17. LEGACY
1. Richard E. Beringer, Herman Hattaway, Archer Jones, and William N. Still, Why the South Lost the Civil War (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1986); Richard E. Beringer et al., The Elements of Confederate Defeat: Nationalism, War Aims, and Religion (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1989); Herman Hattaway and Archer Jones, How the North Won: A Military History of the Civil War (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991); William W. Freehling, The South vs. the South: How Anti-Confederate Southerners Shaped the Course of the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001); Armistead L. Robinson, The Bitter Fruits of Bondage: The Demise of Slavery and the Collapse of the Confederacy, 1861–1865 (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2005).
2. John Russell Young, Around the World with General Grant: A Narrative of the Visit of General U.S. Grant, Ex-president of the United States, to Various Countries in Europe, Asia, and Africa in 1877, 1878, 1879, 2 vols. (New York: American News, 1879), 2:354.
3. James G. Randall, Lincoln the Liberal Statesman (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1947); Allan Nevins, The Statesmanship of the Civil War (New York: Macmillan, 1962); John Thomas, ed., Abraham Lincoln and the American Political Tradition (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1986); Mark E. Neely, The Last Best Hope of Earth: Abraham Lincoln and the Promise of America (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1993); Philip Shaw Paludan, The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1994); David Herbert Donald, ed., Lincoln Reconsidered: Essays on the Civil War Era (New York: Vintage, 2001); William Lee Miller, President Lincoln: The Duty of a Statesman (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2008).
4. Louis A. Warren, Lincoln’s Youth: Indiana Years, Seven to Twenty-One (New York: Appleton, Century, Crofts, 1959), 225.
5. T. Harry Williams, Lincoln and His Generals (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1952); Allan Nevins, The War for the Union, vol. 1, The Improvised War, 1861–1862 (New York: Charles Scribners’ Sons, 1959).
6. George W. Julian, Personal Recollections, 1840–1872 (Chicago: Jansen, McClurg, 1884), 201.
7. John G. Nicolay and John Hay, Abraham Lincoln: A History (New York: Century, 1890), 5:155–56.
8. Abraham Lincoln to Don Carlos Buell (copy to Henry Halleck), January 13, 1862, Lincoln Works, 5:98–99.
9. James M. McPherson, Tried by War: Abraham Lincoln as Commander in Chief (New York: Penguin, 2008), 268.
10. Abraham Lincoln to General Henry Halleck, September 19, 1863, Lincoln Writings, 782–83.
11. Jean Edward Smith, Grant (New York: Touchstone, 2001), 171.
12. Charles Bracelen Flood, Grant and Sherman: The Friendship That Won the Civil War (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2005).
13. Grant Memoirs, 175–76.
14. James M. McPherson, The Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 328.
15. McPherson, Tried by War, 42.
16. Edward Hagerman, The American Civil War and the Origin of Modern Warfare: Ideas, Organization, and Field Command (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988).
17. David D. Porter, The Naval History of the Civil War (Secaucus NJ: Castle, 1984).
18. Stephen R. Wise, Lifeline of the Confederacy: Blockade Running during the Civil War (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1988).
19. Beringer et al., Why the South Lost, 55, 56.
20. Beringer et al., Why the South Lost, 247.
21. Michael Fellman, Inside War: The Guerilla Conflict in Missouri during the American Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 23–24.
22. Fellman, Inside War, 88.
23. Hattaway and Jones, How the North Won, 17–18.
24. Alice Fahs, The Imagined Civil War: Popular Literature of the North and South, 1861–1865 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001).
25. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 306–7.
26. Paludan, Presidency of Abraham Lincoln, 198; McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 600.
27. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 608.
28. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 792, 799, 802.
29. Ira Berlin, Barbara J. Fields, Thavolia Glymph, Joseph Reidy, and Leslie Rowland, eds., Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation, 3 vols. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982); Louis Gerteis, From Contraband to Freedman: Federal Policy toward Southern Blacks, 1861–1865 (Westport CT: Greenwood Press, 1973).
