The Anatomist: A True Story of Gray's Anatomy
Page 24
ELIZA HARRIET CARTER DI VILLALTA
1860–91
Henry and Harriet Carter’s daughter, Eliza, married an Italian soldier, Federico di Villalta, in 1881. At the time of her death in Florence at age thirty-one (cause unknown), her only child, Ignazio Federico, was five years old. In his will, Carter established a sizable trust for his grandson.
HENRY VANDYKE CARTER
1831–97
Carter’s official cause of death was “phthisis pulmonalis” (pulmonary tuberculosis), and he is buried in a family plot at Scarborough Cemetery. Funds are currently being raised by the London County Council to commemorate his life with one of the city’s famous blue plaques.
ELIZA SOPHIA “LILY” CARTER MOON
1832–98
Lily outlived her husband (William James Moon) and both brothers and died at her home in Scarborough on December 14, 1898, of “acute pneumonia.” She was sixty-five years old. Lily was survived by three of her four children.
Acknowledgments
To the anatomists, teachers, fellow students, librarians, archivists, agent, editor, publisher, family members, and friends who helped me during various stages of writing this book, I thank you all equally:
Steve Barclay, Lea Beresford, Barbara and John Bourassa, Jane Breyer, Sylvia Brownrigg, the Byrne family, Gina Centrello, Andy Chamberlain, Susan Cohan, Ben Collins and Stephen Pelton, Doug Cooper, Nancy and Tim Cossette, Robin Coupar, Chris Davis, Josh Devore, Nripendra Dhillon, Tom DiRenzo, Anne Donjacour, Martin Duke, Meri Dunn, Amanda Engineer and the entire staff of the Poynter Reading Room at the Wellcome Library, Emily Forland, Sheila Geraghty, Sandra Gibson, Shawn Hassler, Jean and John Hayes, Patti Hayes, Mary and John Kamb, Lang Kehua, Rachel Kind, Yvonne Leach, Ming Ma, Massoud, Kathy and Dan Mayeda, Hazel McDonald, David Mikko, Nancy Miller, Keith Nicol, Charlie Ordahl, Ben Ospital, Chris Ospital, Kolja Paech, Sam Pak, Sandra Phillips, Kelly Piacente, Martin Pugh, Gregory Riley, Rev. Rachel Rivers, Richard Rodriguez, Dana Rohde, Conrad Sanchez, Cap Sparling, Kristen Stewart, Cheyenne Strube, Sexton Sutherland, Paul Teresi, Janine Terrano, Nallini Thevakarrunai, Kim Topp, Fernando Vescia, Jay Wagner, Wendy Weil, Vicki and Jim Weiland, Valerie Wheat, Paul Wisotzky, and Melaine Zimmerman.
Bibliography
HENRY VANDYKE CARTER
Carter, Henry Vandyke. On Leprosy and Elephantiasis. London: G. E. Eyre & W. Spottiswoode, 1874.
———. On Mycetoma, or the Fungus Disease of India. London: J. & A. Churchill, 1874.
———. Report on Leprosy and Leper Asylums in Norway. London: G. E. Eyre & W. Spottiswoode, 1874.
———. Spirillum Fever. London: J. & A. Churchill, 1882.
———. Student’s diary, 1853. Manuscript held in the Library of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, London.
The Carter Papers. Western Manuscripts Collection, MSS 5809-26. Wellcome Library for the History and Understanding of Medicine, London.
Gray, Henry. Anatomy, Descriptive and Surgical. Drawings by H. V. Carter. 1st ed. London: John W. Parker and Son, 1858.
HENRY GRAY
Gray, Henry. “An Account of a Dissection of an Ovarian Cyst.” Medico-Chirurgical Transactions. Vol. 36, pp. 433-37. Published by the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society. London: Longman et al., 1853.
———. Anatomy, Descriptive and Surgical. Drawings by H. V. Carter. 1st ed. London: John W. Parker and Son, 1858.
———. Anatomy, Descriptive and Surgical. Drawings by H. V. Carter, with additional drawings by Dr. Westmacott. 2nd ed. London: John W. Parker and Son, 1860.
———. Gray’s Anatomy. Facsimile of rev. American ed. of 1901. New York: Gramercy Books, 1977.
———. “Injuries of the Neck.” A System of Surgery, Theoretical and Practical. Vol. 2, pp. 270-339. Edited by Timothy Holmes. London: John W. Parker and Son, 1861.
———. “On Myeloid and Myelo-cystic Tumors of Bone, Their Structure, Pathology, and Mode of Diagnosis.” Medico-Chirurgical Transactions. Vol. 39, pp. 121-49. Published by the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society. London: Longman et al., 1856.
