vol.1, p.322
14 Khafi Khan, Muntakhubu-l Lubab, in HOIBIOH, vol.7, p.432
15 Gordon, Stewart, The Marathas etc., p.110
16 Khafi Khan, Muntakhubu-l Lubab etc., p.483
17 Ghulam Husain, Siyar-ul-Mutakherin, as quoted in Majumdar, R.C. et al, An Advanced History of India, p.529
18 Gordon, S., The Marathas etc., p.114
19 Duff, J.C. Grant, History of the Mahrattas, vol.1, p.354
20 Hunter, W.W., History of India, vol.7, p.284
21 As quoted in Keay, J., The Honourable Company, pp.145–7
22 Bayly, C.A., Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire etc., p.48
23 Marshall, P.J., Bengal: The British Bridgehead, in NCHI, pt 2, vol.2, p.55
24 As quoted in Keay, J., The Honourable Company, p.215
25 Bayly, C.A., Indian Society etc., p.46
26 Gordon, S., The Marathas etc., p.138
CHAPTER 16
1 See Keay, John, The Honourable Company, p.398
2 Elphinstone, Mountstuart, History of India etc., p.720
3 Duff, J.C. Grant, A History of the Mahrattas
etc., vol.1, p.511
4 Quoted in Chaudhuri, Nirad C., Clive of India, p.465
5 Marshall, P.J, East Indian Fortunes: The British in Bengal in the Eighteenth Century, pp.32–3
6 As quoted in Marshall, P.J., East Indian Fortunes etc., p.30
7 Marshall, P.J., Bengal: The British Bridgehead, pt, vol.2 of NCHI, p.75
8 As quoted in Keay, J., The Honourable Company, p.303
9 Marshall, P.J., Bengal: The British Bridgehead, p.77
10 Marshall, P.J., East Indian Fortunes etc., p.235
11 Moon, P., The British Conquest and Dominion of India, p.114
12 Barnett, R.B., North India Between Empires: Awadh, the Mughals and the British 1720–1801, p.64
13 Mohibbul Hasan, The History of Tipu Sultan, p.6
14 Moon P., The British Conquest etc., p.203
15 Mohibbul Hasan, The History etc., p.120
16 Ibid, p.349
17 As quoted in Majumdar, R.C. et al, Advanced History of India, p.715
18 Moon, P., The British Conquest etc., p.261
19 Duff, J.C. Grant, A History of the Mahrattas, vol.1, p.507
20 Ahmad Shah Abdali to Madho Singh, letter (trans. Jadunath Sarkar), in Modern Review, May 1946, quoted in HCIP, vol.8, The Maratha Supremacy, p.199
21 Malcom, J., A Memoir of Central India, quoted in Kamath, M.B. and Kher, V.B., Devi Ahalyabhai Holkar: The Philosopher Queen, p.85
22 Gordon, S., The Marathas etc., p.162
23 Ibid, pp.172–3
24 Moon, P., The British Conquest etc., p.409
CHAPTER 17
1 Bayly, C.A., Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire etc., p.138
2 Kaye, Sir J., as quoted in Moon, P., The British Conquest etc., p.497
3 Mason, P., A Matter of Honour: An Account of the Indian Army, its Officers and Men, p.210
4 Sita Ram (trans. Norgate, J.T.), From Sepoy to Subedar: Being the Life and Adventures of a Native Officer in the Bengal Army, p.68
5 Moon, P., The British Conquest etc., pp.567–75
6 Hugel, Baron C. von, Travels in Kashmir and the Punjab, London, 1845, p.293
7 Cunningham, A., Ladak, Physical, Statistical and Historical, London, 1854, quoted in Keay, J., When Men and Mountains Meet, John Murray, London, 1977, p.170
8 Griffin, Lepel, Ranjit Singh and the Sikh Barrier between Our Growing Empire and Central Asia, pp.9–10
9 Mason, P., A Matter of Honour etc., p.229
10 Grewal, J.S., The Sikhs of the Punjab, pt, vol.3 of NCHI, p.115
11 Ibid, p.127
12 Quoted in Balfour, I., Famous Diamonds, 3rd edn, London, 1997, p.168
