Life of Automobile, The

by Parissien, Steven

  Richard Sutton, Motor Mania (London: Collins and Brown, 1996).

  Timothy Whisler, At the End of the Road (Greenwich, CN: JAI Press, 1995).

  …, The British Motor Industry 1945–94 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999).

  Winfried Wolf, Car Mania (London: Pluto, 1996).

  Peter Wollen and Joe Kerr, Autopia: Cars and Culture (London: Reaktion, 2007).

  Jonathan Wood, Wheels of Misfortune (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1988).

  …, Coachbuilding (Oxford: Shire, 2008).

  …, The British Motor Industry (Oxford: Shire, 2010).

  Design

  C. Edson Armi, The Art of American Car Design (Philadelphia: Penn State University Press, 1988).

  Ronald Barker and Anthony Harding (eds), Automobile Design (Newton Abbot: David & Charles, 1970).

  Stephen Bayley, Sex, Drink and Fast Cars (London: Faber, 1986).

  …, Cars: Freedom, Style, Sex, Power, Motion, Colour, Everything (London: Conran Octopus, 2008).

  … and Giles Chapman (eds), Moving Objects (London: Eye-Q, 1999).

  Ian Beatty, Automotive Body Design (Sparkford: Haynes, 1977).

  Helen Evenden, New Directions in Transport Design (London: V&A, 2007).

  Peter Grist, Virgil Exner: Visioneer (Dorchester: Veloce, 2007) .

  Raymond Loewy, Industrial Design (Woodstock, NY: Overlook Press, 1979).

  Beryl McAlhone (ed.), Directors on Design (London: Design Council, 1985).

  L. J. K. Setright, The Designers (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1976).

  Penny Sparke, A Century of Car Design (London: Mitchell Beazley, 2002).

  Paul C. Wilson, Chrome Dream: Automobile Styling since 1893 (Radnor, PA: Chilton, 1976).

  Motoring

  Georgine Clarsen, Eat My Dust: Early Women Motorists (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2008).

  Frank Coffey and Joseph Layden, America on Wheels (Los Angeles: General Publishing, 1996).

  Julian Holder and Steven Parissien (eds), The Architecture of British Transport in the 20th Century (London and New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004).

  John A. Jakle, Motoring: The Highway Experience in America (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2008).

  David Jeremiah, Representations of British Motoring (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2007).

  D. L. Lewis and Laurence Goldstein (eds), The Automobile and American Culture (Ann Arbor: Michigan Press, 1983).

  Peter Merriman, Driving Spaces: A Cultural-Historical Geography of Britain’s M1 Motorway (Oxford: Blackwell, 2007).

  Joe Moran, On Roads (London: Profile, 2009)

  P. D. North, Fighting Traffic: The Dawn of the Motor Age in the American City (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2008).

  Sean O’Connell, The Car in British Society (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998).

  Dianne Perrier, Onramps and Overpasses: A Cultural History of Interstate Travel (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2009).

  John B. Rae, The Road and Car in American Life (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1971).

  Graham Robson, Motoring in the 30s (Cambridge: Stephens, 1979).

  David St Clair, The Motorization of American Cities (New York: Praeger, 1986).

  Motor Cities

  Coventry’s Motor Car Heritage (Stroud: History Press, 2011).

  John Gallagher, ReImagining Detroit (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2010).

  Donald McDonald, Detroit 1985 (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1980).

  Kathryn A. Morrison and John Minnis, Carcapes (London and New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012)

  Johannes F. Spreen and Diane Holloway, Who KiIled Detroit? (Detroit: iUniverse, 2006).

  David Thoms, The Coventry Motor Industry (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000).

  Fuels

  Iain Carson and Vijay Vaitheeswaran, Zoom: The Global Race to Fuel the Car of the Future (London: Penguin, 2008).

  David Kirsch, The Electric Vehicle and the Burden of History (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2000).

  Ernest H. Wakefield, History of the Electric Automobile (Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 1994).

  Daniel Yergin, The Prize (New York: Free Press, 1992).

  People

  David Abodaher, Iacocca (New York: Zebra, 1985).

  Martin Adeney, Nuffield: A Biography (London: Robert Hale, 1993).

  Lee Albert, Call Me Roger (Chicago: McGraw-Hill Contemporary, 1988).

  Richard Bak, Henry and Edsel (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2003).

  Neil Baldwin, Henry Ford and the Jews (New York: Oxford Publicity Partnership, 2001).

  Gillian Bardsley, Issigonis (Thriplow: Icon, 2006).

