8. Lincoln Family Tax Assessment, 1860, Lincoln Works, 3:58.
9. Abraham Lincoln to Salmon Chase, June 20, 1859, Lincoln Writings, 542.
10. Harold Holzer, Lincoln at Cooper Union: The Speech That Made Abraham Lincoln President (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004).
11. Address at Cooper Institute, February 27, 1860, Lincoln Writings, 590.
12. Douglas R. Egerton, Year of Meteors: Stephen Douglas, Abraham Lincoln, and the Election that Brought on the Civil War (New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2010).
13. Willard King, Lincoln’s Manager: David Davis (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1960).
14. Endorsement on Margin of Missouri Democrat, May 17,1860, Lincoln Works, 4:50.
15. W. Dean Burnham, Presidential Ballots, 1836–1892 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955), 236–43.
16. Kenneth Stampp, And the War Came: The North and the Secession Crisis, 1860–1861 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964); Charles B. Dew, The Apostles of Disunion: Southern Secession Commissioners and the Causes of the Civil War (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2002).
17. William Lee Miller, President Lincoln: The Duty of a Statesman (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2008), 10–11.
18. David M. Potter, Lincoln and His Party in the Secession Crisis (New Haven CT: Yale University Press, 1962).
19. Charles Francis Adams, Address on the Life, Character, and Services of William Henry Seward (Albany NY: Weed, Parsons, 1873), 48–49.
20. Miller, President Lincoln, 15.
21. William L. Barney, Battleground for the Union: The Era of the Civil War and Reconstruction, 1848–1877 (Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall, 1990), 116; George C. Rable, But There Was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction (Athens: University of Georgia Press,1984), 16.
22. For the best overall study of the Civil War, see James M. McPherson, The Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988). See also James Rawley, Turning Points of the Civil War (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1974); Richard E. Beringer, Herman Hattaway, Archer Jones, and William N. Still, Why the South Lost the Civil War (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1986); Herman Hattaway and Archer Jones, How the North Won: A Military History of the Civil War (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991); Archer Jones, Civil War Command and Strategy: The Process of Victory and Defeat (New York: Free Press, 1992); Russell F. Weigley, A Great Civil War: A Military and Political History, 1861–1865 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000); David Williams, A People’s History of the Civil War: Struggling for the Meaning of Freedom (New York: New Press, 2005).
7. LIMITED WAR
1. Inaugural Address, March 4,1861, Lincoln Works, 4:268; Thomas J. Pressly, “Bullets and Ballots: Lincoln and the ‘Right of Revolution,’” American Historical Review 67 (April 1962): 647–62.
2. Abraham Lincoln to Lyman Trumbull, December 10, 1860, Lincoln Works, 4:149–50. See also Abraham Lincoln to Truman Smith, November 10, 1860; Abraham Lincoln to John Gilmer, December 15, 1860; Abraham Lincoln to Thurlow Weed, December 17, 1860, Lincoln Writings, 623, 627–29, 629. For analyses of the transition and early days of the Lincoln presidency, see David M. Potter, Lincoln and His Party in the Secession Crisis (New Haven CT: Yale University Press, 1962); Kenneth Stampp, And the War Came: The North and the Secession Crisis (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1950); Richard N. Current, Lincoln and the First Shot (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1963).
3. John G. Nicolay and John Hay, Abraham Lincoln: A History, 10 vols. (New York: Century, 1890); Tyler Dennett, ed., Lincoln and the Civil War in the Diaries and Letters of John Hay (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1939).
4. Harry Carman and Reinhard Luthin, Lincoln and the Patronage System (New York: Columbia University Press, 1943); Paul Van Riper and Keith A. Sutherland, “The Northern Civil Service, 1861–1865,” Civil War History 11 (December 1965): 351–69.
5. For the outstanding book on his cabinet, see Doris Kearns Goodwin, Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006). See also Burton Hendrick, Inside Lincoln’s War Cabinet (Boston: Little, Brown, 1946).
6. Glyndon Van Deuson, William Henry Seward (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967).
7. David Donald, ed., Inside Lincoln’s Cabinet: The Civil War Diaries of Salmon Chase (New York: Longmans, Green, 1954); Frederick Blue, Salmon P. Chase: A Life in Politics (Kent OH: Kent State University Press, 1987).
8. Erwin Stanley Bradley, Simon Cameron: Lincoln’s Secretary of War (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1966).