13 Sardesai, G.S., Marathi Riyasat, Bombay, 1925, quoted in Kamath, M.V. and Kher, V.B., Ahalyabai Holkar etc., p.126
14 Nehru, Jawaharlal, The Discovery Of India, p.266
15 Malcolm, Sir J., The Political History of India, 1784–1823, London, 1826, vol.2, pp.cclxiii–iv, quoted in Cohn, B.S., Colonialism and its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India, pp.41–2
16 Munro, Sir T., quoted in Moon, P., The British Conquest etc., p.427
17 Quoted in Stokes, E., The English Utilitarians in India, p.28
18 Mill, J., The History of British India, vol.2, pp.166–7, cited in Metcalf, T.R., The Aftermath of Revolt: India 1857–70, pp.8–9
19 Trevelyan, G.O., The Life and Letters of Lord Macaulay, London, 1908 edn, pp.329–30
20 Davies, P., The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India, vol.2, Islamic, Rajput and European, p.243
21 As quoted in Pemble, J., The Raj, the Indian Mutiny and the Kingdom of Oudh 1801–1859, p.59
22 Moon, P., The British Conquest etc., p.652
23 Metcalf, T.R., The Aftermath etc., p.46
24 Bayly, C.A., Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire etc., p.196
25 Sen, Surendra Nath, Eighteen Fifty-Seven, p.411
26 Ibid, p.113
27 Pemble, John, The Raj, the Indian Mutiny and the Kingdom of Oudh, 1801–59 etc., p.215
28 Lowe, T., Central India During the Rebellion of 1857 and 1858: A Narrative of Operations …, London, 1860, p.236
29 Cohn, B.S., ‘Representing Authority in Victorian India’, in The Invention of Tradition (ed. Hobsbawn, E. and Ranger, T.), p.193
CHAPTER 18
1 Chandra, B. et al, India’s Struggle for Independence 1857–1947, p.52
2 Keay, J., Last Post: The End of Empire in the Far East, John Murray, London, 1997, p.23
3 Seal, A., The Emergence of Indian Nationalism: Competition and Collaboration in the Late Nineteenth Century, p.52
4 Sumit Sarkar, Modern India, pp.30–2
5 Bayly, C.A., Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion 1770–1870, p.450
6 Ibid, p.450
7 Cohn, B.S., ‘Representing Authority’ etc., p.209
8 Seal, A., The Emergence etc., p.165
9 Quoted in ibid, p.265
10 Sayid, K.B., Pakistan: The Formative Phase 1857–1948, p.5
11 Seal, A., The Emergence etc., p.276
12 Ibid, p.278
13 Gilmour, D., Curzon, John Murray, London, 1994, p.135
14 Moon, P., The British Conquest etc., p.912
15 Quoted in Gilmour, D., Curzon, p.271
16 Quoted in Wolpert, S., A New History of India, p.273
17 Sarkar, S., Modern India, p.134
18 Ibid, p.125
19 Mukherjee, H., India Struggles for Freedom, Bombay, 1948, p.96, quoted in Chandra, B. et al, India’s Struggle for Independence 1857–1947, p.145
20 Quoted in Moon, P., The British Conquest etc p.968
21 Sarkar, S., Modern India, p.148
22 Brown, J.M., Gandhi’s Rise to Power: Indian Politics 1915–1922, p.184
23 Robb, P.G., The Government of India and Reform: Policies Towards Politics and the Constitution 1916–21, p.179
24 Hardy, P., The Muslims of British India, p.198
25 Ibid, p.198
26 Moon, P., The British Conquest etc., p.1012
CHAPTER 19
1 Moon, P., The British Conquest etc., p.1039
2 Quoted in Chandra, B. et al, India’s Struggle etc., p.270
3 Brown, J.M, Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy, p.265
4 Ibid, p.277
5 Chatterji, J., Bengal Divided: Hindu Communalism and Partition, 1932–47, p.24
