Leonardo's Brain
Page 24
15. In a “soft light.”: Giorgio Vasari, Stories of the Italian Artists from Vasari, p. 147.
17. the Germans used the word Florenzer: Bramly, p. 129.
17. “Things got worse in 1484”: Nicholl
17. “He wore a rose-coloured”: Martin Kemp, Leonardo: Revised Edition (Oxford University Press, 2011).
17. “He had a clear empathy”: Edward McCurdy, The Mind of Leonardo da Vinci (1928) in Leonardo da Vinci’s Ethical Vegetarianism.
18. “He would not kill a flea”: Ibid.
18. “He took an especial delight”: Nicholl, p. 43.
Chapter 3 Epigraphs
19. “If the painter wants . . .”: Robert Zwijnenberg, The Writings and Drawings of Leonardo da Vinci (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), p. 71.
19. “But of all other stupendous inventions . . .”: Giorgio de Santillana and Hertha Von Dechand, Hamlet’s Mill: An Essay Investigating the Origins of Human Knowledge and Its Transmission through Myth (Boston: David R. Godine, 1969), p. 10.
19. “Of all the great hybrid . . .”: Eric McLuhan and Frank Zingrone, eds., The Essential McLuhan (New York: Basic Books / Harpers Collins, 1995), p. 175.
Chapter 3
20. “He was by nature”: A. Richard Turner, Inventing Leonardo (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), p. 62.
20. “He was very attractive”: Nicholl, p. 127.
20. “Take fresh rosewater”: Bramly, p. 115.
22. “It vexes me greatly”: Ibid., p. 283.
26. “The sculptor’s face is so”: Ibid., p. 261.
27. It is another of the many paradoxes: Ibid., p. 340.
29. “An ill-wisher hindered ”: V. P. Zubov, Leonardo da Vinci (New York: MetroBooks, 2002), p. 35.
29. “Leonardo’s physical condition is that ”: MacCurdy, p. 148.
Chapter 4 Epigraphs
31. “Iron rusts from disuse . . .”: MacCurdy, p. 205.
31. “The theme of duality . . .”: Stuart J. Dimond and David A. Blizard, eds., “Evolution and Lateralization of the Brain,” in Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 299 (1977), p. 397.
31. “Time and Space are Real Beings . . .”: William Blake, The Complete Writings of William Blake, Geoffrey Keynes, ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966), p. 614.
Chapter 4
34. “I observe . . . the brain”: Chris McManus, Right Hand, Left Hand: The Origins of Asymmetry in Brains, Bodies, Atoms, and Cultures (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2002), p. 348.
Chapter 5 Epigraphs
43. “The dragonfly flies with four wings . . .”: Leonardo’s observation had to wait until it was verified (questionably) by the development of high-speed photography, at 2,900 frames per second: Jean Paul Richter, The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci, Vols. 1 and 2 (New York: Dover Publications, 1970), p. 103.
43. “This book is not concerned . . .”: Kenneth Clark, Leonardo Da Vinci, revised and introduced by Martin Kemp (New York: Viking, 1988), p. 240.
43. “Ted Williams, the legendary baseball . . .”: Bülent Atalay, Math and the Mona Lisa: The Art and Science of Leonardo da Vinci (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Books, 2004), p. 277.
Chapter 5
50. wrote an authoritative essay on The Last Supper in which: Leo Steinberg, Leonardo’s Incessant Last Supper (New York: Zone Books, 2001), p. 26.
51. In this case, they adopted: Atalay, p. 162.
Chapter 6 Epigraphs
55. “If the body of every . . .”: Zubov, p. 68.
55. “He was like a man . . .”: Sigmund Freud, Leonardo da Vinci and a Memory of his Childhood (New York: Dodd Mead, 1932), p. 138.
55. “There is in great art . . .”: John Russell, The Meanings of Modern Art (New York: Harper & Row, 1974), p. 271.
Chapter 6
55. He announced to his startled friends: Georges Bataille, Manet (New York: Skira/Rizzoli, 1983), p. 64.
59. Picasso responded, “Isn’t she”: Tor Nørretranders, The User Illusion: Cutting Consciousness Down to Size, translated by Jonathan Sydenham (New York: Viking Penguin, 1998), p. 188.
61. “In such walls the same thing happens”: E. H. Gombrich, Art and Illusion, 6th ed. (London: Phaidon Press, 2003), p. 159.
Chapter 7 Epigraphs
67. “O writer, with what words . . .”: Antonia Vallentin, Leonardo Da Vinci (New York: Viking Press, 1938), p. 394.
67. “As soon as we start putting . . .”: Calvin Tompkins, Duchamp: A Biography (New York: Henry Holt, 1996), p. 38.
