22. Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, September 22, 1862; Final Emancipation Proclamation, January 1, 1863, Lincoln Writings, 723–26, 746–48.
23. Abraham Lincoln to Hannibal Hamlin, September 28, 1862, Lincoln Writings, 727.
24. Phillip Shaw Paludan, The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1994), 154–55.
25. William L. Barney, Flawed Victory (New York: Praeger, 1975), 130.
26. Francis Bicknell Carpenter, Six Months at the White House (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1883), 269.
27. Annual Message to Congress, December 1, 1862, Lincoln Works, 5:537.
9. THE HAMILTONIAN TRIUMPH
1. Leonard Curry, Blueprint for Modern America: Non-military Legislation of the First Civil War Congress (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1968); Gabor S. Boritt, Lincoln and the Economics of the American Dream (Memphis: Memphis State University Press, 1978).
2. For the best overview, see Boritt, Lincoln and the Economics of the American Dream.
3. John Larson, Internal Improvements: National Public Works and the Promise of Popular Government in the Early United States (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001).
4. Speech at New Haven, Connecticut, March 6,1860, Lincoln Writings, 592.
5. Speech at Columbus, Ohio, September 16, 1859, Lincoln Writings, 543.
6. Speech at Cincinnati, Ohio, September 17, 1859, Lincoln Writings, 556–57.
7. Boritt, Lincoln and the Economics of the American Dream, 159, 190.
8. Speech at Cincinnati, September 17, 1859, Lincoln Writings, 557.
9. Speech at New Haven, Connecticut, March 6, 1860, Lincoln Writings, 592.
10. From Notes for a Tariff Discussion, December 1, 1847, Lincoln Writings, 296–97.
11. Phillip Shaw Paludan, The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1994), 108–9.
12. Irwin Unger, The Greenback Era: A Social and Political History of American Finance (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1964); Bray Hammond, Sovereignty and an Empty Purse: Banks and Politics in the Civil War (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1970).
13. Unger, Greenback Era, 16–17.
14. Unger, Greenback Era, 17.
15. Boritt, Lincoln and the Economics of the American Dream, 103.
16. Boritt, Lincoln and the Economics of the American Dream, 67.
17. Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia, ed. William Peden (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1955), 164–65.
18. Lincoln’s First Public Address, March 9, 1832, Lincoln Writings, 223.
19. Stuart Bruchey, Enterprise: The Dynamic Economy of a Free People (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1990), 322.
20. Application for a Patent, May 22, 1849, Lincoln Writings, 325.
21. Mark R. Wilson, The Business of Civil War: Military Mobilization and the State, 1861–1865 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006).
22. Proclamation for Thanksgiving, October 3,1863, Lincoln Writings, 783–84.
10. TURNING POINTS
1. William Hesseltine, Lincoln and the War Governors (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1955).
2. Herman Hattaway and Archer Jones, How the North Won: A Military History of the Civil War (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991), 266.
3. Abraham Lincoln to General Carl Schurz, November 24, 1862, Lincoln Writings, 735.
4. Abraham Lincoln to Henry Halleck, November 27, 1862, Lincoln Works, 5:514–15.
5. James M. McPherson, Tried by Fire: Abraham Lincoln as Commander in Chief (New York: Penguin, 2008), 164.
6. Noah Brooks, Washington in Lincoln’s Time (New York: Century, 1895), 56.
7. Abraham Lincoln to Joe Hooker, January 26, 1863, Lincoln Works, 6:78–79.
8. Abraham Lincoln to Joe Hooker, June 5, 10, 14, Lincoln Works, 6:249–50, 257, 273.
9. George Meade proclamation, July 4, 1863, Official Records, ser. 1, vol. 27 pt. 3, p. 567; Michael Burlingame and John R. Turner, eds., Inside Lincoln’s White House: The Complete War Diary of John Hay (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1997), 62.
10. Henry Halleck to George Meade, July 7 (two dispatches), July 8 (two dispatches), 1863, Official Records, ser. 1, vol. 27, pt. 3, p. 82–83, 84–85.
11. Abraham Lincoln to George Gordon Meade, July 14, 1863, Lincoln Works, 6:327–28.
12. Henry Halleck to George Meade, July 14 (two dispatches), 1863, George Meade to Henry Halleck, July 14, 1863, Official Records, ser. 1, vol. 27, pt. 1, pp. 92–94.
13. Don E. Fehrenbacher and Virginia Fehrenbacher, eds., The Recollected Words of Abraham Lincoln (Stanford CA: Stanford University Press, 1996), 292.