6 Talbot, I., ‘The Unionist Party and Punjabi Politics’, in The Political Inheritance of Pakistan (ed. Low, D.A.), pp.89–90
7 Copland, I., The Princes of India in the Endgame of Empire, 1917–47, pp.166–7
8 Sarkar, S., Modern India, pp.351, 371
9 Moon, P., The British Conquest etc., pp.1092–3
10 Sarkar, S., Modern India, p.406
11 The Times, London, 4 September 1947
12 Viceroy’s Personal Report No.17, 16 August 1947, quoted in Collins, L. and Lapierre, D., Mountbatten and the Partition of India, p.177
CHAPTER 20
1 Tully, M., No Full Stops in India, p.13
2 Quoted, for example, in Jalal, A., The State of Martial Rule, p.279
3 Ibid, p.159
4 Guha, R., India after Gandhi, p.393
5 Chandra, B. et al, India after Independence, p.96
6 Guha, R., India after Gandhi, p.333
CHAPTER 21
1 Jalal, A., The State of Martial Rule, p.98
2 Quoted in ibid, p.106
3 Ziring, L., Pakistan in the Twentieth Century, p.161
4 Ibid, p.168
5 Talbot, I., Pakistan: A Modern History, p. 145
6 Ziring, L., Pakistan in the Twentieth Century, p.218
7 Sen, A., The Argumentative Indian, p.188
8 Guha, R., India after Gandhi, pp.446–7
9 Bhutto, Z.A., ‘If I am Assassinated …’, pp.142–3
10 Ziring, L., Pakistan in the Twentieth Century, p.352
CHAPTER 22
1 Khilnani, S., The Idea
of India, pp.48–9
2 Ibid, p.48
3 Bhutto, Z.A., ‘If I am Assassinated …’, p.125
4 Ziring, L., Pakistan in the 20th Century
5 Jalal, A., The State of Martial Rule, p.328
6 Bhutto, Z.A., ‘If I am Assassinated …’, p.234
7 Chandra, B. et al, India after Independence, p.260
8 Guha, R., India after Gandhi, p.559
9 Tully, M. and Jacob, S., Amritsar: Mrs Gandhi’s Last Battle, pp.190–7
10 Guha, R., India after Gandhi, p.571
CHAPTER 23
1 ‘The aid workers who really matter’, The Economist, 10 October 2009
2 Cohen, S.P., The Idea of Pakistan, p.125
3 Shaikh, F., Making Sense of Pakistan, p.99
4 Duncan, Emma, ‘Pakistan: Living on the edge’, The Economist, 17 January 1987
5 Shaikh, F., Making Sense of Pakistan, p.165
6 Council on Foreign Relations report, ‘The Taliban in Afghanistan’, 03/08/09
7 Puniyani, R., ‘Liberhan Commission Report: Better Late than Never’, Tehelka, 04/12/09
8 Guha, R., India after Gandhi, p.654
9 Ibid, p.684
PRAISE
From the reviews of India: A History:
‘It is hard to imagine anyone succeeding more gracefully in producing a balanced overview than John Keay has done in India … a book that is as fluent and readable as it is up-to-date and impartial. Hardly a page passes without some fascinating nugget or surprising fact’
WILLIAM DALRYMPLE, Guardian
‘Certainly the most balanced and lucid history … his passion for India shines through and illuminates every page … puts Keay in the front rank of Indian historiographers’
CHARLES ALLEN, Spectator
‘Keay’s astute commentary on the development of Indian history is a delight … one of the best general studies of the subcontinent’
ANDREW LYCETT, Sunday Times
‘Till this book came along, I had despaired of finding a readable general history of India … Thank heaven for John Keay, [who] overcomes the problems in a manner little short of triumphant … It is history at its best, a work of the imagination stimulated by enigmatic remains of the past crying out for an interpreter … The blend of revelatory detail with a sense of eternal India makes Keay’s a superb book’