The Bone and Sinew of the Land
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legal case and, 54, 55
Hawkins, Charner, 175–176, 178
Hawkins, Eli
death, 53
enslaving/indenturing people, 49–50, 51, 54
widow/remarriage, 53, 54, 55, 182
Hawkins, Ellen
church communion bread and, 176–177, 178
farm/success and, 173, 178
Hawkins, Jacob
bondage and, 48–49, 51, 53
building church and, 173, 175
Ellen Embry and, 54, 55
farm land/farming success and, 172–173, 178
legal case/Isaac and, 54–55
Hawkins, Jacob/Ellen
AME and, 175
harvesting grain and, 177–178
Quinn and, 174
son’s wedding and, 175, 176
Hedgebeth, Thomas, 92
Hope, Thomas, 114–115
Hopson, Colonel, 82
Hunter, Hiram, Reverend, 158
Illinois
African Americans gathering/speaking (1856), 199–200
Alton, antiabolitionist attack, 114–115
ban on African Americans settling in, 188
Black Code bonds, 69–70
denial of voting equality in, 86
Dred Scott and, 182
free African Americans moving to, 94
free African Americans petition and, 115
Indiana Territory and, 53
Joseph Spencer/Patrick Henry and, 184–185
kidnapping/slave hunters and, 188
Madison County, African Americans in, 115
Maria Creek Baptist Church, 16–17
New Philadelphia, 73
Phoebe as indentured, 52, 53
population growth, 43
Renault/mines and, 22
settlement data, xviii
settlements map/list, viii–ix (map), xiv–xv
slavery/indentured servants and, 52, 55, 61, 62–63, 63, 64–65, 66–67, 68, 69, 70
white violence/prejudice, 146–147, 151
See also Fort Allison, Illinois; Northwest Territory; specific individuals
Illinois/salt mines
description/working conditions, 61–63, 64, 67
Native Americans and, 63
workers’ description, 63
See also specific individuals
Indentured servants/bonds system in Northwest Territory and states
corruption and, 11, 49–50, 52
description, 11, 50
Indiana
African American convention, 162–163
African American pioneers moving to, 91, 92, 95–96
African Americans leaving, 187–188
attempted murder of Frederick Douglass, 151
ban on African Americans taking whites to court, 52, 156, 181, 187–188
banning African American visiting families and, 176
banning slavery (1816), 51, 53
Beech farming settlement, 174
Black Code bonds, 122
denial of voting equality in, 89
Eleutherian Institute, 146
English pioneers/New Harmony, 42
Fugitive Slave Law and, 156–157
Harrison/pro-slavery actions and, 37–38, 49, 50
Hawkins/Jacob and Isaac legal case, 54–55
integrated schools, 5
kidnappings/slave hunters and, 96–97, 158, 188
Ku Klux Klan/lynchings and, 205
Lyles family and, 91
Pitfords and, 88–89
Polly/legal case, 51–53
population and, 43
registration of African Americans, 172
Resolution 13 (state constitution) and, 161–164
settlement data, xviii, 3
settlements map/list, viii–ix (map), xii–xiv
slavery/indentured servants and, 49–50, 51–55, 57
state constitution/prejudices, 156, 161–164, 181, 188
surveyors on settlement, 23
white violence/prejudice, 146–147, 151
whites attempting to ban African American settlers, 44
See also Northwest Territory; schools (integrated), Union Literary Institute, Indiana; specific individuals
Indiana Conference, AME, 174
Jackson, Andrew, 91, 112, 117, 124
Jackson, Reverend, 203
Jefferson, Thomas, 28
Jennings, James, 115
J.G. Esq., 105
Johnston, Nathan, Reverend, 164, 168, 170
Jones, Alfred J., 74
Jones, Alfred T., 68, 70
Jones, Allan, 196
Kansas and slavery, 196–197
Keith, Elizabeth, 176
Kentucky