———. “On the Development of the Ductless Glands in the Chick.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 142 (1852): 295-309.
———. “On the Development of the Retina and the Optic Nerve, and of the Membranous Labyrinth and Auditory Nerve.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 140 (1850): 189-200.
———. On the Structure and Use of the Spleen. London: John W. Parker and Son, 1853.
GENERAL REFERENCE SOURCES
Bailey, Hamilton. Notable Names in Medicine and Surgery. London: H. K. Lewis & Co., 1959.
Bayliss, Anne M. “Henry Vandyke Carter.” Yorkshire History Quarterly 4, no. 2 (Nov. 1998).
Bishop, W. J. “Henry Vandyke Carter.” Medical and Biological Illustration 4, no. 1 (1954): 73-75.
Blomfield, J. St. George’s, 1733-1933. London: The Medici Society, 1933.
Drake, Richard L., et al. Gray’s Anatomy for Students. Philadelphia: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone, 2005.
Duke, Martin. “Henry Gray of Legendary Textbook Fame.” Connecticut Medicine 57, no. 7 (July 1993): 471-74.
Encarta Encyclopedia. Standard ed. Microsoft: 2000.
Erisman, Fred. “The Critical Response to Gray’s Anatomy (A Centennial Comment).” Journal of Medical Education 34, no. 1 (Jan. 1959): 589-91.
Evans, Alison, et al. Human Anatomy: An Illustrated Laboratory Guide. San Francisco: Regents of the University of California, 1982.
Goss, Charles Mayo. A Brief Account of Henry Gray, F.R.S., and His “Anatomy, Descriptive and Surgical.” Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1959.
———. “Henry Gray, F.R.S., F.R.C.S.” Anatomy of the Human Body by Henry Gray. 29th American ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1973.
“Henry Gray.” St. George’s Hospital Gazette 16, no. 4 (May 21, 1908: 49-54.
Hiatt, Jonathan R., and Nathan Hiatt. “The Forgotten First Career of Doctor Henry Van Dyke Carter.” Journal of the American College of Surgeons 181, no. 5 (Nov. 1995): 464-66.
Johnson, Edward C., et al. “The Origin and History of Embalming.” In Embalming: History, Theory, and Practice, by Robert G. Mayer, pp. 23-40. Norwalk, Conn.: Appleton & Lange, 1990.
Moir, John. Anatomical Education in a Scottish University, 1620. Translated by R. K. French. Aberdeen, Scotland: Equipress, 1975.
Moore, Keith L., and Anne M. R. Agur. Essential Clinical Anatomy. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002.
Newman, Charles. The Evolution of Medical Education in the Nineteenth Century. London: Oxford University Press, 1957.
Nicol, Keith E. Henry Gray of St. George’s Hospital: A Chronology. Privately printed by the author, 2002.
———. Interviews and correspondence with author, 2004-7.
Persaud, T.V.N. Early History of Anatomy: From Antiquity to the Beginning of the Modern Era. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1984.
———. A History of Anatomy: The Post-Vesalian Era. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1997.
Plarr, Victor Gustave. Plarr’s Lives of the Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. London: Simpkin, Marshall, 1930.
Poynter, F.N.L. “Gray’s Anatomy: The First Hundred Years.” British Medical Journal 2 (Sept. 6, 1958): 610-11.
Roberts, Shirley. “Henry Gray and Henry Vandyke Carter: Creators of a Famous Textbook.” Journal of Medical Biography 8 (Nov. 2000): 206-12.
Rohde, Dana. Anatomy 116, Gross Anatomy: Course Lecture Syllabus. San Francisco: Regents of the University of California, 2004.
Symmers, William St. Clair. “Henry Vandyke Carter on Mycetoma or the Fungus Disease of India.” In Curiosa: A Miscellany of Clinical and Pathological Experiences, pp. 128-43. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins Co., 1974.
Tansey, E. M. “A Brief History of Gray’s Anatomy.” In Gray’s Anatomy. 38th British ed. London: Churchill Livingstone, 1995.
Teresi, Paul, et al. Prologue
Block, IDS 101, Laboratory Guide. San Francisco: Regents of the University of California, 2004.
Topp, Kimberly S. PT 200, Neuromuscular Anatomy: Course Lecture Syllabus. San Francisco: Regents of the University of California, 2004.
Williams, Peter L. “Historical Account: Biography of Henry Gray.” In Gray’s Anatomy. 38th British ed. London: Churchill Livingstone, 1995.
INDIVIDUAL CHAPTER SOURCES
CHAPTER ONE
Persaud, T.V.N. Early History of Anatomy: From Antiquity to the Beginning of the Modern Era. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1984.
