From Fatigued to Fantastic!
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66. K. Lockwood, S. Moesgaad, T. Hanoike, et al., “Apparent Partial Remission of Breast Cancer in High-Risk Patients Supplemented with Nutritional Antioxidants, Essential Fatty Acids and Coenzyme Q10,” Molecular Aspects of Medicine 15 (supplement) (1994): S231–S240.
67. K. Lockwood, S. Moesgaard, T. Yamamoto, et al., “Progress on Therapy of Breast Cancer with Coenzyme Q10 and the Regression of Metastases,” Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 212 (1) (6 July 1995): 172–177.
67A. L. Rusciani, I. Proietti, et al., “Low Plasma Coenzyme Q10 Levels as an Independent Prognostic Factor for Melanoma Progression,” J Am Acad Dermatol, 2006; 54 (2): 234–241.
68. P. Mayer, H. Hamberger, and J. Drew, “Differential Effects of Ubiquinone Q7 and Ubiquinone Analogs on Macrophage Activation and Experimental Infections in Granulocytopenic Mice,” Infection 8 (1980): 256–261.
69. E. Bliznakov, A. Casey, and E. Premuzic, “Coenzymes Q: Stimulants of Phagocytic Activity in Rats and Immune Response in Mice,” Experientia 26 (1970): 953–954.
70. L. Van Gaal, I. D. de Leeuw, S. Vadhanavikit, et al., “Exploratory Study of Coenzym Q10 in Obesity,” in K. Folkers and Y. Yamamura, eds., Biomedical and Clinical Aspects of Coenzyme Q, Vol. 4 (New York, NY: Elsevier Publishers, 1984), pp. 235–373.
71. P. S. Sandor, L. Di Clemente, et al., “Efficacy of Coenzyme Q10 in Migraine Prophylaxis: A Randomized Controlled Trial,” Neurology, 2005; 64 (4): 713–715.
72. A. Gaby, “The Role of Coenzyme Q10 in Clinical Medicine. Part I,” Alternative Medicine Review 1 (1) (1996): 11–17.
73. Y. Ishihara, Y. Uchida, S. Kitamura, et al., “Effect of Coenzyme Q10, a Quinone Derivative, on Guinea Pig Lung and Tracheal Tissue,” Arzneimittelforschung 35 (1985) 929–933.
Chapter 3. S—Sleep: The Foundation of Getting Well
1. A. Theadom, M. Cropley, and K. L. Humphrey, “Exploring the Role of Sleep n Coping in Quality of Life in Fibromyalgia,” J Psychosom Res, February 1, 2007; 62 (2): 145–151.
2. C. A. Everson, “Sustained Sleep Deprivation Impairs Host Defense,” American Journal of Physiology 265 (5 Part 2) (November 1993): R1148–R1154.
3. S. Pillemer, L. A. Bradley, L. J. Crofford, et al., “The Neuroscience and Endocrinology of FMS—[An NIH] Conference Summary,” Arthritis and Rheumatism 40 (11) (November 1997): 1928–1939.
4. H. Moldofsky and P. Scarisbrick, “Induction of Neuresthenic Musculoskeletal Pain Syndrome by Selective Sleep Stage Deprivation,” Psychosomatic Medicine 38 (1)(January-February 1976): 35–44.
5. A. M. Drewes, K. D. Nielson, S. J. Taagholt, et al., “Slow Wave Sleep in FMS,” abstract, Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 3 (supplement 1) (1995): 29.
6. S. R. Patel, et al., Associated Professional Sleep Societies (APSS) 2006 Annual Meeting: Abstract 349. Presented June 19, 2006 annual meeting, held in Salt Lake City, Utah.
7. T. Fleming, ed., “Jamaican Dogwood,” PDR for herbal medicines, 1998, pp. 428–429.
8. “Humulus Lupus,” Monograph, Alternative Medicine Review, 8 (2) 2003; 190–192.
9. J. R. Cronin, “Passionflower—Reigniting Male Libido and Other Potential Uses,” Alternative and Complementary Therapies, April 2003; pp. 89–92.
10. K. Dhawan et al., “Reversal of Morphine Tolerance and Dependence by Passiflora Incarnata,” Pharmaceutical Biology, 2002; 40 (8): 576–580.