9. Hendrick, Inside Lincoln’s War Cabinet, 51–52.
10. William Ernest Smith, The Francis Blair Family in Politics, 2 vols. (New York: Macmillan, 1933), 2:90–111.
11. Marvin Cain, Lincoln’s Attorney General: Edward Bates of Missouri (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1965); Howard K. Beale, ed., The Diary of Gideon Welles: Secretary of the Navy under Lincoln and Johnson, 3 vols. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1960); John Niven, Gideon Welles: Lincoln’s Secretary of the Navy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973).
12. Farewell Address at Springfield, Illinois, February 11, 1860, Lincoln Writings, 635–36.
13. David Donald, Liberty and Union (Lexington MA: D. C. Heath, 1975), 5.
14. Speech at Independence Hall, Philadelphia, February 22, 1861, Lincoln Writings, 644.
15. Inaugural Address, March 4, 1861, Lincoln Works, 4:266.
16. Nicolay and Hay, Abraham Lincoln, 4:65.
17. Russell F. Weigley, The History of the United States Army (New York: Macmillan, 1967), 199–200.
18. Winfield Scott to Abraham Lincoln, March 9,1861, Lincoln Works, 4:279–80.
19. Note to Each of the Cabinet Members Asking for Opinion on Fort Sumter, March 15, 1861, Lincoln Works, 4:284.
20. Winfield Scott to Simon Cameron, March 28, 1861, Official Records, ser. 1, vol. 4, pp. 200–201.
21. William Seward, “Some Thoughts for the Consideration of the President,” April 1, 1861, Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, American Memory Project, http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/malquery.html.
22. Brooks D. Simpson, The Reconstruction Presidents (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998), 14; Abraham Lincoln to William Seward, April 1, 1861, Lincoln Works, 4:316.
23. Howard Beale, ed., The Diary of Edward Bates (Washington DC: Government Printing Office, 1933), 220.
24. Abraham Lincoln to Francis Pickens, April 6, 1861, Lincoln Works, 4:324.
25. Timothy D. Johnson, Winfield Scott: The Quest for Military Glory (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998); John S. D. Eisenhower, Agent of Destiny: The Life and Times of General Winfield Scott (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999).
26. Abraham Lincoln to the Senate and House of Representatives, May 26, 1862, Lincoln Works, 5:241–42.
27. William W. Freehling, The South vs. the South: How Anti-Confederate Southerners Shaped the Course of the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), 57.
28. Abraham Lincoln to Winfield Scott, April 18, 1861; Expansion of Military, May 3, 1861, Lincoln Works, 4:337, 353–54.
29. For the best overview, see Mark E. Neely, The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991).
30. David Herbert Donald, Lincoln (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995), 304.
31. Message to Congress, July 4, 1861, Lincoln Works, 4:385.
32. Message to Congress, July 4, 1861, Lincoln Works, 4:426–38.
33. Fred R. Shannon, The Organization and Administration of the Union Army, 2 vols. (Cleveland: Arthur Clark, 1928).
34. James M. McPherson, The Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 326.
35. William Skelton, “Officers and Politicians: The Origins of Army Politics in the United States before the Civil War,” Armed Forces and Society 6 (1979): 48n52, 22–28; McP
herson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 313; Allan Nevins, The War for the Union, 4 vols. (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1959–71), 1:108; Nicolay and Hay, Abraham Lincoln, 4:103–4.
36. McDowell testimony, Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, 37th Cong., 3rd Sess., pt. 2, 35–38 (1863).
37. Unless otherwise noted, army strengths and casualties are taken from either McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, or Herman Hattaway and Archer Jones, How the North Won: A Military History of the Civil War (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991).
38. Stephen W. Sears, George B. McClellan: The Young Napoleon (New York: Ticknor and Fields, 1988); Russell H. Beattie, The Army of the Potomac: McClellan Takes Command, September 1861–February 1862 (Cambridge MA: Da Capo Press, 2004); George B. McClellan, McClellan’s Own Story (New York: Charles L. Webster, 1887).
39. George McClellan to Mary McClellan, October 31, 1861, in The Civil War Papers of George B. McClellan: Selected Correspondence, 1860–1865, ed. Stephen W. Sears (New York: Ticknor and Fields, 1989), 82.
40. Michael Burlingame and John R. Turner, eds., Inside Lincoln’s White House: The Complete War Diary of John Hay (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1997), 30.
41. Abraham Lincoln to Orville Browning, September 22, 1861, Lincoln Works, 4:532.
42. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 284.