equal voting rights/reversal and, 31, 36, 86
slavery and, 73, 118
kidnapping African Americans
Illinois and, 188
Indiana and, 96–97, 158, 188
Indiana couple (1840s), 158
North Carolina and, 95–96
Ohio and, 188
slavery and, 95–97
while moving, 95–97
See also slave hunters
Kimball, George, 140, 141
Kinney, Amory
background/threats to, 52, 54, 55
legal case/Jacob Hawkins and Isaac, 54–55
legal case/Polly, 52, 54
Knowles family, 158
Ku Klux Klan
lynchings, 205
Northwest Territory and, 204–205
resurgence, 205
violence and, 204–205
Langston, John
campaign/election, Ohio, 194, 195
Caroline Mathilda (wife) and, 193–194
Cincinnati race wars (1841) and, 129–131, 193, 194
education/as lawyer, 193–194
leaving Cincinnati, 131
Langston, John/Caroline
as activists, 194
farm/white couple running, 194
Lasselle family/Hyacinthe, 51–52
Lawless, Armistead, 72
Liberator (newspaper), 1, 116, 119
Liberia, 3–4, 90
Linder, Usher F., 114–115
Litchford, Pleasant/Catherine, 95
Little, John/Eliza
backgrounds, 56
escape from bondage, 56–57
Littlefield, Edward B., 85–86
Livingston, Cyrus/Mary, 192
Loudon, James, 169–170
Louis XV, 22
Louisiana Purchase and slavery, 19, 47
Lovejoy, Elijah
as abolitionist/white opposition, 114–115
murder of, 114, 115, 197, 199
Lundy, Benjamin, 44
Lyles, Daniel, 78, 78–79, 81, 95, 97–98, 179–180, 183–184, 204
Lyles family
arrests/bail, 185–186
attacks by whites/casualties, 80–81, 179–180, 186, 187, 197
Daniel/Nancy moving back to Vanderburgh County, 204, 206
denial of voting rights for, 80, 87
flyers on attacks, 197
forced to leave Evansville, 197–198
as free African Americans/farming in Tennessee, 77–79, 80–82, 83, 84–85, 178
generations of, 80
good land/low taxes and, 78, 79, 80
Griers and, 93
hogs stolen, 181, 183–184
Indiana farm/livestock and, 157–158, 178, 180–181
Indiana restrictions on free African Americans and, 182
leaving Tennessee, 81, 89–90, 91
moving to Indiana and, 91, 92, 95, 97–98
problems in 1823 and, 81, 82
railroad and, 204
registries and, 172
restrictions on African Americans, 80, 86
seeing enslaved people, 83
slave hunters/Fugitive Slave Law (1850) and, 156, 157–158, 170
Tennessee restrictions on free African Americans and, 86, 181, 187
trial/decision, 198–199
; whites wanting them gone, 78
Lyles, James, 79
Lyles, John, 183–184
Lyles, John, Jr., 79
Lyles, John/Patsy, 78–79, 80, 81
Lyles, Joshua, 79, 80, 180
Lyles, Nancy, 77–78, 79, 97, 179, 180, 204
Lyles, Sanford, 81
Lyles, Tabitha, 81
Lyles, Thomas, 183–184
Lyles, Wesley, 183–184
Lyles Station, 204, 209
Lytle, Robert, 112, 113, 192
Maddox, Alexander, 180, 198
Madison, Stanley, 209, 210
Maria Creek Baptist Church, 16–17
Maryland
Coker’s boys’ and girls’ school, Baltimore, 137
excluding African Americans from right to vote in, 36, 86
laws on slavery and, 31
people of/from, 48
Massachusetts
census of 1840 and, 190
costs/value and, 65
Easton family, 126
Eliza Sanford Emerson and, 182
end of slavery, 29, 30
state constitution/equality, 29
See also Boston
McKiernan, Bernard
as enslaver, 169, 171
Lydia (enslaved) and, 171
Vina Still/Concklin and, 169, 170–171, 185
wife of, 171
McMullen, threats to Wright, 144–145
McWorter, Frank
as freedom entrepreneur, 72–73
Lucy and, 73
white father/half brothers and, 72–73
Methodist Church, 46, 119–120
Michigan
African American convention (1843), 200–201
African American population growth (1850–1860), 190, 191
