Exodus From the Alamo: The Anatomy of the Last Stand Myth
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1836, vol. ii, (East Chicago, Indiana: “La Villita Publications,” 2001), pp. 7, 9, 25; DePalo, The Mexican National Army, pp. 30–31; Lord,A Time to Stand, p. 69.
35. New York Herald, March 23, 1836; Borroel, ed. and trans., Field Reports of the Mexican Army During the Texan War of 1836, vol. ii, pp. 29-30; DePalo, The Mexican National Army, p. 48.
36. Borroel, ed. and trans., Field Reports of the Mexican Army During the Texan War of 1836, vol. ii, p. 31.
37. Barr, Texans in Revolt, p. 63.
38. “The Last Testament of Santa Anna,” RBC; McDonald, William Barret Travis, p. 86; Scheina, Santa Anna, p. 14, 29; Brands, Lone Star Nation, p. 238; Huffines, Blood of Noble Men, p. 57; Hopewell, James Bowie, p.68; Perry, ed. and trans., With Santa Anna in Texas, p. 18; Hansen, ed., The Alamo Reader, p. 20; Fowler, Santa Anna of Mexico, pp. 166–167.
Chapter 3: THE ULTIMATE FOLLY: THE DEFENSE OF THE ALAMO
1. Winders, Sacrificed at the Alamo, pp. 78–110; Brands, pp. 160, 338–339; King, James Clinton Neill, pp. 80–81.
2. George Fisher to Stephen Austin, October 20, 1836, Center for American History, University of Texas, Austin, Texas; Editors of Time-Life, The Texans, pp. 71, 74.
3. Jackson, Alamo Legacy, p. 30.
4. Ibid., pp. 31–32; John Sutherland Manuscript, “Fall of the Alamo,” Amelia W. Williams Papers, Center for American History, University of Texas, Austin, Texas; Hardin, Texian Iliad, pp. 111, 117; Mark Derr, The Frontiersman, The Real Life and the Many Legends of Davy Crockett, (New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1993), pp. 240–241; Shackford, David Crockett, pp. 224–227; Brands, Lone Star Nation, pp. 160, 338–391; Winders, Sacrificed at the Alamo, pp. 88–89, 93–94; King, James Clinton Neill, pp. 77–78, 80; Long, Duel of Eagles, pp. 30–32, 70; Hansen, ed., The Alamo Reader, pp. 15–29; Lord, A Time to Stand, p. 56.
5. Winders, Sacrificed at the Alamo, p. 94; Hardin, Texian Iliad, pp. 111, 117; Roberts and Oslon, A Line in the Sand, p. 98; Lord, A Time to Stand, p. 83.
6. Joseph Wheelan,6. Joseph Wheelan, 1848, (New York: Carroll and Graf Publishers, 2007), p. 46; Borroel, ed. and trans., Field Reports of the Mexican Army During the Texan War of 1836, vol. iii, p. 31.
7. Shackford, David Crockett, p. 225; Borroel, ed. and trans., Field Reports of the Mexican Army During the Texan War of 1836, vol. iii, p. 23.
8. Editors of Time-Life, The Texans, p. 70.
9. Gaddy, Texas in Revolt, p. 36; Uecker, The Archaeology of the Alamo, pp. 9, 17, 49, 52–54
78–79, 87, 90; Hardin, Texian Iliad, pp. 128, 130–131; Hansen, ed., The Alamo Reader, pp. 43–44.
10. Maryland Gazette, December 3, 1835.
11. Brands, Lone Star Nation, p. 288.
12. King, James Clinton Neill, pp. vii, 11, 21, 33, 37, 44, 78, 81–82, 85–87; Santos, Santa Anna’s Campaign Against Texas, pp. 44–45; Jackson, Alamo Legacy, p. 28.
13. Thonhoff, The Texas Connection, pp. 4–6; Jackson, Imaginary Kingdoms, pp. 4–5; Chipman, Spanish Texas, pp. 117, 135–136; James Lockhart and Stuart B. Schwartz, Early Latin America, A History of colonial Spanish America and Brazil, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983), pp. 290–293; Brands, Lone Star Nation, p. 143.
14. Jackson, Imaginary Kingdom, pp. 27, note 29; Chipman, Spanish Texas, p. 117; Mary Ann Noonan Guerra, The Missions of San Antonio, (San Antonio, Texas: The Alamo Press, 1982), pp. 1–37.