Walsh, James J. The Popes and Science: The History of the Papal Relations to Science During the Middle Ages and Down to Our Own Times. New York: Fordham University Press, 1911.
CHAPTER TWO
Nuland, Sherwin B. The Mysteries Within: A Surgeon Reflects on Medical Myths. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000.
Rohde, Dana. Interview with author. San Francisco, Mar. 23, 2005.
CHAPTER THREE
Hawkins, Charles. “London Teachers of Anatomy.” Lancet (Sept. 27, 1884).
Holmes, Timothy. Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie. London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1898.
James, R. R. School of Anatomy and Medicine, St. George’s Hospital, 1830-1863. Privately printed by the author, 1928.
CHAPTER FOUR
Griffenhagen, George B. Tools of the Apothecary. Washington, D.C.: American Pharmaceutical Association, 1957.
Nuland, Sherwin B. The Mysteries Within: A Surgeon Reflects on Medical Myths. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000.
Trease, George Edward. Pharmacy in History. London: Baillière, Tindall, and Cox, 1964.
CHAPTER FIVE
Brodie, Benjamin Collins. The Works of Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie. Vol. 1. London: Longman et al., 1865.
CHAPTER SIX
Chadwick, Owen. The Victorian Church. New York: Oxford University Press, 1966.
Elliott-Binns, Leonard. Religion in the Victorian Era. London: Lutterworth Press, 1946.
“Religion in Victorian Britain” and “William Paley and Natural Theology.” The Victorian Web. http://www.victorianweb.org/. Accessed Sept.–Oct. 2005.
CHAPTER NINE
“The Ant-Eater.” London Times, Oct. 18, 1853, 9, col. 2.
Burke, Edmund. A Philosophical Enquiry into the Sublime and the Beautiful. London and New York: Penguin Books, 1998.
Hilton, Boyd. “The Role of Providence in Evangelical Social Thought.” In History, Society and the Churches: Essays in Honour of Owen Chadwick, edited by Derek Beales and Geoffrey Best, pp. 215-33. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
“Zoological Gardens, Regent’s Park.” London Times, Oct. 1, 1853, 8, col. 3.
CHAPTER ELEVEN
Arnold, Friedrich. Icones Nervorum Capitis. Heidelberg: Sumptibus auctoris, 1834.
Belt, Elmer. Leonardo the Anatomist. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1955.
Calder, Ritchie. Leonardo and the Age of the Eye. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1970.
Choulant, Ludwig. History and Bibliography of Anatomic Illustration. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1920. Reprint of 1852 edition.
Nutton, Vivian. “Introduction.” An online annotated translation of the 1543 and 1555 editions of Andreas Vesalius’s De humani corporis fabrica. http://www.vesalius.northwestern.edu/. Accessed May 2006.
O’Malley, Charles D., and J. B. de C. M. Saunders. Leonardo da Vinci on the Human Body. New York: Henry Schuman, 1952.
Quain, Jones. Elements of Anatomy. 6th ed. Edited by William Sharpey. London: Walton and Maberly, 1856.
Richardson, Ruth. “A Historical Introduction to Gray’s Anatomy.” In Gray’s Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice, 39th ed., edited by Susan Standring, pp. xvii–xx. Edinburgh: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone, 2005.
Vesalius, Andreas. De humani corporis fabrica (On the Fabric of the Body). 2nd ed. Basil: Per Joannem Oporinum, 1555.
Vescia, Fernando. Interview with author. Palo Alto, Calif., Sept. 26, 2005.
CHAPTER TWELVE
Rohde, Dana. Interview with author. San Francisco, Mar. 23, 2005.
Shaffer, Kitt. “Teaching Anatomy in the Digital World.” New England Journal of Medicine 351, no. 13 (Sept. 23, 2004): 1279-81.
Zarembo, Alan. “Cutting Out the Cadaver.” Los Angeles Times, Feb. 28, 2004.
Zuger, Abigail. “Anatomy Lessons, a Vanishing Rite for Young Doctors.” New York Times, Mar. 23, 2004.
CHAPTER THIRTEEN
Ordahl, Charlie. Interview with author. San Francisco, Oct. 4, 2004.
CHAPTER FOURTEEN
James, Lawrence. The Rise and Fall of the British Empire. New York: St. Martin’s Griffin, 1997.
Ramanna, Mridula. Western Medicine and Public Health in Colonial Bombay. London: Sangram Books, 2002.
“Reviews and Notices of Books.” Lancet 2 (Sept. 11, 1858): 282-83.
CHAPTER FIFTEEN
Carrell, Jennifer Lee. The Speckled Monster: A Historical Tale of Battling Smallpox. New York: Dutton, 2003.
“Death of Mr. Henry Gray, F.R.S.” Lancet (June 15, 1861): 600.