African American settlement near Somerset, 44
Black Code bonds, 111–112
Cass County/African Americans and, 190–191, 207
Cass County/integrated schools, 207
denial of voting equality in, 86
Detroit race war (1833) and repercussions, 111–112
election of African American township supervisor, 207
Garrison and, 2
settlement data, xviii
settlements map/list, viii–ix (map), xvi
whites petitioning/end of slavery, 106
See also Northwest Territory; specific individuals
Mississippi, denial of voting equality in, 86
Missouri
becoming slave state, 47–48
denial of voting equality in, 86
Dred Scott and, 182
free African American burned at stake, 114
people from, 156
Missouri Compromise, 53
mixed-race unions, 104, 105, 192–193
Mobocrats, 138, 205
Montesquieu, Baron de, 26–27
Moore, Charles, as freedom entrepreneur and founder of Carthagena, Ohio, 146
Morris, John/family, 16
Morris, Sian/family, 16
Morris, Thomas, 113
Morris family, 15–16, 174
Mumbet, 29
Napoléon Bonaparte, 38, 39, 189
New Hampshire
end of slavery, 30
enslaved people arguing for freedom, 29
Noyes Academy (integrated) and, 140–141
New Jersey
denial of voting equality in, 36, 86
people from, 146
New Lights church, 15, 17–18
New Madrid Quake (1811), 66
New Orleans, 103–105
New Philadelphia, Illinois, 73
New York
end of slavery/pace, 30, 40
New York City African American school (1794), 137
New York City race riot (1834), 112, 145
Utica race war (1835), 112
New York Manumission Society, 137
Nichols, Christopher, 66
Nolcox family, 178
North Carolina
discrimination and, 92
equal voting rights denial in, 87, 88–89
equal voting rights/state constitution, 31
free African Americans moving from, 92, 94, 96–97
increase in free African Americans (1790–1810), 30
kidnapping African Americans and, 95–96
law on freeing enslaved people, 30
people from, 134, 147, 148
school of Chavis, 137
slavery and, 56
North Star (newspaper), 150
Northwest Ordinance (1787)
education and, 143
exceptions to bondage, 10–11
Ohio reversing, 39–40
provisions/reversing, xvii–xviii, 3, 5, 10, 23, 31, 39–40, 86–87, 143
Taney on slavery and, 182
See also Northwest Territory
Northwest Territory
African American history in, 22–23
African Americans betraying refugees, 57
African Americans leaving, 44, 187–189
backlash against equality, 39–40
bondage increase, 48–56
Civil War/African Americans joining the fight, 200, 203
English pioneers and, 42, 44
establishment as slavery-free, xvii, 10–11, 53
freedom/freedom seekers and, 22, 23, 24–28
fur trade and, 21
history, 21–24
human population growth, 42–43, 43–44
Native Americans and, 4, 21, 23, 62, 63, 74
population growth (first fifty years), 24
prejudice continuing with/after Civil War, 203, 204–205
pro-slavery whites and, 12
slavery exceptions/loopholes and, 10–13, 17, 65
voting equality and, xvii, 31–32
voting equality backlash/debates and, 39–40, 86–87
whites’ prejudice/harm to African American pioneers (overview), 43–47
whites taking African Americans into slavery, 46–47
See also Northwest Ordinance (1787); specific individuals; specific territories/states
Noyes Academy (integrated), New Hampshire, 140–141
Oberlin College, Ohio, 141–142, 193, 204
Ohio
abolitionist newspaper report and, 92–93
African American convention, Columbus (1849), 150
African American farmers, Mercer County, 146–147
Black Laws/Black Code and bonds, 15, 130, 131, 169
