[31] Lancet, 2 April 1955, p.702 cited at Bayly, Beddow M., 1956, loc. cit.
[32] Sass, Edmund, 2001, loc. cit.
[33] Bayly, Beddow M, 1956, loc. cit.
[34] ibid.
[35]Time Magazine Archives, Closing in on Polio, 29 March 1954,
[36] Bayly, Beddow M., 1956, loc. cit.
[37] Hellman, Hall, 2001, op. cit., p.138.
[38]Academy of Achievement, 2005, Interview: Jonas Salk M.D., loc. cit.
[39]Sanofi Pasteur SA, Conquering Polio: Competition to develop an oral vaccine,
[40]PBS Online, Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries, Salk Produces Polio Vaccine, loc. cit.
[41]Unfortunately for Koprowski the results of his trials have remained controversial. One theory for the origin of the global AIDS pandemic is that it developed from contaminated vaccines used in the trials of Koprowski’s polio vaccine, which was given to over 1 million people. It is suggested that AIDS originated as a result of the inadvertent vaccination of trial participants with an HIV-like virus present in the monkey kidney cell cultures used to prepare the vaccine. Counterarguments were that Koprowski’s vaccine was also tested on thousands of people in Poland, but there was no evidence of early HIV infection there. Many hypotheses regarding the origin of AIDS have been proposed. In 2006, 25 years after the first AIDS cases emerged, scientists from the University of Alabama in the United States, led by Dr Beatrice Hahn, confirmed that the HIV virus plaguing humans originated in wild chimpanzees in a remote part of Cameroon. Genetic analysis identified chimp communities whose viral strains were most closely related to the human strain of the AIDS virus, HIV-1. Results of the study were published in Science magazine on 25 May 2006. See Hahn, Beatrice H. et al., Chimpanzee Reservoirs of Pandemic and Nonpandemic HIV-1, 26 May 2006, Science magazine,
[42] Bayly, Beddow M., 1956, loc. cit.
[43]Sanofi Pasteur SA, Conquering Polio: Competition to develop an oral vaccine, loc. cit.
[44] Hellman, Hall, 2001, op. cit., p.138.
[45]Blume, Stuart and Geesink, Ingrid, Essay on Science and Society: A Brief History of Polio, Science, 2 June 2000, Vol 288, no.5471, pp.1593-1594.
[46] Hellman, Hall, 2001, op. cit., p.139.
[47]PBS Online, Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries, Jonas Salk 1914-1995,
[48]Academy of Achievement, 2005, Interview: Jonas Salk M.D., loc. cit.
[49] Hellman, Hall, 2001, op. cit., p.141.
[50] ibid.
[51]Baker, Aryn, ‘One Child at a Time: A new outbreak of polio in Africa underscores the difficulty of wiping out a stubborn global scourge’, Time, 12 July 2004/No.27, p.48. 52. ibid.
[52] ibid.
[53]UNICEF, Despite Difficulties, Polio Immunisation Drive Underway in Iraq, 15 November, 2006,
[54] ibid.
CHAPTER TEN
[1] Elion, Gertrude B., 2007, Autobiography, Les Prix Nobel,
[2]Hitchings, George, cited in The Chemical Heritage Foundation, 2001 George Hitchings: Pharmaceutical achiever,
[3] National Cancer Institute—US National Institutes of Health, 2007, Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic, Leukemias
[4] Leukaemia Foundation, About the Diseases: Leukaemias,
[5] Avery, Mary Ellen, Gertrude B. Elion, January 23, 1918–February 21, 1999, Biographical Memoirs, National Academy of Sciences,
[6] Elion, Gertrude, cited in Avery, Mary Ellen, loc. cit.
[7] Chemical Heritage Foundation, 2001, Gertrude Belle Elion—A lifeline,
[8] Elion, Gertrude, cited in Avery, Mary Ellen, loc. cit.
[9] Academy of Achievement, 2005, Interview: Gertrude Elion Nobel Prize in Medicine, 6 March1991,
[10] Elion Gertrude, cited in Avery, Mary Ellen, loc. cit.