11. S. Hadley et al., “Valerian,” American Family Physician, 2003; 67 (8): 1755–1758.
12. Kobayashi et al., Nippon Nogeikagaku Kaishi, 1998; 72: 153–157.
13. Yagyu et al., Neuropsychobiol, 1997; 35: 46–50.
14. Juneja et al., Trends in Food Sci Tech, 1999; 199–204.
15. G. Zheng, K. Sayama, T. Okubo, L. R. Juneja, and I. Oguni, “Anti-obesity Effects of Three Major Components of Green Tea, Catechins, Caffeine and Theanine, in Mice.” In Vivo, 2004 January-February; 18 (1): 55–62.
16. J. E. Teitelbaum, C. Johnson, and J. St. Cyr. “The Use of D-ribose in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Fibromyalgia: A Pilot Study,” J Alt Comp Med 2006; 12 (9): 857–862.
17. H. Dressing and D. Riemann, “Insomnia: Are Valerian/Melissa Combinations of Equal Value to Benzodiazepine?” Therapiewoche 42 (1992): 726–736.
18. I. Caruso, P. Sarzi Puttini, M. Cazzola, and V. Azzolini, “Double-Blind Study of 5-Hydroxy-L-Tryptophan Versus Placebo in the Treatment of Primary Fibromyalgia Syndrome,” J Int Med Res. (1990) 18 (3): 201–209.
19. R. Cluydt, “Insomnia Treatment: A Postgraduate Medicine Special Report,” 114–123.
20. B. P. Grubb, D. A. Wolfe, D. Samoil, et al., “Usefulness of Fluoxetine HCL for Prevention of Resistant Upright Tilt Induced Syncope,” Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology 16 (1993): 458–464.
21. D. Germanowicz, M. S. Lumertz, D. Martinez, and A. F. Margarites, “Sleep-Disordered Breathing Concomitant with Fibromyalgia Syndrome,” J Bras Pneumol, July 1, 2006; 32 (4): 333–338.
22. C. Guilleminault and A. Bassiri, “Clinical Features and Evaluation of Obstructive Sleep Apnea-Hypopnea Syndrome and the Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome,” In Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, edition 4, M. H. Kriger, T. Roth, and W. C. Dement, eds., Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders; 2004.
23. C. Guilleminault, L. Palombini, D. Poyares, et al., “Chronic Insomnia, Postmenopausal Women, and SDB, Part 2: Comparison of Nondrug Treatment Trials in Normal Breathing and UARS Postmenopausal Women Complaining of Insomnia,” J Psychosom Res 2002; 53: 617–623.
24. C. Guilleminault, J. L. Faul, and R. Stoohs, “Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Hypotension,” Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164: 1242–1247.
25. C. Guilleminault, A. Khramtsov, R. A. Stoohs, et al., “Abnormal Blood Pressure in Prepubertal Children with Sleep-Disordered Breathing,” Pediatr Res 2004; 55: 76–84.
26. P. E. Peppard, T. Young, M. Palta, et al., “Prospective Study of the Association Between Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Hypertension,” New England Journal of Medicine 2000; 342: 1378–1384.
27. A. R. Gold, F. Dipalo, M. S. Gold, et al., “The Symptoms and Signs of Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome: A Link to the Functional Somatic Syndromes,” Chest 2003, 123: 87–95.
28. C. Guilleminault, R. Winkle, R. Korobkin, et al., “Children and Nocturnal Snoring: Evaluation of the Effects of Sleep-Related Respiratory Resistive Load and Day time Functioning,” Eur J Pediatr 1982, 139: 165–171.
29. Ibid.
30. C. Guilleminault and A. Bassiri, “Clinical Features and Evaluation of Obstructive Sleep Apnea-Hypopnea Syndrome and the Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome,” In Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, edition 4, M. H. Kriger, T. Roth, W. C. Dement, eds. Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders, 2004. Clinical presentation of OSAS and UARS with examples of craniofacial presentations and clinical scales to define patients.
31. N. C. Netzer, R. A. Stoohs, C. M. Netzer, et al., “Using the Berlin Questionnaire to Identify Patients at Risk for Sleep Apnea Syndrome,” Annals of Internal Medicine 131 (7) (5 October 1999): 485–491.