census (1850) and African American farms, xviii
Colored National Convention (1850s), 196
constitution restricting rights, 39–40
denial of voting equality in, 86, 87
free African Americans moving to, 5, 94–95, 147
Free Soil Party, 193
Fugitive Slave Law (1850) and, 157
Garrison and, 2
H. Ford Douglass speaking at convention, 157
kidnappings/slave hunters and, 188
Ku Klux Klan, 204
Manual Labor Institute, Columbus, 146
Mercer County schools and, 146
Mercer County whites’ violence/prejudice, 146–147
Northwest Territory and, 17
Oberlin College, 141–142, 193, 204
overturning/softening prejudiced laws (beginning 1849), 195
population growth, 43
reversing Northwest Ordinance (1787), 39–40
schools, 146
schools (African American) at Lexington settlement, 108
settlement data, xviii
settlement of Lexington, Columbiana County, 108
settlements map/list, viii–ix (map), xi–xii
slavery and, 51
slavery debate and, 36–37
white violence/prejudice, 146–147, 151
See also Cincinnati, Ohio; Northwest Territory; schools (African American), Wright/farming community, Ohio; specific individuals
Ohio Bottoms, 56
Oliver, Isabella, poetry b
y, 24–25
Otis, James, 26
Paine, Thomas, 101
Parker, Joel, Reverend, 120–121
Patrick Henry (boat), 184
Pennsylvania
advancing inequality/slavery, 121–122
end of slavery, 30
state constitution (1838) banning African Americans from voting, 121–122
See also Philadelphia
Pettiford family, 15–16
Philadelphia
African American convention (1830), 110
AME Church founding, 46, 110
Benezet/schools and, 136
bigoted cartoons, 100
race war (1834), 112
race war (1836), 116
See also abolitionist movement, Revolutionary era
Philanthropist (newspaper), 118, 145
Pinkney, William, 48
pioneering movement
as integrated, 92
See also specific individuals; specific locations
Pitford, Leory/Mary Anne, 88–89
Plummer, Horace, 186
Pollock, Carlile, 107
Polverel, August, 33, 34
Portee family, 15–16
prejudice
as choice, 207
as threat to all/anyone, 164, 207
See also specific components; specific events; specific individuals; specific locations
Presbyterian Church, 29, 120
Presbyterian Theological Seminary, New York, 120–121
Prince, Mary, 63–64
Providence, Rhode Island race wars (1821/1831), 111
Quakers, 29, 134, 136, 163, 174
Quinn, Paul, Bishop
background, 173
as circuit rider/description, 173–174
founding churches and, 174
race wars
in 1834, 112, 145
abolitionist movement and, 116, 117, 118
Boston (1835), 112
Detroit (1833), 111–112
New Haven (1834), 112
New Haven (1836), 126
New York City (1834), 112
Philadelphia (1834), 112
Philadelphia (1838), 116
Providence, Rhode Island (1821/1831), 111
situation by 1841, 116
Utica, New York (1835), 112
Vanderburgh County, Indiana, 179–201
Washington, DC (1835), 112
white views, 109–110, 112–113, 116–118, 124–125
whites’ attempt to show racial antipathy, 116
See also Cincinnati, Ohio/race wars
Randolph, John, 48
Rariden, James, 162
Renault, Philip Francois, 22–23, 33
Revolutionary War era/values, xvii, 6, 26, 28, 29, 31–32, 45, 48, 53, 82, 87, 96, 101, 105, 113, 119, 120, 126, 150, 157, 193, 196, 199, 208
Rhode Island
DeWolf family slave trading, 36
end of slavery/corruption and, 30, 79
Providence race wars (1821/1831), 111
Roberts family, 178
Robinson, Mary, 192
Robinson, Mather/Emeline, 192
Roundtree family, 178
Saint-Domingue (Haiti) enslaved revolt, 33–35, 38, 39, 40, 84
salt mines. See Illinois/salt mines