[11] Bowden, Mary Ellen, 2002, George Hitchings (1905–1998) and Gertrude Elion (1918–1999), The Chemical Heritage Foundation,
[12] The Chemical Heritage Foundation, 2001, George Hitchings: Pharmaceutical achiever, loc. cit.
[13] GlaxoSmithKline, 2007, The Legacy of Great Science: The work of Nobel Laureate Gertrude Elion lives on, 16 March 2007, GSK in focus,
[14] ibid.
[15] Strauss, Eugene W. and Strauss, Alex, 2006, op. cit., p.266.
[16] Academy of Achievement, 2005, Interview: Gertrude Elion Nobel Prize in Medicine, 6 March 1991, loc. cit.
[17] Avery, Mary Ellen, Gertrude B. Elion, January 23, 1918–February 21, 1999, loc. cit.
[18] Strauss, Eugene W. and Strauss, Alex, 2006, Medical Marvels: The 100 greatest advances in medicine, op. cit., p.266.
[19] Bowden, Mary Ellen, 2002, George Hitchings (1905–1998) and Gertrude Elion (1918–1999), loc. cit.
[20] Strauss, Eugene W. and Strauss, Alex, 2006, op. cit., p.267
[21] Academy of Achievement, 2005, Interview: Gertrude Elion Nobel Prize in Medicine, 6 March 1991, loc. cit.
[22] Avery, Mary Ellen, Gertrude B. Elion, January 23, 1918–February 21, 1999, loc. cit.
[23] ibid.
[24]virtualmedicalcentre.com, Childhood Leukaemia,
[25] Bowden, Mary Ellen, 2002, George Hitchings (1905–1998) and Gertrude Elion (1918–1999), loc. cit.
[26] Chemical Heritage Foundation, 2001, Gertrude Belle Elion—A lifeline,
[27] GlaxoSmithKline, 2007, The Legacy of Great Science: The work of Nobel Laureate Gertrude Elion lives on, loc. cit.
[28]Transweb.org, Imuran: another miracle drug,
[29] GlaxoSmithKline, 2007, The Legacy of Great Science: The work of Nobel Laureate Gertrude Elion lives on, loc. cit.
[30] Bowden, Mary Ellen, 2002, George Hitchings (1905–1998) and Gertrude Elion (1918–1999), loc. cit.
[31] Elion, Gertrude, cited in Avery, Mary Ellen, Gertrude B. Elion, January 23, 1918–February 21, 1999, loc. cit.
[32] ibid
[33] Nobel Prize, George H. Hitchings, The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1988: Autobiography,
[34] Elion, Gertrude B., 2007, Autobiography, Les Prix Nobel,
[35] Elion, Gertrude, cited in Avery, Mary Ellen, Gertrude B. Elion, January 23, 1918–February 21, 1999, loc. cit.
[36] Avery, Mary Ellen, Gertrude B. Elion, January 23, 1918–February 21, 1999, loc. cit.
[37] Academy of Achievement, 2005, Interview: Gertrude Elion Nobel Prize in Medicine, 6 March 1991,
[38] GlaxoSmithKline, 2007, The Legacy of Great science: The work of Nobel Laureate Gertrude Elion lives on, loc. cit.
[39] The Chemical Heritage Foundation, 2001, George Hitchings: Pharmaceutical achiever, loc. cit.
[40] ibid.
[41] JewishWomen’s Archive, 2003, Article from Burroughs Wellcome Newsletter Announcing Gertrude Elion’s Receipt of the American Chemical Society’s Garvan Medal 1968,
[42] GlaxoSmithKline, 2007, The Legacy of Great Science: The work of Nobel Laureate Gertrude Elion lives on, loc. cit.
[43] ibid.
/> [44] ibid.
[45] Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Children’s Hospital Boston, 2007, Press Release: Scientists isolate leukemia stem cells in a model of human leukemia, 1 August 2006,
[46]ibid.
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Smallpox, Syphilis and Salvation Page 37