Smallpox, Syphilis and Salvation
Page 39
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VISUAL MEDIA
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Back Cover Material
Since ancient times the search for cures for the great scourges that have afflicted humankind has been an ongoing quest, but it is only within the last 200 years that major breakthroughs have occurred and the development of modern medicine has accelerated. The stories behind these miraculous cures are those of intense rivalries and jealousies, bitter public humiliation, unswerving dedication, subterfuge, and great personal struggles.
Often these medical advances have truly changed the world. When Edward Jenner developed the concept of vaccination, and with it the cure for smallpox, he found a way to defeat a disease that had affected half a billion people—more than all those affected by wars and other epidemics combined. And while the Black Death still lingers in pockets around the world, it no longer threatens to destroy entire civilisations as it once did.
Smallpox, Syphilis and Salvation uncovers the compelling stories of the men and women, innovations and accidents that have led to diseases from polio to syphilis, diphtheria to diabetes, tetanus to leukaemia no longer being the death sentences they once were. It also sounds a note of warning—for some of these diseases are fighting back. It is estimated that tuberculosis now claims one life every fifteen seconds, while new ‘superbugs’ are resistant to penicillin and other antibiotics. Diseases may once again threaten to crush the world’s population, either in the form of biological warfare or simply because they want to survive as much as we do...
INDEX
A
antibiotic, meaning of, 1
natural produced, 1
treatment pre-penicillin, 1, 2, 3
antibiotic, broad-spectrum, 1, 2, 3
first synthetic, 1
anthrax, 1, 2, 3, 4
cause, 1, 2
discovery of spore, 1
experiments on, 1
Koch’s work on, 1
transmission, 1
attenuated pathogens, 1, 2
B
Banting, Frederick, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20
early life and career, 1, 2, 3
honours and death, 1
later life and career, 1
Noble Prize awarded, 1
insulin research, 1, 2
Behring, Emil von, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17
Blood Serum Therapy, 1, 2
developing antitoxins, 1
diphtheria serum research, 1, 2, 3
early life and army service, 1, 2
formation of Behringwerke, 1
honours and death, 1, 2
in Berlin, 1
later career and life, 1, 2
Nobel Prize awarded, 1
partnership with Ehrlich, 1
rivalry with Ehrlich, 1, 2
tetanus research, 1
tuberculosis research, 1, 2
Best, Charles, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18
early life and career, 1, 2
his resentment, 1, 2
later career, honours and death, 1, 2, 3, 4
not awarded Nobel Prize, 1
insulin research, 1
bio-terrorism, threat of, 1, 2, 3, 4
Black Death, the, reason for name, 1
combination of three forms, 1
see also bubonic plague
Blood Serum Therapy, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Blossom the cow, 1
bubonic plague, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,
13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28
bio-terrorism and, 1, 2
classified ‘re-emerging disease’, 1
description of symptoms, 1
early history, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
genetic structure of, 1
in the nineteenth century, 1, 2
later outbreaks, 1, 2, 3
modern treatment methods, 1
search for cause, 1, 2, 3
three forms of plague, 1, 2
transmitted by fleas, 1, 2
vaccine for, 1, 2, 3
C
Calmette, Léon Albert, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
at Pasteur Institute, 1, 2, 3
discovery of vaccine forTB, 1, 2
death, 1
early life and career, 1, 2
cancer treatment, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32
cancer as a poison, 1
childhood leukaemia, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25
gene manipulation as, 1, 2
most common causes of death, 1
treatment by surgery, 1, 2
cervical cancer vaccine, 1, 2, 3
Chain, Ernst, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12
disagreement about patent, 1
later career and honours, 1, 2
life in Germany, 1
Nobel Prize awarded, 1
penicillin research, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
chemotherapy, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
combination therapy, 1, 2
