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PHOTO CREDITS
Jacket: The jacket image reproduces a contemporary
mural from Puri, in Orissa, serigraphed on recycled
handmade paper, by Santi Arts, India
(www.santiarts.com), who have kindly given us
permission to reprint it here. It depicts the god
Krishna riding on a horse composed of the cowherd
women who love him.
p. xviii. J. Jastrow, “The Mind’s Eye,” Popular
Science
Monthly 54 (1899), 299.
p. 22. Courtesy of Dr. Vandana Sinha, Director
(Academic), Center for Art & Archaeology, American
Institute of Indian Studies.
p. 65. Courtesy of Harappa.com. Seal held at the
National Museum of Pakistan, Karachi. Originally
printed in John Hubert Marshall, Mohenjo-daro
and the Indus civilization (1931).
p. 73. Copyright Harappa Archaeological Research
Project, Courtesy Department of Archaeology and
Museums, Government of Pakistan, and Harappa
.com.
p. 79. Courtesy of the National Museum of India
and Greg Possehl.
p. 84. Courtesy of Frederick Asher.
p. 346. Courtesy of Carmel Berkson.
p. 441. Courtesy of Carmel Berkson.
p. 682. Courtesy of Stephen Inglis.
p. 683. Courtesy of Stephen Inglis.
p. 686. Painting by Dulari Devi, Ranti, Madhubani,
Bihar, in the collection of Susan S. Wadley. I
am grateful to Dulari Devi, Susan S. Wadley, and
David Szanton for permission to reproduce it here.
Grateful acknowledgment is made for permission to reprint selections from the following copyrighted works:
Textual Sources for the Study of Hinduism by Wendy Doniger O’Flaherty (University of Chicago Press, 1990). Selection translated by David Shulman. By permission of Wendy Doniger O’Flaherty and David Shulman.
Speaking of Siva, translated with an introduction by A. K. Ramanujan (Penguin Classics, 1973). Copyright © A. K. Ramanujan, 1973. By permission of Penguin Books Ltd, London.
Songs of Experience: The Poetics of Tamil Devotion by Norman Cutler. Copyright © 1987 by Norman Cutler. Reprinted with permission of Indiana University Press.
Hymns for the Drowning: Poems for Visnu by Nammalvar, translated by A. K. Ramanujan (Princeton University Press, 1981). By permission of Molly A. Daniels Ramanujan.
“From Classicism to Bhakti” by A. K. Ramanujan and Norman Cutler from The Collected Essays of A. K. Ramanujan, edited by Vinay Dharwadker. Reprinted by permission of Oxford University Press India, New Delhi.
The Bijak of Kabir, translated by Linda Hess (Oxford University Press, 2002). By permission of Linda Hess.
Says Tuka: Selected Poetry of Tukaram, translated by Dilip Chitre (Penguin India, 1991). By permission of Dilip Chitre.
Songs of the Saints of India by John Stratton Hawley and Mark Juergensmeyer. Reprinted by permission of Oxford University Press India, New Delhi.
Three Bhakti Voices: Mirabai, Surdas and Kabir in Their Times and Ours by John Stratton Hawley. Reprinted by permission of Oxford University Press India, New Delhi.
When God Is A Customer: Telugu Courtesan Songs by Ksetrayya and Others, edited and translated by A. K. Ramanujan, Narayana Rao and David Shulman. © 1994 Regents of the University of California. Published by the University of California Press. By permission of the publisher.
Dalit Vision by Gail Omvedt. © Orient Blackswan Pvt, India. By permission of Orient Blackswan.
An Anthology of Dalit Literature by Mulk Raj Anand and Eleanor Zelliot (Gyan Publishing House, 1992). Selection translated by Jayant Karve and Eleanor Zelliot. By permission of Eleanor Zelliot.
Vidrohi Kavita, edited by Keshav Meshram (Continental Prakashan, 1987). Selection translated by Gauri Deshpande and others. By permission of Eleanor Zelliot.
INDEX
Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
Abhimanyu (son of Arjuna)
Abhinavagupta (philosopher)
abortion
Abraham, Prophet
Abstract of the Arguments Regarding the Burning of Widows Considered as a Religious Rite (Roy)
Abu al-Malik ‘Isami
accidental grace
dogs’ role in
hate-devotion doctrine and
in Puranas
Tantric ritual and
undeserving devotee theme and
Acts of Saint Thomas
addiction(s)
control of
four major
in Kama-sutra
Manu and
in Mughal Empire
renunciation and
in Rig Veda
in shastras
in Upanishads
women and
Adharma (antonym of Dharma)
Adhyatma-Ramayana
Adi (antigod)
Aditi (goddess of infinity)
Adivasis (tribals)
Devi movement and
Advaita (nondualism)
Advani. K.