43. William E. Parish, The Turbulent Partnership: Missouri and the Union, 1861–1865 (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1965).
44. Abraham Lincoln to John Fremont, September 2, 1862; Order to General Fremont, September 11, 1861, Lincoln Writings, 678–80.
45. John G. Nicolay, The Outbreak of Rebellion (New York: Da Capo Press,1995), 138.
46. Oliver P. Temple, East Tennessee and the Civil War (Freeport NY: Books for Libraries Press, 1971); James W. Patton, Unionism and Reconstruction in Tennessee, 1860–1869 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1934).
47. Burlingame and Turner, Inside Lincoln’s White House, 32, 289.
48. Benjamin Thomas and Harold Hyman, Stanton: The Life and Times of Lincoln’s Secretary of War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962).
49. Donald, Lincoln, 186; Ralph and Adeline Emerson, Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Emerson’s Personal Recollections of Abraham Lincoln (Rockford IL: Wilson Brothers, 1909), 7.
50. Thomas and Hyman, Stanton, 146; A. Howard McNeely, The War Department, 1861 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1928), 318n.
51. William Swinton, Campaigns of the Army of the Potomac (New York: Charles B. Richardson, 1866), 80.
52. Sears, George B. McClellan, 141.
53. General Order Number One, January 27, 1862, Lincoln Works, 5:115.
54. Ruth Painter Randall, Mary Lincoln: Biography of a Marriage (Boston: Little, Brown, 1953), 254–56.
55. Belle Becker Sideman and Lillian Friedman, eds., Europe Looks at the Civil War (New York: Orion Press, 1960).
56. Ephraim D. Adams, Great Britain and the American Civil War, 2 vols. (New York: Longmans, Green, 1925); D. P. Crook, The North, the South, and the Powers, 1861–1865 (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1974); Brian Jenkins, Britain and the War for the Union (Montreal: McGill University Press, 1974); Howard Jones, Union in Peril: The Crisis over British Intervention in the Civil War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992).
57. Revision of William Seward to Charles Francis Adams, May 21, 1861, Lincoln Works, 4:376–80.
58. Norman B. Ferris, The Trent Affair: A Diplomatic Crisis (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1977).
59. Frederick W. Seward, Seward at Washington as Senator and Secretary of State (New York: Derby and Miller, 1891), 25–26.
60. For the best books, see Grant Memoirs; William S. McFeely, Grant: A Biography (New York: W. W. Norton, 1981); Brooks D. Simpson, Let Us Have Peace: Ulysses S. Grant and the Politics of War and Reconstruction, 1861–1868 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991); Brooks D. Simpson, Ulysses S. Grant: The Triumph over Adversity, 1822–1865 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000); Jean Edward Smith, Grant (New York: Touchstone, 2001).
61. Smith, Grant, 15, 199, 200.
62. Grant Memoirs, 107.
63. Grant Memoirs, 123.
64. Grant Memoirs, 124–44.
65. Abraham Lincoln to Don Carlos Buell, January 9, 1862, Lincoln Works, 5:91.
66. James M. McPherson, Tried by War: Abraham Lincoln as Commander in Chief (New York: Penguin, 2008), 72; Grant Memoirs, 149–50.
67. William Davis, The Duel between the First Ironclads (Garden City NY: Doubleday, 1975).
68. T. Harry Williams, Lincoln and His Generals (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1952), 86.
69. Grant Memoirs, 174.
70. Abraham Lincoln to George McClellan, February 3, 1862, Lincoln Writings, 693–94.
71. Bruce Tap, Over Lincoln’s Shoulder: The Committee on the Conduct of the War (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998), 113.
72. McPherson, Tried by War, 76.
73. For the best book on the Peninsula Campaign, see Stephen W. Sears, To the Gates of Richmond: The Peninsula Campaign (New York: Ticknor and Fields, 1992).
74. Joe Johnston to Robert E. Lee, April 22, 1862, Official Records, ser. 1, vol. 11, pt.3, pp. 455–56.
75. Abraham Lincoln to George McClellan, April 9, 1862, Lincoln Writings, 699–700.
76. Robert G. Tanner, Stonewall in the Valley: Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson’s Shenandoah Valley Campaign, Spring 1862 (Garden City NY: Doubleday, 1976).
77. Wallace Schultz and Walter N. Trenery, Abandoned by Lincoln: A Military Biography of John Pope (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990).