15. Nelson, The Alamo, pp. 39–40.
16. Perry, ed. and trans., With Santa Anna in Texas, p. 43; Jackson, Imaginary Kingdom, pp. 4–7.
17. Jackson, Imaginary Kingdom, pp. 79–80, 209–210; Chipman, Spanish Texas, pp. 4, 133.
18. Nelson, The Alamo, p. 111; Jackson, Alamo Legacy, p. 30.
19. Alamo Vertical Files, Barker Texas History Center, University of Texas, Austin, Texas; Starling, Land Is The Cry! p. 71; Lack, The Texas Revolutionary Experience, 211; Jackson, Alamo Legacy, p. 30.
20. Gaddy, Texas in Revolt, p. 43.
21. Starling, Land Is the Cry!, p. 71.
22. Brown, The New Orleans Greys, pp. 46, 88.
23. Lack, The Texas Revolutionary Experience, pp. 47–48; Nelson,The Alamo, p. 111.
24. Brown, The New Orleans Greys, p. 94.
25. Lack, The Texas Revolutionary Experience, p. 51; Nelson,The Alamo, p. 111.
26. Lack, The Texas Revolutionary Experience, p. 152.
27. Chariton, Exploring the Alamo Legends, pp. 95–98; Nelson, The Alamo, p. 111.
28. Gaddy, Texas in Revolt, p. 44.
29. Lack, The Texas Revolutionary Experience, p. 212.
30. Ibid., pp. 213–214.
31. De Bruhl, Sword of San Jacinto, 189.
32. Scheina, Latin America’s Wars, p. 159.
33. Jackson, Alamo Legacy, p. 32.
34. Fehrenbach, Lone Star, pp. 30–33, 57–58.
35. Fehrenbach, Lone Star, pp. 30–36, 57–58; Brands, Lone Star Nation, p. 46, 49; Hardin, Texan Iliad, p. 5; Wheelan, Invading Mexico, p. 51.
36. Chipman, Spanish Texas, pp. 133–135, 138–139, 145, 200.
37. Stephen L. Moore, Savage Frontier, Rangers, Riflemen, and Indian Wars in Texas, 1835–1837, (3 vols., Plano: Republic of Texas Press, 2002), pp. vii–8, 14, 16–24, 30–32, 90; Groneman, Alamo Defenders, pp. 31–32, 36–37.
38. Nelson, The Alamo, p. 46; Borroel, ed. and trans., Field Reports of the Mexican Army During the Texan War of 1836, vol. iii, p. 31.
39. Jackson, Alamo Legacy, p. 28; Fehrenbach, Lone Star, pp. 58–59.
40. Lord, A Time to Stand, p. 59.
41. Ibid., p. 60; Editors of Time-Life, The Texans, p. 79; Huffines, Blood of Noble Men, pp.
122–127; Hardin, Texian Iliad, p. 131.
42. Hansen, ed., The Alamo Reader, p. 115.
43. Uecker, The Archaeology of the Alamo, p. 32; Nelson, The Alamo, pp. 4–40, 46–48.
44. Jackson, Alamo Legacy, p. 31.
45. Winders, Sacrificed at the Alamo, p. 12; Huffines, Blood of Noble Men, p. 27.
46. Hardin, Texian Iliad, p. 128; Chipman, Spanish Texas, 1519–1821, pp. 130, 136–37, 246–247.
47. Chipman, Spanish Texas, p. 4; Winders, Sacrificed at the Alamo, p. 85; Hardin, Texian Iliad, p. 128.
48. Jackson, Alamo Legacy, pp. 29–32; E. A. Brininstool, Troopers with Custer, Historic Incidents of the Battle of Little Big Horn, (Lincoln, Neb: University of Nebraska Press, 1989), pp. 14, 16–18; Hopewell, James Bowie, p. 113; Nelson, The Alamo, pp. 111, 263; need more.
49. Lack, The Texas Revolutionary Experience, pp. 196–197.
50. Jackson, Alamo Legacy, pp.99–101.
51. Nelson, The Alamo, p. 46; Lack, The Texas Revolutionary Experience, pp. 196–197; Lord, A Time to Stand, pp. 31, 57.
52. Levy, American Legend, p. 257; Lack, The Texas Revolutionary Experience, p. 200; Hansen, ed., The Alamo Reader, p. 462.
53. Clifford Hopewell, James Bowie, Texas Fighting Man, (Austin: Eakin Press, 1994), pp. 64–69; Lord, A Time to Stand, 27.
54. Jackson, Alamo Legacy, pp. 138, 140; Lord, A Time to Stand, pp. 21,125.
55. Jackson, Alamo Legacy, p. 31; Roberts and Olson, A Line in the Sand, pp. 118–119; Hansen, ed., The Alamo Reader, p. 462; Lord, A Time to Stand, pp. 23, 27, 86; Groneman, Alamo Defenders, p. 75.