30. Robert E. Lee to Andrew Hunter, January 11, 1865, Official Records, ser. 4, vol. 3, pp. 1012–13.
31. Beringer et al., Why the South Lost, 392.
32. David M. Potter, The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861 (New York: Harper and Row, 1976), 29–50; Bruce Levine, Half Slave and Half Free: The Roots of Civil War (New York: Hill and Wang, 2005); Elizabeth R. Varon, Disunion!: The Coming of the American Civil War, 1789–1859 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008).
33. For an excellent overview of how traditional southerners then and thereafter justify their rebellion and war against the United States, see Edward L. Ayers, What Caused the Civil War: Reflections on the South and Southern History (New York: W. W. Norton, 2005). See also David Blight, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 2001).
34. For the best, though ultimately flawed, argument that emphasizes economic divisions between North and South, see Charles Beard and Mary Beard, The Rise of American Civilization (New York: Macmillan, 1927). For a broader view that embraces social as well as economic divisions while dismissing slavery as the war’s cause, see Arthur C. Cole, The Irrepressible Conflict (New York: Macmillan, 1934). For an excellent critique of this view, see Eric Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).
35. Frederick Douglass, “There Was a Right Side in the Late War,” in Frederick Douglass: Selected Speeches and Writings, ed. Philip Foner (Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, 1999), 632.
36. Second Inaugural Address, March 4, 1865, Lincoln Works, 8:333, 4:434n.
37. Eric Foner, A Short History of Reconstruction (New York: Harper and Row, 1990), 193.
38. Charles Sumner to John Bright, August 5, 1862, in The Selected Letters of Charles Sumner, ed. Beverly Palmer (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1990), 2:122.
39. Annual Address to Congress, December 1, 1862, Lincoln Works, 4:438, 5:537.
40. Earl J. Hess, Liberty, Virtue, and Progress: Northerners and Their War for the Union (New York: Fordham University Press, 1997); Susan-Mary Grant, North over South: Northern Nationalism and American Identity in the Antebellum Era (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2000); Mark Voss-Hubbard, Beyond Party: Cultures of Anti-partisanship in Northern Politics before the Civil War (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002).
41. Frederick Douglass, The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass (New York: Modern Library, 1994), 785–86.
42. Philip S. Foner, ed., The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass (New York: International Publishers, 1950–55), 4:309–19.
43. Wilbur Zelinsky, Nation into State: The Shifting Symbolic Foundations of American Nationalism (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988); Seymour M. Lipset, American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword (New York: W. W. Norton, 1996); Grant, North over South; Melinda Lawson, Patriot Fires: Forging a New American Nationalism in the Civil War North (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002); Susan-Mary Grant and Peter J. Parrish, eds., The Legacy of Disunion: The Enduring Significance of the American Civil War (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2003).
44. Books D. Simpson, The Reconstruction Presidents (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998), 188.
45. James M. McPherson, Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 13.
46. Dee Brown, The Year of the Century: 1876 (New York: Scribners’ Sons, 1966), 248.
47. For perhaps the best analysis of this theme, see Richa
rd Slotkin’s brilliant trilogy: Regeneration through Violence: The Mythology of the American Frontier, 1600–1860 (New York: Harper Perennial, 1973); The Fatal Environment: The Myth of the Frontier in the Age of Industrialization (Middletown CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1985); Gunfighter Nation: The Myth of the Frontier in Twentieth-Century America (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1992).
48. Theodore Calvin Pease and James G. Randall, eds., The Diary of Orville Hickman Browning, 2 vols. (Springfield: Illinois State Historical Library, 1925–33), 1:600.
49. Alan M. Kraut, ed., Crusaders and Compromisers: Essays on the Relationship of the Antislavery Struggle to the Antebellum Party System (Westport CT: Greenwood Press, 1983); David F. Ericson, The Debate over Slavery: Antislavery and Proslavery Liberalism in Antebellum America (New York: New York University Press, 2000); Mason I. Lowance, ed., A House Divided: The Antebellum Slavery Debate in America, 1776–1865 (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003).
50. Zelinsky, Nation into State.
51. Edward Pessen, “How Different from Each Other Were the Antebellum North and South?,” American Historical Review 85 (December 1980): 1119–49; James L. Huston, Calculating the Value of the Union: Slavery, Property Rights, and the Economic Origins of the Civil War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003); Jonathan Daniel Wells, The Origins of the Southern Middle Class, 1800–1861 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004).