  David Bastow, Henry Royce, Mechanic (Derby: Rolls-Royce Heritage Trust, 1989).

  Malcolm Bobbitt, W. O. Bentley (Derby: Breedon, 2003).

  John Bullock, The Rootes Brothers (Cambridge: Patrick Stephens, 1993).

  Walter Chrysler, Life of an American Workman (New York: Dodd Mead, 1937).

  R. A. Church, Herbert Austin (London: Europa, 1979).

  Peter Collier and David Horowitz, The Fords: An American Epic (New York: Summit, 1989).

  Vincent Curcio, Chrysler (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000).

  Michael Edwardes, Back from the Brink (London: Collins, 1983).

  Ivan Fallon and James Srodes, Dream Maker: The Rise and Fall of John Z. DeLorean (New York: Putnam, 1983).

  David Farber, Sloan Rules (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002).

  Henry Ford, The International Jew (Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing, 2003).

  … [and Samuel Crowther], Moving Forward (London: William Heinemann, 1931).

  Carol Gelderman, Henry Ford (New York: Dial Press, 1981).

  Lawrence R. Gustin, Billy Durant (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans Publishing, 1973).

  Lee Iacocca, Iacocca (New York: Bantam, 1984).

  Robert Jackson, The Nuffield Story (London: Frederick Muller, 1964).

  Guy Jellinek-Mercédès, My Father Mr Mercédès (London: G. T. Foulis, 1966).

  Peter King, The Motor Men (London: Quiller, 1989).

  David L. Lewis, The Public Image of Henry Ford (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1976).

  Axel Madsen, The Deal Maker: How William C. Durant Made General Motors (New York: John Wiley, 1999).

  John F. Morris (ed.), Wealth Well-Given (Stroud: Alan Sutton, 1994).

  R. J. Overy, William Morris, Viscount Nuffield (London: Europa, 1976).

  Philip Porter and Paul Skilleter, Sir William Lyons (Sparkford: Haynes, 2001).

  John Reynolds, André Citroën, (Stroud: Alan Sutton, 2006).

  Alfred Sloan, My Years with General Motors (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1964).

  Miles Thomas, Out on a Wing (London: Michael Joseph, 1964).

  Henry Turner, General Motors and the Nazis (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005).

  Patrick J. Wright, On a Clear Day You Can See General Motors (Grosse Point, MI: Wright Enterprises, 1979).

  Peter Wyden, The Unknown Iacocca (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1988).

  Marques and Models

  James Ward Arthur, The Fall of the Packard Motor Car Company (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995).

  Martin Bennett, Rolls-Royce (Yeovil: Oxford Illustrated, 1983).

  …, Rolls-Royce and Bentley (Sparkford: Haynes, 1998).

  Malcolm Bobbitt, The British Citroën (Glossop: Transport Publishing, 1991).

  …, Rover (Godmanstone: Veloce, 1994).

  …, Rolls-Royce at Derby (Derby: Breedon, 2002).

  …, Citroen DS (Dorchester: Veloce, 2005).

  Chris Brady and Andrew Lorenz, End of the Road: BMW and Rover, A Brand Too Far (London: FT Prentice Hall, 2001).

  David Burgess-Wise, Ghia (London: Osprey, 1985).

  …, Ford at Dagenham (Derby: Breedon, 2001).

  Leslie Butterfield, Enduring Passion: A History of the Mercedes-Benz Brand (Chichester: Wiley, 2005).

  Richard Copping, VW Beetle (Dorche
ster: Veloce, 2006).

  Chester Dawson, Lexus: The Relentless Pursuit (Chichester: Wiley, 2004).

  H. R. Etzold, VW Beetle: The Chronicle of the People’s Car (Sparkford: Haynes, 1991).

  Peter Haguma, Bentley (Ferring: Dalton Watson, 2003).

  Charles K. Hyde, Riding the Roller Coaster: A History of the Chrysler Corporation (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2003).

  David Kiley, Driven: Inside BMW, the Most Admired Car in the World (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2004).

  Robert Lacey, Ford (London: Pan, 1986).

  Karl Ludvigsen, Battle for the Beetle (Cambridge, MA: Bentley, 2000).

  Horst Mönnich, The BMW Story (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1991).

  George Oliver, Rolls-Royce (Sparkford: Haynes, 1988).

  …, The Rover (London: Cassell, 1971).

  Werner Oswald and Jeremy Walton, BMW: The Complete Story (Sparkford: Haynes, 1982).