56. Huffines, Blood of Noble Men, pp. 107–108; Jackson, Alamo Legacy, p. 99–100.
57. Nelson, The Alamo, pp. 46, 49.
58. Davis, Lone Star Rising, pp. 215–216; Lack, The Texas Revolutionary Experience, pp. 166–167,
182; Winders, Sacrificed at the Alamo, p. 86.
59. Lack, The Texas Revolutionary Experience, pp. 167, 182.
60. Hopewell, James Bowie, p. 65; Levy, American Legend, pp. 157, 161, 241–242; Winders, Sacrificed at the Alamo, pp. 86–87; Hansen, ed., The Alamo Reader, p. 113; Groneman, Alamo Defenders, p. 102.
61. Nelson, The Alamo, p. 46.
62. Castaneda, The Mexican Side of the Texan Revolution, p. 195; Chemerka, Alamo Analogy, p.
68; Hardin, Texian Iliad, pp. 128,
131; Alan C. Huffines, Blood of Noble Men, The Alamo, Siege & Battle (Austin: Eakin Press, 1999), pp. 2, 15; Fowler, Santa Anna of Mexico, p. 179.
63. Castaneda, The Mexican Side of the Texan Revolution, p. 208; Wallace Woolsey, translator, Memoirs For The History of the War in Texas, Don Vicente Filisola, ( Austin, Texas: Eakin Press, 1985), pp. xvii–xix; Hansen, ed., The Alamo Reader, pp. 113–115.
64. Guerra, The Missions of San Antonio, p. 24; Borroel, ed. and trans., Field Reports of the Mexican Army During the Texan War of 1836, vol. iii, p. 23; Santos, Santa Anna’s Campaign Against Texas, pp. 34, 56; Roger Borroel, The Texan Revolution of 1836, (East Chicago: “La Villita Publications,” 1989), p. 46.
65. Lockhart and Schwartz, Early Latin America, p. 294.
66. Uecker, The Archaeology of the Alamo, pp. 40–44; Hardin, Texian Iliad, pp. 128–130.
67. Hansen, The Alamo Reader, p. 393; Maryland Gazette, November 26, 1835.
68. Hardin, Texian Iliad, p. 131; John Myers Myers, The Alamo, (New York: Bantam Books, 1966), p. 134.
69. DeBruhl, Sword of San Jacinto, pp. 187–188.
70. Sutherland Manuscript, CAH; Fowler, Santa Anna of Mexico, p. 164; Hardin, Texian Iliad, pp. xii–xiii, 30–35, 63–66, 73, 128–131; Derr, The Frontiersman, pp. 237, 240–241; Maryland Gazette, November 26, 1835; King, James Clinton Neill, pp. 78, 81, 86–88; Dee Brown, Andrew Jackson and the Battle of New Orleans, (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1972), p.10
71. Hardin, Texian Iliad, pp. 10, 130; DeBruhl, Sword of San Jacinto, pp. 41–44, 186; Hopewell, James Bowie, pp. 6–7; New Orleans Advertiser, July 13, 1832; Groneman, Alamo Defenders, p. 57–58, 105; Jon Latimer, 1812: War With America, (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2007), pp. 369–386; Walker, The Life of Andrew Jackson, pp. 194–195, 222–248, 260–261.
72. Walker, The Life of Andrew Jackson, pp. Lxx–lxxii; King, James Clinton Neill, pp. 78, 81, 86–87.
73. Jackson, Alamo Legacy, pp. 133–134; Winston Groom, Patriotic Fire: Andrew Jackson and Jean Laffite and the Battle of New Orleans, (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006), p. 51; King, James Clinton Neill, pp. 78, 81, 86–87.
74. Jackson, Alamo Legacy, pp. 126, 131–132; Gordon C. Jennings, Biographical Sketch from the Jennings Heritage Project, Washington, D.C.
75. Hardin, Texan Iliad, pp. xii–xiii, 83, 98–101, 130; Walker, The Life of Andrew Jackson, pp. 135, 194–195; Hopewell,James Bowie, pp. 113–119.
76. Hardin, Texan Iliad, p. 111; Lord, A Time to Stand, p. 76; John B. Lundstrom, Assault at Dawn: The Mexican Army at the Alamo, Campaign, no. 1, (Summer 1973), p. 8; King, James Clinton Neill, pp. vii, 78, 81, 84, 86–87; Hansen, ed.,The Alamo Reader, p. 330.