52. Nicolay and Hay, Abraham Lincoln, 10:302.
INDEX
For the reader’s convenience there are entries for arts and literature; associations; battles (non–Civil War); Civil War; corporations; forts; Indian chiefs; Indian tribes (by region); Abraham Lincoln; newspapers and publishers; philosophy; Reconstruction; religion; rivers; schools; treaties and agreements; United States, pre-1860; wars (non–Civil War); and women’s rights. Cities and towns are grouped with their respective states, and countries are grouped with their respective continents or regions.
Adams, Charles Francis, 20, 97–98, 129, 130, 196–97, 285 Adams, Charles Francis, 20, 97–98, 129, 130, 196–97, 285
Adams, Henry, 287
Adams, John, 278
Adams, John Quincy, 11, 15
Africa, 40, 45
Egypt, 196, 236
Liberia, 131, 149, 153
Alabama, 39, 43, 44, 98, 191, 239, 246
Alabama Convention
Mobile, 66, 171, 179, 181, 191, 192
Montgomery, 98, 111, 114, 171, 179
Alaska, 260, 269, 283
Alcott, Bronson, 278
Alger, Horatio, 279
Ames, Oakes, 252
Anderson, “Bloody Bill,” 297
Anderson, Robert, 109, 111
Andrew, John, 210
Anti-Masonic Party, 47
Antony, Susan B., 253
Arizona, 63
Arkansas, 39, 99, 114, 123, 134, 207, 239, 246
Fayetteville, 123
arts and literature
books
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (Twain), 277
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (Twain), 277
Aesop’s Fables (Grimshaw), 23
Age of Reason (Paine), 26
Bible, 23
Blackstone’s Commentaries, 26
Cannibals All!; or, Slaves without Masters (Fitzhugh), 43
The Confidence Man (Melville), 276
Drum Taps (Whitman), 277
The Elements of Military Art and Science (Halleck), 143, 290, 291
Elements of Political Economy (Wayland), 160
Euclid’s geometry, 32
Financial Crises (Carey), 72
Gilded Age (Twain), 277
The Harmony of Interests (Carey), 72
History of the United States (Grimshaw), 23
The Impending Crisis of the South (Helper), 87
Innocents Abroad (Twain), 277
Kit Carson (Averill), 279–80
Leatherstocking novels (Fenimore Cooper), 279
Leaves of Grass (Whitman), 277
Lessons in Elocution (Scott), 23
Life of George Washington (Weems), 23
Mardi (Melville), 276
Moby-Dick; or, The Whale (Melville), 276–77
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass (Douglass), 20, 41
Notes on the State of Virginia (Jefferson), 38
Omoo (Melville), 276
The Oregon Trail (Parkman), 276
Pierre (Melville), 276
Pilgrim’s Progress (Bunyan), 23
Principles of Political Economy (Carey), 160
The Principles of Social Science (Carey), 72
Redburn (Melville), 276
Roughing It (Twain), 277
Ruins of Civilization (de Volney), 26
The Slave Trade (Carey), 72
Sociology for the South; or, the Failure of Free Society (Fitzhugh), 43
Specimen Days (Whitman), 277
Typee (Melville), 276
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 37, 231
White-Jacket (Melville), 276
paintings
Advice on the Prairie (Ranney), 275
Arrangement in Grey and Black (Whistler), 275
Breezing Up (Homer), 276
Canvassing for a Vote (Bingham), 275
The County Election (Bingham), 275
Daniel Boone Escorting Settlers through the Cumberland Gap (Bingham), 275
Death Struggle (Deas), 275
Eel Spearing at Setauket (Mount), 275
Emigrants Crossing the Plains (Bier-stadt), 275
Fur Traders Descending the Missouri (Bingham), 275
The Gross Clinic (Eakins), 276
The Jolly Flatboatmen (Bingham), 275
Kindred Spirits (Durand), 274
Long Jake (Deas), 275