leukaemia, for, 1, 2
modern meaning of, 1
theory of ‘magic bullets’, 1
chicken cholera, 1
childbirth fever, 1, 2
cholera, 1, 2, 3
first vaccine developed, 1
tests on humans, 1, 2
Collip, James, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
early life, 1
later career, 1, 2
purifies insulin, 1, 2
Compound 606 (Salvarsan), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
‘consumption, the’, 1
Cox, Herald R., 1, 2, 3
Cutter Laboratories, 1, 2
D
diabetes, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
associated conditions, 1
description, 1
recent developments, 1, 2, 3, 4
symptoms and early treatment, 1, 2, 3, 4
treatment with insulin, 1
Type I, 1, 2
Type II, 1, 2
diphtheria, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17
development of serum, 1, 2, 3, 4
early treatment, 1
fall in death rate, 1
history of, 1
isolation of bacillus, 1
later research, 1, 2
modern diagnosis, 1
research at Pasteur Institute, 1, 2
symptoms and cause, 1
twentieth century onwards, 1, 2, 3
DTP and DTaP vaccines, 1
E
Ehrlich, Paul, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23
Blood Serum Therapy, 1
chemotherapy, 1
developed stains for bacteria, 1, 2
diphtheria serum research, 1
early life and career, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
honours and awards, 1
later life and death, 1, 2
legacy and cancer treatment, 1, 2, 3
Nobel Prize awarded, 1
rivalry with Behring, 1, 2
Side-chain Theory of Immunity, 1, 2
sleeping sickness research, 1
summation of career, 1
Eli Lilly and Co., 1, 2, 3
Elion, Gertrude, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24
creation of 6-MP, 1, 2, 3
early life and career, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
later career and retirement, 1, 2
Nobel Prize awarded, 1
nucleic acid research, 1, 2
other awards and death, 1, 2, 3
other drugs developed, 1
rational drug design, 1, 2
transplant surgery drugs, 1, 2
work at Wellcome Labs, 1, 2
Enders, Weller and Robbins, 1, 2
Epidemic and Pandemic Alert Response, 1
F
Fermentation, Pasteur’s experiments in, 1, 2, 3
Fleming, Alexander, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
couldn’t extract active ingredient, 1
early life and career, 1, 2
honours and death, 1
names penicillin, 1
Nobel Prize awarded, 1
notices mould, 1, 2, 3
Florey, Ethel, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
early life and training, 1, 2, 3
honours, later life and death, 1, 2
war work, 1
Florey, Howard, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27
early career in England, 1, 2, 3
early life and career, 1, 2
increasing the yield, 1, 2, 3
later life, honours and death, 1, 2, 3
Nobel Prize awarded, 1
penicillin research, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
search for natural antibiotics, 1
testing in North Africa, 1, 2
G
Germ Theory of Disease, 1, 2
GlaxoSmithKline, 1, 2, 3, 4
gonorrhoea, 1, 2
Guérin, Camille, 1, 2, 3, 4
Death, 1
Discovers TB vaccine, 1, 2
H
Haffkine, Walter, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
cholera vaccine developed, 1, 2
early life and career, 1, 2, 3
honours, 1
later life and death, 1, 2
plague vaccine developed, 1
self-experimentation, 1, 2
Heatley, Norman, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13
awards and honours, 1, 2
technical ingenuity, 1, 2, 3, 4
work in the USA, 1, 2, 3
penicillin research, 1, 2
Hitchings, George, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19
creation of 6-MP, 1, 2, 3
early life and career, 1, 2, 3
later career and retirement, 1, 2
later life and death, 1, 2, 3
Nobel Prize awarded, 1
nucleic acid research, 1, 2
other drugs developed, 1
rational drug design, 1, 2
transplant surgery drugs, 1, 2
Hoechst pharmaceutical company, 1, 2, 3
hormones, discovery of, 1
I
insulin, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23
controversy re discovery, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
early research, 1, 2, 3
modern research, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
patent and proceeds, 1
Paulesco’s discovery, 1
purpose of, 1
research and clinical trials, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Scott’s technique, 1
islets of Langerhans, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
J
Jenner, Edward, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22
childhood, 1
cowpox protection theory, 1