14. Brooks D. Simpson, Ulysses S. Grant: The Triumph over Adversity, 1822–1865 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000), 184–85.
15. Abraham Lincoln to Isaac Arnold, May 26, 1863, Lincoln Works, 6:230.
16. Abraham Lincoln to Ulysses Grant, July 13, 1863, Lincoln Works, 6:326.
17. Abraham Lincoln to James Conkling, August 26, 1863, Lincoln Writings, 779–80.
18. Robert S. Henry, “First with the Most” Forrest (Westport CT: Greenwood, 1974), 152–57.
19. Henry Halleck to William Rosecrans, July 7, 1863, Official Records, ser. 1, vol. 23, pt. 2, p. 518.
20. Abraham Lincoln to William Rosecrans, August 10, 1863, Lincoln Works, 6:377–78.
21. Grant Memoirs, 274–334.
22. Eugene Murdock, Patriotism Limited, 1862–1965: The Civil War Draft and the Bounty System (Kent OH: Kent State University Press, 1967); Eugene Murdock, One Million Men: The Civil War Draft in the North (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1971); James W. Geary, We Need Men: The Union Draft in the Civil War (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1991).
23. Adrian Cook, The Armies of the Street: The New York Draft Riots of 1863 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1974), 174–76, 178–80, 194–95. See also Iver Bernstein, The New York City Draft Riots (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990).
24. Opinion of the Draft, August 15, 1863, Lincoln Writings, 771.
25. Wood Gray, The Hidden Civil War: The Story of the Copperheads (New York: Viking, 1942); Frank Klement, Dark Lanterns: Secret Political Societies, Conspiracies, and Treason Trials in the Civil War (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1984); Oscar A. Kinchen, Confederate Operations in Canada and the North (North Quincy MA: Christopher Publishing House, 1970); Larry E. Nelson, Bullets, Ballots, and Rhetoric: Confederate Policy for the United States Presidential Contest of 1864 (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press,1980).
26. Frank L. Klement, The Limits of Dissent: Clement L. Vallandigham and the Civil War (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1970).
27. Abraham Lincoln to David Corning, June 12, 1865, Lincoln Works, 6:260–69.
28. David Herbert Donald, Lincoln (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995), 443–44.
29. For a brilliant analysis, see Gary Wills, Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words That Remade America (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992). See also William E. Barton, Lincoln at Gettysburg: What He Intended to Say; What He Said; What He Was Reported to Have Said; What He Wished He Had Said (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1930); Louis A. Warren, Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address: “A New Birth of Freedom” (Fort Wayne IN: Lincoln National Life Foundation, 1964); Glenn LaFantasie, “Lincoln and the Gettysburg Awakening,” Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 16, no. 1 (Winter 1995): 73–89.
30. Philip Van Doren Stern, ed., The Life and Writings of Abraham Lincoln (New York: Modern Library, 2000), 786–87.
11. TOTAL WAR
1. Richard E. Beringer, Herman Hattaway, Archer Jones, and William N. Still, Why the South Lost the Civil War (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1986), 247.
2. Herman Hattaway and Archer Jones, How the North Won: A Military History of the Civil War (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991), 501–33; Mark E. Neely, “Was the Civil War a Total War?” Civil War History 37 (M
arch 1991): 5–28; Archer Jones, Civil War Command and Strategy: The Process of Victory and Defeat (New York: Free Press, 1992); Daniel E. Sutherland, “Lincoln, John Pope, and the Origins of Total War,” Journal of Military History 56, no.4 (October 1992): 567–86.
3. Grant Memoirs, 168–69.
4. Burke Davis, Sherman’s March (New York: Vintage Books, 1980), 109.
5. William Lee Miller, President Lincoln: The Duty of a Statesman (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2008), 367.
6. Joseph T. Glatthaar, The March to the Sea and Beyond: Sherman’s Troops in the Savannah and Carolina Campaigns (New York: New York University Press, 1985), 130.
7. William Sherman to Ulysses Grant, November 6, 1964, Official Records, ser. 1, vol. 30, pt. 3, p. 660.
8. Mark Grimsley, The Hard Hand of War: Union Military Policy toward Civilians, 1861–1865 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
9. Abraham Lincoln to William Rosecrans, November 19, 1864, Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, American Memory Project, http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/malquery.html.
10. Grant Memoirs, 338.
11. Tyler Dennett, ed., Lincoln and the Civil War in the Diaries and Letters of John Hay (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1939), 178–79.