67. “Really, we can speak . . .”: John Russell, The Meanings of Modern Art (New York: Harper & Row, 1974), p. 371.
Chapter 7
72. “Again and again, whether in”: Steinberg, p. 137.
73. “As a drug it’s probably”: Calvin Tomkins, The Bride and the Bachelors: Five Masters of the Avant-Garde (Middlesex, England: Penguin Books, 1983), p. 18.
Chapter 8 Epigraphs
75. “We have seen that central . . .”: Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, Creativity: Flow and the Psychology of Discovery and Invention (New York: HarperCollins, 1996), p. 326.
75. “The desire to know is natural . . .”: Bramly, p. 109.
75. “[Leonardo] had a very heretical state of mind”: Giorgio Vasari, The Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects (New York: Modern Library, 2006), p. 559.
Chapter 8
82. “It is a most delicate”: Clark, p. 251.
82. “Leonardo had a very heretical ”: Vasari, cited in Nicholl, p. 483.
82. “I see Christ once more”: Bramly, p. 275.
Chapter 9 Epigraphs
85. “There is a paucity of interhemispheric . . .”: Marilee Zdenek, “Right Brain Techniques: A Catalyst for Creative Thinking and Internal Focusing in Hemispheric Specialization,” The Psychiatric Clinics of North America (September 1988), p. 430.
85. “Often we have to get”: Robert S. Woodworth, Experimental Psychology (New York: Holt, 1938), p. 173.
Chapter 9
90. “The test of a first-rate intelligence”: “F. Scott Fitzgerald,” Encyclopedia Britannica.
90. ‘‘In the fields of observation”: Louis Pasteur Lecture, University of Lille (December 7, 1854).
Chapter 10 Epigraphs
95. “Lust is the cause . . .”: MacCurdy, p. 175.
95. “[Leonardo’s art is an] interfusion . . .”: Sherwin B. Nuland, Leonardo da Vinci (New York: Viking Penguin, 2000), p. 161.
Chapter 10
104. Goodall’s team concluded that Flo’s: Jane Goodall, The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior (Cambridge, MA and London: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1986).
106. He pointed out that if the pelts: Desmond Morris, The Naked Ape (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967), p. 14.
Chapter 11 Epigraphs
109. “Science is not a heartless . . .”: Atalay, p. 90.
109. “The earth is not in the center of . . .”: Zubov, p. 147.
109. “More than any other . . .”: Walter J. Ong, Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word (London: Routledge, 1982), p. 77.
Chapter 11
110. “Before Copernicus or Galileo . . .”: MacCurdy, p. 199.
110. One source credits Leonardo: Fritjof Capra, The Science of Leonardo (New York: Doubleday, 2007), p. 53.
111. Extrapolating from what remains: Barbara Witteman, Leonardo da Vinci (Masterpieces, Artists, and Their Works) (Mankato, MN: Capstone Press, 2003), p. 17.
113. Leonardo wrote in his notebook, “Nothing . . .”: I. B. Hart The Mechanical Investigation of Leonardo da Vinci (London: Chapman and Hall, 1925).
113. “All movement tends to maintenance”: Martin Kemp, Leonardo da Vinci: The Marvelous Works of Nature and Man (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 122.
113. His explication was actually: Mark A. Runco and Steven R. Pritzker, eds. Encyclopedia of Creativity, Vol. 1 (San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1999), p. 501.
113. “See how the wings, striking the air”: Cap
ra, The Science of Leonardo, p. 18.
114. Similarly, he grasped the principle of flight: Kemp, Leonardo da Vinci, pp. 249, 314.
116. “I say that the blueness we see”: Richter, p. 161.
116. Leonardo’s foray into matters relating: Michael White, Leonardo: The First Scientist (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000), p. 52.
117. Michael Maestlin, Kepler’s teacher: Zubov, p. 153.
117. Author Fritjof Capra outlines the story: Fritjof Capra, The Web of Life: A New Scientific Understanding of Living Systems (New York: Anchor Books/Doubleday, 1996), p. 126.
117. This distortion had the effect of: Capra, The Web of Life, p. 127.
119. “Just as a stone thrown into”: MacCurdy, pp. 69–70.
120. “that deceptive opinion”: Capra, The Web of Life, p. 225.
120. One of his notebooks contains: MacCurdy, p. 701.
120. He had a grander vision: Zubov, p. 149.
120. Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon: Walter Gratzer, Eurekas and Euphorias: The Oxford Book of Scientific Anecdotes (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 197.
Chapter 12 Epigraphs
123. “If they disparage me . . .”: Kemp, Leonardo on Painting.