CHAPTER SIXTEEN
“Death of Dr. Carter, of Scarborough, an Indian Medical Celebrity.” Scarborough Gazette and Weekly List of Visitors, Thurs., May 6, 1897, 3, col. 3.
“Deaths: Henry Vandyke Carter.” Lancet (May 15, 1897): 1381.
Gould, Tony. A Disease Apart: Leprosy in the Modern World. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2005.
“Honour to a Scarborough Gentleman.” Scarborough Gazette and Weekly List of Visitors, Thurs., Dec. 18, 1890.
“Honour to a Scarborough Townsman.” Scarborough Gazette and Weekly List of Visitors, Thurs., Nov. 20, 1890.
“Marriages.” Henry Vandyke Carter to Mary Ellen Robison. Scarborough Gazette and Weekly List of Visitors, Thurs., Dec. 18, 1890.
“Marriages.” Joseph Newington Carter to Elizabeth Smith Newham. Scarborough Gazette and Weekly List of Visitors, Thurs., May 4, 1871.
“Marriages.” William James Moon to Eliza Sophia Carter. Scarborough Gazette and Weekly List of Visitors, Thurs., Feb. 12, 1863.
Pandya, Shubhada. “Nineteenth Century Indian Leper Census and the Doctors.” International Journal of Leprosy 72, no. 3 (2004): 306-16.
Robertson, Jo. “Leprosy and the Elusive M. leprae: Colonial and Imperial Medical Exchanges in the Nineteenth Century.” História Cliências, Saúde—Manguinhos 10, suppl. 1 (2003): 13-40.
APPENDIX
“Deaths.” Henry Barlow Carter. Scarborough Gazette and Weekly List of Visitors, Thurs., Oct. 15, 1868, 3, col. 4.
“Deaths.” Joseph Newington Carter. Scarborough Gazette and Weekly List of Visitors, Thurs., Aug. 17, 1871.
“Deaths.” Eliza Sophia Moon. Scarborough Gazette and Weekly List of Visitors, Thurs., Dec. 22, 1898.
About the Author
BILL HAYES is the author of the national bestseller Sleep Demons: An Insomniac’s Memoir and Five Quarts: A Personal and Natural History of Blood. His work has been published in The New York Times Magazine and Details, among other publications, and at Salon.com. He has also been featured on many NPR programs as well as the Discovery Health Channel. He lives in San Francisco. Visit the author’s website at www.bill-hayes.com.
ALSO BY BILL HAYES
Five Quarts: A Personal and Natural History of Blood
Sleep Demons: An Insomniac’s Memoir
The Anatomist is a work of nonfiction. Some names and identifying details have been changed.
Copyright © 2008 by William Hayes
All rights reserved.
Published in the United States by Ballantine Books, an imprint of The Random House Publishing Group, a division of Random House, Inc., New York.
BALLANTINE and colophon are registered trademarks of Random House, Inc.
Grateful acknowledgment is made to St. George’s Hospital Library, London, for permission to reproduce the photographs of Henry Gray on Front Matter and Back Matter; to the Wellcome Library
, London, for permission to reproduce the illustrations on Chapter Six, Chapter Eight, Chapter Sixteen, and Back Matter; to the President and Council of the Royal College of Surgeons of England for permission to reproduce the illustration on Chapter Nine (from MS. 0134, Student Diary of Henry Vandyke Carter); to The British Library, London, for permission to reproduce the photographs on Chapter Fourteen, © The British Library Board; and to Martin Duke for permission to reproduce the photograph of Henry Gray’s tombstone on Back Matter. All other images are in the public domain or are courtesy of the author.
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA
Hayes, Bill.
The anatomist : a true story of Gray’s anatomy / Bill Hayes.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
1. Gray, Henry, 1825–1861. 2. Gray, Henry, 1825–1861. Anatomy. 3. Carter, H. V. (Henry Vandyke), 1831–1897. 4. Anatomists—England—Biography. I. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Gray, Henry, 1825–1861. 2. Carter, H. V. (Henry Vandyke), 1831–1897. 3. Anatomy—Biography. 4. Anatomy—Personal Narratives. 5. Anatomy—History. 6. History, 19th Century. 7. Students—Biography. 8. Students—Personal Narratives. QS 11.1 H417a 2008]
QM16.G73H39 2008
611.0092—dc22 2007028733
www.ballantinebooks.com
eISBN: 978-0-345-50469-2
v3.0
FOOTNOTES
1. The bodies of Franklin and his crew were finally found and exhumed in 1984, perfectly mummified in the Arctic ice. Forensic tests proved that the men had died not from exposure but from lead poisoning, transmitted via lead in the metal used for the canned goods they’d brought for the long journey.