12. Ludwell H. Johnson, The Red River Campaign: Politics and Cotton in the Civil War (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1958); Gary Dillard Jones, One Damn Blunder from Beginning to End: The Red River Campaign of 1864 (Lanham MD: sr Books, 2003).
13. Grant Memoirs, 433, 372–434.
14. Grant Memoirs, 440; Jean Edward Smith, Grant (New York: Touchstone, 2001), 305.
15. Ulysses Grant to Henry Halleck, May 11, 1864, Official Records, ser. 1, vol. 36, pt. 2, p. 627.
16. Abraham Lincoln to Ulysses Grant, August 17, 1864, Lincoln Writings, 822.
17. James McPherson, The Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 756–60; Hattaway and Jones, How the North Won, 614–15.
18. Hattaway and Jones, How the North Won, 606.
19. Hattaway and Jones, How the North Won, 607.
20. Richard S. West, Mr. Lincoln’s Navy (New York: Longmans, Green, 1957); Robert Carse, Blockade: The Civil War at Sea (New York: Rinehart, 1958).
21. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 378–82.
22. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 761.
23. Hattaway and Jones, How the North Won, 505.
24. Phillip Shaw Paludan, The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1994), 218.
25. Dudley Taylor Cornish, The Sable Arm: Black Troops in the Union Army, 1861–1865 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1987); Joseph Glatthaar, Forged in Battle: The Civil War Alliance of Black Soldiers and White Officers (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1990).
26. Glatthaar, Forged in Battle, 10.
27. Abraham Lincoln to James Conkling, August 26, 1863, Lincoln Works, 6:409.
28. Abraham Lincoln to James Conkling, August 26, 1863, Lincoln Works, 6:409.
29. Abraham Lincoln to Charles Robinson, August 17, 1864, Lincoln Works, 7:499–501.
30. Frederick Douglass, The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass (New York: Collier Books, 1962), 346–49.
31. Miller, President Lincoln, 276.
32. Proclamation, July 31, 1863, Lincoln Works, 6:357.
33. Speech at Baltimore, April 18, 1864; Abraham Lincoln to Edwin Stanton, May 17, 1864, Lincoln Works, 7:302, 345–46.
34. Robert Lee to Ulysses Grant, October 1, 3, 1864; Ulysses Grant to Robert Lee, October 2, 4, Official Records, ser. 2, vol. 7, pp. 906–7, 909, 914.
35. James G. Randall, Constitutional Problems under Lincoln (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1951); Harold M. Hyman, A More Perfect Union: The Impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on the Constitution (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1973); Philip S. Paludan, A Covenant with Death: The Constitution, Law, and Equality in the Civil War Era (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1975); Herman Belz, Lincoln and the Constitution: The Dictatorship Question Reconsidered (Fort Wayne IN: Louis Warren Lincoln Library, 1984); Mark E. Neely, The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991); William M. Wiecek, Equal Justice under Law: Constitutional Development, 1835–1875 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991); Herman Belz, Abraham Lincoln, Constitutionalism, and Equal Rights in the Civil War Era (New York: Fordham University Press, 1998).
36. Address to Congress, July 4, 1861, Lincoln Works, 4:426.
37. Abraham Lincoln to Erastus Corning and Others, June 12, 1863, Lincoln Works, 6:267.
38. Reply to Emancipation Memorial by Chicago Christians, September 13, 1862, Lincoln Works, 5:421; Michael Burlingame and John R. Turner, eds., Inside Lincoln’s White House: The Complete War Diary of John Hay (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1997), 217–18.
39. Abraham Lincoln to Albert Hodges, April 4, 1864, Lincoln Works, 7:281.
40. Abraham Lincoln to Erastus Corning, June 12, 1863, Lincoln Writings, 761.
41. Abraham Lincoln to Benjamin Butler, August 9, 1864, Lincoln Works, 7:487–88.
42. David Herbert Donald, Lincoln (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995), 305.
43. Paludan, Presidency of Abraham Lincoln, 81.
44. Peter Irons, A People’s History of the Supreme Court (New York: Penguin, 1999), 188.
45. Mark E. Neely, “The Lincoln Administration and Arbitrary Arrests: A Reconsideration,” Papers of the Abraham Lincoln Association 5 (1983): 8, 6–24; Neely, Fate of Liberty, 130, 168–69, 173.
46. Burrus M. Carnahan, “Lincoln, Lieber, and the Laws of War: The Origins and Limits of the Principle of Military Necessity,” American Journal of International Law 92, no. 2 (April 1998): 214, 213–31.