  Karen Pender, Rover SD1 (Marlborough: Crowood, 1998).

  Jon Pressnell, Citroën DS (Ramsbury: Crowood, 1999).

  A. S. Price, Rolls-Royce (London: Batsford, 1980).

  Anthony Pritchard, British Family Cars of the 1950s and 60s (Oxford: Shire, 2008).

  John B. Rae, Datsun (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1982).

  Dave Randle, The True Story of Škoda (Stroud: Sutton, 2002).

  Martin Rawbone, Ford in Britain (Sparkford: Haynes, 2001).

  Edwin M. Reingold, Toyota (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1999).

  John Reynolds, Eighty Years of Citroën in the United Kingdom, 1923–2003 (Ferring: Dalton Watson, 2003).

  …, Citroën 2CV (Sparkford: Haynes, 2005).

  Graham Robson, Metro (Sparkford: Haynes, 1982).

  …, Mini (Sparkford: Haynes, 1986).

  …, The Cars of BMC (Croydon: Motor Racing Publications, 1987).

  …, BMW (Sparkford: Haynes, 2005).

  … and Richard Langworth, Triumph Cars: The Complete Story (Orpington: Motor Racing Publications, 2004).

  L. J. K. Setright, Rolls-Royce (New York: Ballantine, 1975).

  Nigel Tron, Lancia (Newton Abbot: David & Charles, 1980).

  Martin Wainwright, Morris Minor (London: Aurum, 2008).

  David Waller, Wheels on Fire: The True Inside Story of the DaimlerChrysler Merger (London: Coronet, 2001).

  Jeremy Walton, Capri (Sparkford: Haynes, 1990).

  …, BMW 3-Series (London: Osprey, 1993).

  …, Audi Quattro (Sparkford: Haynes, 2007).

  Andrew Whyte, Jaguar (Cambridge: Patrick Stephens, 1980).

  …, Cadillac (London: Octopus, 1986).

  …, Jaguar (Princes Risborough: Shire, 2007).

  Jonathan Wood, The VW Beetle (London: Motor Racing Publications, 1983).

  …, MG (Oxford: Shire, 2000).

  …, The Citroën (Oxford: Shire, 2003).

  …, Morgan (Sparkford: Haynes, 2004).

  Acknowledgements

  I would like to thank all those who have helped me with the ideas, research and illustrations for this book. Particular thanks must go to Richard Milbank, whose idea this was, and whose enthusiasm and wisdom have provided me with invaluable guidance throughout the project.

  Index

  Note: Names of cars are indexed under the makers name, i.e. Model T is under Ford Motor Company.

  A40 ref1

  AA (Automobile Association) ref1, ref2

  Adeney, Martin ref1

  advertising, role of in selling cars ref1

  Agnelli, Eduardo ref1

  Agnelli, Gianni ref1, ref2, ref3

  Agnelli, Giovanni ref1, ref2

  Aikawa, Yoshisuke ref1

  Alfa Romeo ref1, ref2, ref3

  Alfonso XIII, King of Spain ref1, ref2, ref3

  Allen, Frederick Lewis ref1

  AMC (American Motors) ref1, ref2, ref3

  closure of Kenosha plant ref1

  Gremlin ref1

  problems ref1

  purchase of by Chrysler ref1, ref2

  takeover by Renault ref1

  Arkus-Dontov, Zora ref1

  assembly line ref1, ref2

  Aston Martin ref1, ref2

  Audi ref1, ref2

  80 ref1

  100 ref1

  hybrid A6 ref1

  Austin, Cedric ref1

  Austin, Sir Herbert ref1, ref2

  Austin Motor Company ref1, ref2, ref3

  1800 ref1

  A40 ref1, ref2, ref3

  Allegro ref1, ref2

  Healey ref1

  and Lord ref1, ref2

  Maestro ref1

  Maxi ref1

  ‘merger’ with Morris to form BMC ref1

  Metro ref1, ref2

  Mini Cooper ref1

  Montego ref1

  Morris ref1

  postwar production ref1, ref2

  Seven ref1, ref2, ref3

  Austin/Morris 1100 ref1, ref2, ref3

  Auto Union ref1

  auto-camping ref1

  Autocar ref1, ref2

  automatic transmission ref1, ref2

  Automobile Association see AA

  Automobile Association (US) ref1

  Automobile Club of Great Britain ref1

  automobile term ref1

  Automotive Information Disclosure Act (1958) ref1

  Avanti ref1

  average mileage per car ref1

  Bache, David ref1, ref2, ref3

  Back to the Future ref1

  Bahnsen, Uwe ref1, ref2

  Ballard, J.G.