123. “So many of the insights . . .”: Atalay, p. 215.
123. “The dead Master [Leonardo] is alive . . .”: Donald Sassoon, Becoming Mona Lisa: The Making of a Global Icon (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2001), p. 5.
Chapter 12
124. “In order to observe”: Atalay, p. 211.
124. In one place, he wrote: Bramly, p. 263.
125. “This universe, that I have extended”: Will and Ariel Durant, The Age of Reason (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1961), p. 612.
125. Leonardo took walks through: Vallentin, p. 300.
125. He deduced the function: Bramly, p. 263.
125. Leonardo designed the first double-hulled: Atalay, p. 193.
125. Leonardo invented the flamethrower: “Triple-Barrelled Cannon Found in Croatian Fort is ‘Machine Gun’ Forerunner Designed by da Vinci,” MailOnline, Daily Mail, June 10, 2011 (http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2002102/Leonardo-Da-Vincis-forerunner-machine-gun-confirmed.html).
126. Considerable evidence has accumulated: Vernard Foley, Steven Rowley, David F. Cassidy, and F. Charles Logan, “Leonardo, the Wheel Lock, and the Milling Process,” Technology and Culture, Vol. 24 (3), (July 1983), pp. 399–427.
127. The Russian-born inventor: Bramly, p. 286.
127. His most ambitious project: Atalay, p. 10.
127. The largest bridge of this type: Zubov, p. 27.
128. He also invented the metal screw: Capra, The Science of Leonardo.
128. Mark Elling Rosheim, a modern: Ibid., p. 125.
129. He castigated Michelangelo’s rendering: Alessandro Vezzosi, Leonardo and the Sport (Athens, Greece: Cultural Centre, 2004), p. 41.
129. Leonardo considered making: Zubov, p. 60.
130. “O marvelous, O stupendous”: Richter, pp. 110–11.
131. He identified the umbilical cord: Charles O’Malley and J. B. Saunders, Leonardo da Vinci on the Human Body (New York: Henry Schuman, 1952), p. 484.
132. “We ourselves saw this work”: Zubov, p. 72.
Chapter 13 Epigraphs
133. “If the body of every . . .”: Zubov, p. 260.
133. “The latter condition is demonstrated . . .”: James S. Grotstein, MD, ”The ‘Siamese Twinship’ of the Cerebral Hemispheres and of the Brain-Mind Continuum in Hemispheric Specialization,” The Psychiatric Clinics of North America (September 1988), p. 401.
133. “There is a female human nature . . .”: Steven Pinker, How the Mind Works (London: Penguin, 1997), p. 461.
Chapter 13
133. “The heart has its reasons”: Blaise Pascal, The Thoughts, Letters, and Opuscules of Blaise Pascal, translated by O. W. Wight (New York: Hurd and Houghton, 1864), p. 236.
134. The right side of the brain is: N. Geschwind and A. M. Galaburda, Cerebral Lateralization: Biological Mechanisms, Associations, and Pathology (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987), p. 427–28.
135. “a conflagration of clarity”: Rainer Maria Rilke, Letters on Cezanne, translated by Joel Agee (New York: Fromm International, 1985), p. ix.
135. Love at first sight, such as: Camille Paglia, Sexual Personae: Art and Decadence from Nefertiti to Emily Dickinson (New York: Vintage Books, 1991), p. 121.
135. Further evidence suggests that dreaming: M. W. Humphrey and O. L. Zangwill, “Cessation of Dreaming after Brain Injury,” Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, Vol. 14 (1951), pp. 322–25.
137. “His artistic activity remains”: Robert E. Ornstein, The Nature of Human Consciousness (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1968), p. 106.
138. Alexander Luria, the Russian neurologist: A. R. Luria, L. S. Tsvetkova, and D. S. Futer, “Aphasia in a Composer” (V. G. Shebalin), Journal of Neurological Science, Vol. 2 (3) (May–June 1965), pp. 288–92.
138. Yet, he could sing and play: Ornstein, The Nature of Human Consciousness, p. 106.
138. he would not accept a child into his choir: Marshall McLuhan, The Gutenberg Galaxy (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1965), p. 40.
138. The right brain could hum: Doreen Kimura, “Left-Right Differences in the Perception of Melodies,” Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, Vol. 16 (1964), pp. 355–58.
Chapter 14 Epigraphs
143. “The water you touch in a river . . .”: Zubov, p. 221.
143. “The reason why our sentient . . .”: R. Fischer, ed., Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Time (New York: New York Academy of Science, 1967), p. 16.
143. “Although all knowledge”: Max Jammer, Concepts of Space (New York: Harper & Row, 1960), p. 136.