47. Carnahan, “Lincoln, Lieber, and the Laws of War,” 216; Abraham Lincoln to Joseph Reynolds, January 20, 1865, Lincoln Writings, 668.
48. Robert I. Alotta, Civil War Justice: Union Army Executions under Lincoln (Shippensburg PA: White Maine, 1989), 30; Miller, President Lincoln, 337–50, 461–63.
49. William L. Barney, Battleground for the Union: The Era of the Civil War and Reconstruction, 1848–1877 (Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall, 1990), 212.
50. Katherine Helm, The True Story of Mary, the Wife of Lincoln (New York: Harper and Row, 1928), 230–31.
51. Abraham Lincoln to Isaac Schermerhorn, September 12, 1864, Lincoln Works, 8:1–2.
52. Edmund Kirke and James R. Gilmore, “Our Visit to Richmond,” Atlantic Monthly, December 1864.
53. Herman Belz, Reconstructing the Union: Theory and Practice during the Civil War (Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press, 1969); William C. Harris, With Charity for All: Lincoln and the Restoration of the Union (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1997).
54. Belz, Reconstructing the Union.
55. Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction, December 8, 1863, Lincoln Writings, 790–93.
56. Proclamation Concerning Reconstruction, July 8, 1864, Lincoln Writings, 820–21.
57. Donald, Lincoln, 524.
58. James McPherson, Tried by War: Abraham Lincoln as Commander in Chief (New York: Penguin, 2008), 226.
59. John H. Cramer, Lincoln under Enemy Fire (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1948).
60. Ulysses Grant to Henry Halleck, July 31, 1864, Official Records, ser. 1, vol. 37, pt. 2., p. 558.
61. Abraham Lincoln to Ulysses Grant, August 14, 1864, Lincoln Writings, 428; Edward C. Kirkland, The Peacemakers of 1864 (New York: Macmillan, 1927).
62. Smith, Grant, 380.
63. William F. Zornow, Lincoln and the Party Divided (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1954); David Long, The Jewel of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln’s Reelection and the End of Slavery (Mechanicsburg PA: Stackpole Books, 1994); John C. Waugh, Reelecting Lincoln: The Battle for the 1864 Presidency (New York: Crown, 1997).
64. John Eaton, Grant, Lincoln, and the Freedmen (New York: Longmans, Green,
1907), 186–91.
65. Jessie Ames Marshall, ed., The Private and Official Correspondence of Gen. Benjamin Butler (Norwood MA: Plimpton Press, 1917), 5:25.
66. Memo, August 23, 1864, Lincoln Works, 7:514.
67. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 804–5.
68. William C. Harris, Lincoln’s Last Months (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 2004).
12. WITH MALICE TOWARD NONE
1. Annual Address to Congress, December 6, 1864, Lincoln Writings, 833, 834.
2. Jean Edward Smith, Grant (New York: Touchstone, 2001), 389.
3. Abraham Lincoln to William Sherman, December 26, 1864, Lincoln Writings, 835.
4. Grant Memoirs, 483–89.
5. Doris Kearns Goodwin, Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006), 690–91.
6. George Milton, The Age of Hate: Andrew Johnson and the Radicals (New York: Coward McCann, 1930), 145–48.
7. Second Inaugural Address, March 4, 1865, Lincoln Works, 8:116–17.
8. Charles M. Segal, Conversations with Lincoln (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1961), 382.
9. David D. Porter, Incidents and Anecdotes of the Civil War (New York: D. Appleton, 1886), 294.
10. James M. McPherson, The Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 849.
11. Last Public Address, April 11, 1865, Lincoln Writings, 846–51.
12. For the best overview, see William Hanchett, The Lincoln Murder Conspiracies (Urbana: University of Illinois Press,1983). See also George S. Bryan, The Great American Myth (New York: Carrick and Evans, 1940); William A. Tidwell, James O. Hall, and David Winfred Gaddy, Come Retribution: The Confederate Secret Service and the Assassination of Abraham Lincoln (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1988); Albert Furtwangler, Assassin on Stage: Brutus, Hamlet, and the Death of Lincoln (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991).
13. Moorhead Storey, “Dickens, Stanton, Sumner, and Storey,” Atlantic Monthly 145 (April 1930): 464; Frederick W. Seward, Reminiscences of a War Time Statesman and Diplomat (New York: G. P. Putnam and Sons, 1916), 256.
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