  Crash ref1

  Bangle, Chris ref1

  Bantam ref1

  Barber, John ref1, ref2, ref3

  Bardsley, Gillian ref1

  Barnato, Woolf ref1, ref2

  Barthes, Roland ref1

  Bashford, Gordon ref1

  Bayley, Stephen ref1

  Beale, Peter ref1

  Beaverbrook, Lord ref1

  Beckett, Terence ref1

  Bedford Motors ref1

  Bennett, Harry ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

  Bentley Boys ref1

  Bentley Motors ref1, ref2, ref3

  acquisition by Rolls-Royce ref1

  and Barnato ref1

  Continental GT ref1

  models ref1

  success on racetrack ref1

  Bentley, Walter Owen ref1, ref2

  Benz, Bertha ref1

  Benz, Karl ref1, ref2, ref3

  Benz Patent Motorwagen ref1

  Berliet ref1

  Berlin Motor Show ref1

  1933 show ref1

  berline ref1

  Bertoni, Flaminio ref1, ref2

  Besse, Georges ref1, ref2

  bicycle makers

  shift towards car production ref1

  Billancourt factory ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  biofuels ref1

  Birch, Reg ref1

  Birkigt, Marc ref1, ref2

  Birmingham (Alabama) ref1

  Black, Sir John ref1

  Blackhawk ref1

  BMC ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9

  alliances ref1

  employment of Pininfarina design house ref1

  merger with British Leyland ref1

  merger with Jaguar ref1

  and Mini ref1, ref2

  on verge of bankruptcy ref1

  BMW (Bayerische Motoren Werke) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

  3 series ref1, ref2

  5 series ref1

  7 series ref1, ref2

  and Bangle’s design ethos ref1

  and bubble car ref1

  buys rights to Rolls-Royce ref1

  growth ref1

  M3 ref1

  postwar production ref1

  pulls out of Rover ref1

  purchase of Rover ref1, ref2, ref3

  and Second World War ref1

  under Quandt’s tenure ref1

  X5 ref1

  Boano, Mario ref1

  Bond, James ref1, ref2, ref3

  Bono, Gaudenzio ref1

  Bordinat, Eugene ref1, ref2, ref
3, ref4

  Borghese, Prince ref1

  Boulanger, Pierre-Jules ref1, ref2

  Bouton, Georges ref1

  Bowser & Co, S.F. ref1

  Bracq, Paul ref1

  Breech, Ernie ref1

  Briggs Motor Bodies ref1

  Britain

  car production in austerity years ref1

  decline of car industry ref1, ref2

  effect of oil crisis on car industry ref1

  industrial relations ref1

  pioneers ref1

  road/motorway networks ref1, ref2, ref3

  shadow factories built during Second World War ref1, ref2

  speed limit ref1, ref2

  British Aerospace (BAe) ref1

  British Leyland ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8

  alliance with Honda ref1, ref2

  closure of plants under Edwardes ref1

  decline in exports ref1

  formation of ref1

  government purchase of and report commissioned ref1

  losses ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  merger with BMC ref1

  problems and failed models ref1, ref2, ref3

  staff cuts and closures under Edwardes ref1, ref2

  strikes and industrial relations ref1, ref2

  under Day’s tenure ref1

  under Edwardes’ tenure ref1, ref2, ref3

  under Musgrove’s tenure ref1

  British Motor Holdings (BMH) ref1

  British Motor Syndicate ref1

  British Union of Fascists ref1

  Bronx River Parkway ref1

  brougham ref1, ref2

  Brown, Roy ref1

  bubble car ref1

  Buehrig, Gordon ref1

  Bugatti, Ettore ref1, ref2, ref3

  Bugatti Royale ref1

  Buick, David Dunbar ref1

  Buick Motor Car Company ref1, ref2, ref3

  Riviera ref1

  Y Job ref1

  Bullitt ref1

  Bullnose Morris Oxford ref1

  bumper/fender ref1

  Cadillac Ranch ref1

  Cadillacs ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10

  30 ref1

  Cimarron ref1

  Eldorado ref1

  Caine, Michael ref1

  Callaghan, Jim ref1

  car emissions ref1, ref2, ref3

  car hire business ref1

  car manufactures, top ten (2011) ref1

  car ownership

  Germany ref1

  Nazi Germany ref1

  spread of ref1, ref2

  United States ref1, ref2, ref3