77. King, James Clinton Neill, pp. 78, 81.
78. Frank W. Johnson, A History of Texas and Texans, (Chicago: American Historical Association,
1914), pp. 412; Roberts and Olson, A Line in the Sand, p. 127; Hardin, Texian Iliad, p. 131.
79. Brown, The New Orleans Greys, pp. 35–36; Walker, The Life of Andrew Jackson, pp. 241, 312–313, 325; Major Samuel Spotts Monument File, Chalmette National Military Park, St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana; Borroel, The Texan Revolution of 1836, p. 38; Bradfield, Rx Take One Cannon, p. 99.
80. King, James Clinton Neill, p. 78; Lord, A Time to Stand, pp. 76–77; Huffines, Blood of Noble Men, pp. 15, 107.
81. Chemerka, Alamo Anthology, pp. 65–66; Hardin, Texian Iliad, pp. 130–131; National Park Service historians, “18-pounder Revolutionary War Cannon,” Fort Moultrie, National Park Service File, Fort Sumter National Monument, Charleston, South Carolina.
82. Guerra, The Missions of San Antonio, pp. 23–24.
83. Potter, The Fall of the Alamo, p. 3.
84. Ibid., p. 14.
85. Santos, Santa Anna’s Campaign Against Texas, p. 10; King, James Clinton Neill, pp. 78, 81, 85, 87.
86. Gaddy, Texas in Revolt, pp. 35–36; Garrett, Green Flag over Texas, pp. 6, 9–10, 42.
87. Maryland Gazette, December 8, 1836.
88. Moore, Savage Frontier, p. 33.
89. Gaddy, Texas in Revolt, p. 50; Boyd, The Texas Revolution, p. 9.
90. Boyd, The Texas Revolution, p. 9.
91. Derr, The Frontiersman, p. 237.
92. Ibid., p. 241.
93. Roger D. Launius, Alexander William Doniphan: Portrait of a Missouri Moderate, (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1997), pp. 32–34; Weems and Weems, Dream of Empire, p. 43; Dan Kilgore, How Did Davy Die?, (College Station, Texas: Texas A & M Press, 1978), p. 12.
94. Hauch, Davy Crockett, pp. 49–50; Shackford, David Crockett, pp. 219–221; Starling, Land Is The Cry!, p. 45; Levy, American Legend, p. 148; Kilgore, How Did Davy Die?, p. 12; Lord, A Time to Stand, pp. 134–135.
95. New York Times, December 15, 1907.
96. Shackford, David Crockett, pp. 175–194, 219–221; Hauck, Davy Crockett, pp. 48–50.
97. Shackford, David Crockett, pp. 233–234.
98. Hardin, Texas Iliad, p. 63.
99. Moore, Eighteen Minutes, p. 41; Shackford, David Crockett, pp. 220–227, 233–234.
100. Shackford, David Crockett, pp. 220–227, 233–234.
101. McDonald, William Barret Travis, pp. 129–130; Brands, Lone Star Nation, p. 332; Levy, American Legend, p. 246, 248.
102. Moore, Eighteen Minutes, pp. 2–3.
103. Moore, Savage Frontier, pp. 82–83.
104. Hardin, Texian Iliad, p. 129; Moore, Eighteen Minutes, pp. 2–3; Levy, American Legend, pp. 159–160; Stuart Reid, The Texan Army, 1835–46, (Oxford, Osprey Publishing Limited, 2003), p. 15.
105. The Telegraph and Texas Register, January 9, 1836; McDonald, William Barret Travis, pp. 94–95, 129–130; Hansen, ed., The Alamo Reader, pp. 15–19.
106. McDonald, William Barret Travis, p. 86; Huffines, The Blood of Noble Men, pp. 29–31, 35.
107. The Telegraph and Texas Register, January 9, 1836; Lorano, Viva Tejas, pp. v, 47, 72–73; Perry, ed. and trans, With Santa Anna in Texas, p. 50.
108. William G. Cooke Papers, DRT Library; Moore, Eighteen Minutes, p. 16;The Telegraph and Texas Register, November 7, 1835.
109. Jackson, Alamo Legacy, pp. 32–33.
110. Ibid., Winders, Sacrificed at the Alamo, pp. 77–78.
111. Jackson, Alamo Legacy, pp. 30–31; Borroel, trans. and ed., Field Reports of the Mexican Army in the Texan War of 1836, vol. iii, p. 31.