Max Schmitt in a Single Scull (Eakins), 276
Nocturne in Blue and Gold (Whistler), 275
Prisoners from the Front (Homer), 276
Sailboats Racing on the Delaware (Eakins), 276
Snap the Whip (Homer), 276
Stump Speaking (Bingham), 275
Trapper’s Bride (Miller), 275
Verdict of the People (Bingham), 274
Veteran in a New Field (Homer), 276
Washington Crossing the Delaware (Leutze), 275
Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way (Leutze), 275
Whistler’s Mother (Whistler), 275
The White Girl (Whistler), 275
painting schools
Hudson River, 274
luminist, 274
Rocky Mountain, 275
photographs
Driving of the Gold Stake (Russell), 276
Rebel Prisoners at Gettysburg (Brady), 276
Ashley, James, 146, 147
Ashmun, George, 13
Asia
China, 68–69, 283
India, 196, 236
Japan, 69–70, 260, 283, 310
Ryukyu (Okinawa) Islands, 70
associations
American Colonization Society, 40
American Federation of Labor (AFL), 256
American Missionary Society, 247
Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, 310
Chamber of Commerce, 310
Chautauqua Institute, 280
Grange Movement, 256
Loyal Publications Society, 185
Massachusetts General Colored Association, 4
Metaphysical Club, 278
Molly Mcguires, 257
New England Anti-Slavery Society, 41
New England Emigrant Aid Society, 59
New York Society for Manumission of Slaves, 38
Saturday Club, 278
Underground Railroad, 51
Union Association of New Orleans, 151
Wide Awake Clubs, 95
Atchinson, David, 59
Atlantic Ocean, 260
Averill, Charles, 279–80
Babcock, Orville, 243, 252, 272
Badge,
George, 15
Bailey, Joseph, 191–92
Baker, Edward, 120
Banks, Nathaniel, 141, 143, 151, 169, 176, 177, 191, 192, 197, 229, 293, 296, 300
Barnum, P. T., 280, 310
Barton, Clara, 204
Bates, Edward, 94, 95, 106, 110, 111, 215, 297
battles (non–Civil War)
Ash Hollow, 263
Buena Vista, 46
Harpers Ferry, 46, 88–89
Little Big Horn, 283, 285
Monterrey, 46
Mountain Meadows Massacre, 82
Palo Alto, 46
Resaca de Palma, 46
Rosebud, 283–84, 285
Sand Creek, 265
Beauregard, Pierre, 111, 117–18, 125, 137, 191
Beecher, Henry Ward, 60
Belknap, William, 250, 252
Bell, John, 96
Berry, William, 15
Bierstadt, Albert, 275
Bingham, George Caleb, 274–75
Birney, James, 40
Blackstone, William, 26
Blaine, James, 285
Blair, Francis, 106, 121, 216
Blair, Montgomery, 106, 110, 113, 130, 208, 215
Booth, John Wilkes, 220
Borland, Solon, 65
Bourie, Adolphe, 243, 271
Boutwell, George, 243, 251, 271
Brady, Mathew, 276
Bragg, Braxton, 157, 171, 179, 181–82, 291
Brannan, Sam, 16
Breckinridge, John, 96, 191
Bristow, Benjamin, 252
Brooke, James, 252
Brooks, Noah, 215
Brooks, Preston, 61
Brown, John, 46, 61, 88–89
Browning, Orville, 289, 310
Bruce, James (Earl of Elgin), 65
Bryant, William Cullen, 93, 274, 277, 285
Buchannan, James, 6, 52, 64, 73, 76–77, 79, 80, 82, 86, 96–97, 104, 107
Buckner, Simon, 133
Buell, Don Carlos, 133–34, 136, 148, 157, 169, 170, 291, 293, 296
Bulwer, Henry, 65
Buntline, Ned (Edward Judson), 279
Bunyan, John, 23
Burns, Antony, 50
Burnside, Ambrose, 135, 141, 148, 170–71, 172, 180, 181, 184, 192, 193, 293
Butler, Andrew, 61
Butler, Benjamin, 137, 147, 148, 150–51, 169, 190, 191, 214, 229, 293
Calhoun, John, 43, 44, 46, 277
California, 11, 14, 47, 48, 49, 62, 66, 69, 72, 82, 262, 263, 264, 309
Central Valley, 16
New Helvetia, 16
Sacramento, 167
The Age of Lincoln and the Art of American Power, 1848-1876 Page 43