Chapter 14
144. “we now know that extremely primitive organisms”: Nancy Touchette, “How Sea Slugs Make Memories,” Genome News Network, January 9, 2004 (http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/2004/01/09 /memories.php).
147. “Gentlemen! From henceforth, space by itself”: J. R. Newman, The World of Mathematics (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1956).
147. “You’re stuck with a grotesque”: Fred Hoyle, October the First Is Too Late (London: William Heinemann, 1966), p. 254.
Chapter 15 Epigraphs
149. “Science is the observation . . .”: Richter, p. 288.
149. “The artist is always engaged . . .”: McLuhan, Understanding Media, p. 70.
149. “Quantum theory indicates . . .”: Russell Targ, Limitless Mind: A Guide to Remote Viewing and Transformation of Consciousness (Novato, CA: New World Library, 2004), p. 77.
Chapter 15
150. It was situated in a basement vault: Harold Puthoff, “CIA-Initiated Remote Viewing Program at Stanford Research Institute,” Journal of Scientific Exploration, Vol. 10, No. 1, Spring 1996 (http://www.biomindsuperpowers.com/Pages/CIA-InitiatedRV.html).
151. Subjects were asked to identify: Ibid.
152. Price had even come up with the actual code name: Targ, p. 31.
155. “Or are we to assume that despite”: MacCurdy, p. 189.
155. Another puzzle: At the conclusion: Ibid., p. 233.
156. The sketch included in the text depicts: Ibid., p. 244.
156. “Leonardo meant [1489]”: Ibid., p. 245.
156. “They are too matter of fact”: Ibid., pp. 253–54.
157. characterizing Leonardo’s sketch map: Ibid.
157. “There is, however, no word in either”: Ibid., p. 241
157. Highlighting examples to illustrate: Clark, p. 100.
Chapter 16 Epigraphs
161. “In women, the measurements . . .”: H. Steinmetz, L. Jancke, A. Kleinschmidt, G. Schlaug, J. Volkmann, and Y. Huang, “Sex But No Hand Difference in the Isthmus of the Corpus Callosum,” Neurology, Vol. 42 (1992), pp. 749–52.
161. “Leonardo understood that the . . .”: Sassoon, p. 116.
161. “It’s a fine day, let us go out”
: Olive Schreiner, Women and Labour (London: Virago, 1978), p. 176.
Chapter 16
162. Right-handed women still have the large: Stanley Corwin, The Left-Hander Syndrome: The Causes & Consequences of Left-Handedness (New York: Vintage Books, 1993), p. 102.
163. Even laughter resides on: Antonio Damasio, Looking for Spinoza: Joy, Sorrow and the Feeling Brain (San Diego, CA: Harcourt, 2003), p. 75.
165. Researchers Robin Dunbar and Leslie C. Aiello: Leslie C. Aiello and Robin I. M. Dunbar, “Neocortex Size, Group Size, and the Evolution of Language,” Current Anthropology, Vol. 34 (2), (1993), pp. 184–93.
167. “In all cultures, men are brought up to be”: Csikszentmihalyi, pp. 70–71.
167. In 1993, researcher Dean Hamer and his colleagues: Dean H. S. Hamer, V. L. Hu, N. Magnuson, and M. L. Pattatucci, “A Linkage between DNA Markers and the X Chromosomes and Male Sexual Orientation,” Science (1993), pp. 1405–09.
167. Straight men have a larger BSTc than: Frank Kruijver, Jiang-Ning Zhu, Chris Pool, et al., “Male to Female Transsexual Individuals Have Female Neuron Numbers in the Central Subdivision of the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vol. 85 (5) (2000), pp. 2034–41.
168. Simon LeVay, a gay neuroscientific researcher: Simon LeVay, “A Difference in Hypothalamic Structure between Heterosexual and Homosexual Men,” Science, Vol. 253 (1991), pp. 1034–37.
168. He believed that such a God: Ernst F. Winter, Discourses on Free Will, translated and edited by D. Erasmus and M. Luther (New York: Frederick Ungar, 1961), pp. 88–90.
169. “He who cannot control”: MacCurdy, p. 23.
171. “The act of procreation”: Freud, p. 16.
171. “In the moment when virtue”: MacCurdy, p. 196.
172. There is also a new finding: S. Witelson, “The Brain Connection: The Corpus Callosum Is Larger in Left-Handers,” Science 229 (4714) (1985), pp. 665–68.
174. In one study, fifty music students: Marilyn Jean Schlitz and Charles Honorton, “Ganzfeld Psi Performance within an Artistically Gifted Population,” The Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, Vol. 86, No. 2 (April 1992).