112. Jackson, Alamo Legacy, pp. 30–31.
113. Chariton, Exploring the Alamo Legends, p. 110.
114. Lack, The Texas Revolutionary Experience, p. 189.
115. Sutherland Manuscript, CAH; Nofi, The Alamo, pp. 105–106; Roberts and Olson, A Line in the Sand, p. 104; Borroel, ed. and trans., Field Reports of the Mexican Army During the Texan War of 1836, vol. iii, p. 31; Bill and Marjorie K. Walraven, The Magnificent Barbarians, Little Told Tales of the Texas Revolution, (Austin, Texas: Eakin Press, 1993), p. 52; Hansen, ed., The Alamo Reader, p. 59; American-Statesman, Austin, Texas, April 15, 2004.
116. Hardin, Texan Iliad, p. 34.
117. Davis, Lone Star Rising, p. 176.
118. Ibid; Sutherland Manuscript, CAH; Lindley, Alamo Traces, p. 88; Hardin, Texan Iliad, p. 34; Huffines, Blood of Noble Men, p. 95; Borroel, ed. and trans., Field Reports of the Mexican Army During the Texan War of 1836, vol. iii, pp. 31, 36; John K. Borchardt, “DuPont Marks Its Bicentennial,” Chemistry Chronicles, vol. 11, no. 6, (June 2002), pp. 43–46; Hansen, ed., The Alamo Reader, p. 59; American-Statesman, April 15, 2004.
119. Gunter E. Rothenberg, The Art of Warfare in the Age of Napoleon, (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005), p. 67; American Statesman, April 15, 2004.
120. Jackson, Alamo Legacy, pp. 92–93.
121. Groneman, Eyewitness to the Alamo, p. 6.
122. Huffines, Blood of Noble Men, p. 107.
123. Sutherland Manuscript, CAH; Davis, Lone Star Rising, p. 3.
124. Fowler, Santa Anna of Mexico, p. 9.
125. San Antonio Daily Express, April 28, 1881; Sut
herland Manuscript, CAH; Brands, Lone Star Nation, p. 45.
126. Sutherland Manuscript CAH; San Antonio Daily Express, April 28, 1881;Uecker, The Archaeology of the Alamo, pp. 4, 11–12, 14, 36, 44; Winders, Sacrificed at the Alamo, pp. 21–22; Nelson,The Alamo, p. 112.
127. Long, Duel of Eagles, p. 32; Elizabeth A. Fenn, to author, April 8, 2004.
128. San Antonio Express, February 24, 1929; Sutherland Manuscript, CAH; Chipman, Spanish Texas, pp. 258–259; Nelson, The Alamo, p. 40.
129. Groneman, Alamo Defenders, p. 130.
130. Sutherland Manuscript, CAH; San Antonio Daily Express, April 28, 1881; Jackson, Alamo Legacy, p. 73–76; Groneman, Alamo Defenders, pp. 61–62.
131. Moore, Eighteen Minutes, p. 29; Nelson, The Alamo, p. 111.
132. Chipman,Spanish Texas, p. 9; Lord,A Time to Stand, p. 111.
133. Jackson, Imaginary Kingdom, p. 42.
134. Uecker, The Archaeology of the Alamo, pp. 24, 32; need more
135. Jackson, Alamo Legacy, pp. 31–32; Borroel, ed. and trans., Field Reports of the Mexican Army During the Texan War of 1836, vol. iii, pp. 31, 35.
136. Nelson, The Alamo, p. 46; King, James Clinton Neill, pp. 18–19.
137. Jackson, The Alamo, p. 31.
138. Jackson, Alamo Legacy, p. 30.
139. Uecker, The Archaeology of the Alamo, p. 38; Johnson, The History of Texas and Texans, pp. 412–413; Hansen, ed., The Alamo Reader, pp. 15, 392–394, 416–417, 712–713.
140. Nelson, The Alamo, p. 48; Guerra, Heroes of the Alamo and Goliad, p. 15.
141. Nelson, The Alamo, p. 48; Lord, A Time to Stand, p. 23; Winders, Sacrificed at the Alamo, p. 115.
142. Nelson, The Alamo, pp. 46–48; Groneman, Eyewitness to the Alamo, p. 3; Nelson, The Alamo, p. 111.
143. Chariton, Exploring the Alamo Myths, p. 82; Groneman,Eyewitness to the Alamo, p. 3; Robert K. Wright, The Continental Army, (Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, 1983), pp. 3–90.
144. Jackson, Alamo Legacy, pp. 31–32.
145. Derr, The Frontiersman, p. 238.
146. Ibid., p. 242; Winders, Sacrificed at the Alamo, pp. 77–78; Kilgore, How Did Davy Die?, p. 10.