Afghanistan
agamas (texts)
Agastya (sage)
Age of the Trey (Treta Yuga)
Age of Truth (Satya Yuga)
Aghorashiva (philosophy)
Aghoris (sect)
Agni (god)
in Rig Veda
Agni Purana
Ahalya (adultress)
Ahalyabhai, Queen
ahimsa (nonviolence)
Ahura Mazda (Avestian god)
Aims of Life
dharma and
diversity among texts of
idea of triads and
Kama-sutra and
moksha and
as quartet
rebirth and
renunciation and
Ain-i-Akbari
Ajatashatru, king of Kashi
Ajivikas (sect of renouncers)
akam Tamil love poetry
Akbar, Mughal emperor
nonviolence vows of
pluralism of
reign of
Akbar-Nama
Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad (ABVP) (All-India Students’ Council)
Alcoholics Anonymous
Alexander III (the Great), king of Macedonia
Allah
Allen, Woody
All India Handicrafts Board
All-India Students’ Council (Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad) (ABVP)
All’s Well That Ends Well (Shakespeare)
Alvars (Tamil Vaishnava saints)
Amaravati, stupa of
Amar Chitra Katha (comic book)
Amba, Princess
Ambalika, Princess
Ambar, Malik
Ambedkar, Bhimrao Ramji
Ambika (Little Mother, goddess)
Ambika, Princess
American Anthropologist
American Hindus Against Defamation
Ammaiyar, Karaikkal
Amritsar massacre
Anandamath (“The Mission House”) (Chatterji)
Angadi synagogue
Animal Farm (Orwell)
animals
on Ashoka’s stone edicts
in Bhimbetka cave paintings
domestic
“helpful”
in IVC culture
in Mahabharata
Manu and
in Puranas
in Ramayana
sacrifice of, see sacrifice
Sanskrit and
in shastras
Tantras and
in Upanishads
Vedic people and
as vehicles for gods
see also specific animals
Annamayya (poet)
Annapurna (goddess)
Antal (Tamil saint)
antigods (Asuras)
good and evil
Vishnu-Brahma myth and
Antony and Cleopatra (Shakespeare)
Antyajas (tribal caste)
apad-dharma
Apala (Vedic woman poet)
Apararka (commentator)
Apasadas (Low and Excluded caste)
Appar (saint)
Apsarases (nymphs)
Aquaviva, Father
Arabian Nights, The
Aranyakas (Jungle Books)
Archaeological Survey of India
Archer, Mildred
Archer, William
; Archimedes
Arctic Home in the Vedas, The (Tilak)
Ardhanarishvara (Shiva as androgyne)
Aristophanes
Arjan (Sikh guru)
Arjuna (warrior)
in Bhagavad Gita
see also Pandavas
Arnold, Edwin
artha
Artha-shastra
caste in
homosexuality in
marriage debate in
Arya (Vedic “noble”)
Aryabhata (astronomer)
Aryans
Nazis and
Arya Samaj
reconversion ceremony of
Ashoka, Mauryan emperor
animals and
Buddhism and
edicts of
myths of
pilgrimage tradition and
Ashvaghosha (poet)
Ashva-shastra (textbook of horses)
Ashvins (equine gods)
Asiatic Society of Bengal
Asoka (film)
Asuras, see antigods
Asuri (female antigod)
Atharva Veda
atman
Auden, W. H.
Augustine, Saint
Aurangzeb, Mughal emperor
Australia
Avalon, Arthur (John Woodroffe)
avatar
Avataric Evolution
Avesta
Ayomukhi (ogress)
Babhruvahana, King
Babri Masjid (mosque)
destruction of
Babur, Mughal emperor
memoir of
reign of
Baburnama
Backward Castes
Bacon, Francis
Badarayana (author)
Bahadur, Tegh
Bahuchara Mata (goddess)
Baker, Deborah
Bakr-Id festival
Balarama (brother of Krishna)
Bala-Ramayana
Balban, Sultan
Bali (antigod)
Baluchistan
Bana (poet)
Bangladesh
Baniya (caste)
Banu, Hamideh
banyan tree
Barani, Ziya’-ud-Din
Bardwaj, Jitendra
Basava (founder of Virashaivism)
Basava Puranas
Basohli painting
Basu, Nupur
Bauls of Bengal
BBC
Beatles
Beer, Michael
Begum, Dildar
Bentinck, William
Bhagat, Surekha
Bhagavad Gita
bhakti and
The Hindus Page 103