78. Abraham Lincoln to George McClellan, May 25, 1862, Lincoln Works, 5:236.
79. George McClellan to Edwin Stanton, June 28, 1862, in Sears, Civil War Papers of McClellan, 322–23.
80. Stephen Ambrose, Halleck: Lincoln’s Chief of Staff (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1962).
8. EMANCIPATION
1. John Hope Franklin, The Emancipation Proclamation (New York: Anchor Books, 1965); Lawanda Cox, Lincoln and Black Freedom: A Study in Presidential Leadership (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1981); Allen C. Guelzo, Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation: The End of Slavery in America (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004).
2. T. Harry Williams, Lincoln and the Radicals (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1941); James M. McPherson, The Struggle for Equality: Abolitionists and the Negro in the Civil War and Reconstruction (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1964); David Montgomery, Beyond Equality: Labor and the Radical Republicans (New York: Vintage, 1967); Hans L. Trefousse, The Radical Republicans: Lincoln’s Vanguard for Racial Justice (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1969); David H. Donald, Charles Sumner and the Rights of Man (New York: Alfred A. Knopf,1970); Allan G. Bogue, The Earnest Men: Republicans in the Civil War Senate (Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press, 1981); Allan G. Bogue, The Congressman’s Civil War (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989).
3. Christopher Dell, Lincoln and the War Democrats: The Grand Erosion of Conservative Tradition (Rutherford NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1975); Joel Silbey, A Respectable Minority: The Democratic Party in the Civil War Era, 1860–1868 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1977); Jean H. Baker, Affairs of Party: The Political Culture of Northern Democrats in the Mid-nineteenth Century (Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press, 1983).
4. Bruce Tap, Over Lincoln’s Shoulder: The Committee on the Conduct of the War (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998).
5. Congressional Globe, 37th Cong., 1st Sess. 222–23 (1863).
6. Richard Sewall, A House Divided: Sectionalism and the Civil War (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988), 161.
7. Theodore Calvin Pease and James G. Randall, eds., The Diary of Orville Hickman Browning, 2 vols. (Springfield: Illinois State Historical Library, 1925–33), 1:477–78.
8. Abraham Lincoln to Orville Browning, September 22, 1861; Abraham Lincoln to John Frémont, September 2
, 11, 1861, Lincoln Writings, 681–83, 678–80.
9. Message to Congress Recommending Compensated Emancipation, March 6, 1862,; Abraham Lincoln to James McDougall, March 14, 1862, Lincoln Writings, 696–97, 697–98.
10. Proclamation, May 19, 1862, Lincoln Writings, 701–3.
11. Peyton McCrary, Abraham Lincoln and Reconstruction: The Louisiana Experiment (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978); Joseph G. Dawson, Army Generals and Reconstruction: Louisiana, 1862–1877 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1982); Ted Tunnell, Crucible of Reconstruction: Radicalism and Race in Louisiana, 1862–1867 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1984).
12. Hans Trefousse, Ben Butler: The South Called Him Beast (New York: Twayne, 1957); Richard West, Lincoln’s Scapegoat General: A Life of Benjamin Butler (Boston: Little, Brown, 1965).
13. James M. McPherson, The Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 551–52.
14. Abraham Lincoln to a Committee of Religious Dominations, September 13, 1862, Lincoln Works, 5:357–63.
15. Abraham Lincoln to Black Delegation, August 14, 1862, Lincoln Works, 5:370–75.
16. Abraham Lincoln to Horace Greeley, August 22, 1862, Lincoln Works, 5:388–89.
17. Reply to a Committee of Religions Denominations, September 13, 1862, Lincoln Writings, 720–23.
18. Gary Vitale, “Abraham Lincoln and the Mormons: Another Legacy of Limited Freedom,” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 101 (Fall–Winter 2008), 269, 260–71.
19. Abraham Lincoln to George McClellan, September 15, 1862, Lincoln Works, 5:425.
20. Abraham Lincoln to George McClellan, October 6, 1862, Official Records, ser. 1, vol. 19, pt. 1, p. 272; Abraham Lincoln to George McClellan, October 13,1862, Lincoln Writings, 729–30; Abraham Lincoln to George McClellan, October 23, 1862, Lincoln Works, 5:474; Michael Burlingame, ed., An Oral History of Abraham Lincoln: John G. Nicolay’s Interviews and Essays (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1996), 16.
21. Henry Halleck to Don Carlos Buell, October 19, 23, 1862, Official Records, ser. 1, vol. 19, pt. 2, pp. 627, 638.
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