32. D. Buchwald, R. Pascualy, and C. Bombardier, et al., “Sleep Disorders in Patients with Chronic Fatigue,” Clin Infect Dis 1994; 18 (supplement 1): S68–S72.
33. R. P. Millman, “Do You Ever Take a Sleep History?” Annals of Internal Medicine 131 (7) (October 1999): 535–536.
34. E. G. Lutz, “Restless Legs, Anxiety and Caffeinism,” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 39 (9) (September 1978): 693–698.
35. H. J. Roberts, “Spontaneous Leg Cramps and Restless Legs Due to Diabetogenic (Functional) Hyperinsulinism: A Basis For Natural Therapy,” Journal of the Florida Medical Association 60 (5) (1973): 29–31. 36. K. A. Ekbom, “Restless Leg Syndrome,” Neurology 10 (1960): 868–873.
37. S. Ayres and R. Michan, “Restless Leg Syndrome: Response to Vitamin E,” Journal of Applied Nutrition 25 (1973): 8–15.
38. M. I. Boutez et al., “Neuropsychological Correlates of Folic Acid Deficiency: Facts and Hypothesis,” Folic Acid and Neurology, Psychiatry and Internal Medicine, ed. M. I. Boutez a
nd E. K. Reynolds (New York, NY: Raven Press, 1979).
Chapter 4. H—Hormonal Support: Optimizing Adrenal, Thyroid, Testosterone, and Estrogen Function
1. O. N. Pamuk and N. Cakir, “The Frequency of Thyroid Antibodies in Fibromyalgia Patients and Their Relationship with Symptoms.” Clin Rheumatol, 2006 March 16; [E-pub ahead of print].
2. W. K. Jerjes, S. Wessely, A. J. Cleare, et al., “Urinary Cortisol and Cortisol Metabolite Excretion,” Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Psychosomatic Medicine, Vol. 68, July/August 2006, #4, 578–582.
3. M. A. Demitrack and L. J. Crofford, “Evidence for and Pathophysiologic Implications of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Dysregulation in Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome,” Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998 May 1; 840: 684–697.
4. J. E. Teitelbaum and B. Bird, “Effective Treatment of Severe Chronic Fatigue: A Report of a Series of 64 Patients,” Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 3 (4) (1995): 91–110.
5. W. M. Jefferies, “Safe Uses of Cortisol,” 2nd ed., monograph (Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1996).
6. M. A. Demitrack, J. K. Dale, S. E. Straus, L. Laue, S. J. Listwak, and M. J. P. Kruesi, et al., “Evidence for Impaired Activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome,” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991; 73: 1224–1234.
7. D. J. Torpy et al., “Responses of the Sympathetic Nervous System and the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis to Interleukin-6 in Fibromyalgia,” Arthritis and Rheumatism 2000; 43: 872–880.
8. G. Neeck and W. Riedel, “Thyroid Function in Patients with Fibromyalgia Syndrome,” Journal of Rheumatology 1992; 19–7: 1120–1122.
9. M. Calis and C. Gokce, “Investigation of the Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adreanal Axis (HPA) by 1ug ACTH Test and Metyrapone Test in Patients with Primary Fibromyalgia Syndrome,” J Endocrinol Invest 2004; 27: 42–46.
10. M. Kirnap, R. Colak, C. Eser, O. Ozsoy, A. Tutus, and F. Kelestimur, “A Comparison Between Low-Dose (1 microg), Standard-Dose (250 microg) ACTH Stimulation Tests and Insulin Tolerance Test in the Evaluation of Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Primary Fibromyalgia Syndrome,” Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2001 October; 55 (4): 455–459.
11. J. E. Teitelbaum, B. Bird, R. Greenfield, A. Weiss, L. Muenz, and L. Gould, “Effective Treatment of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFIDS) & Fibromyalgia (FMS): A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Intent to Treat Study,” Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Vol. 8, Issue 2, 2001.
12. Jens Gaab, Ph. D., Dominik Hüster, MSc, Renate Peisen, MSc, Veronika Engert, BSc, Vera Sheitz, BSc, Tanja Schad, BSc, Thomas H. Schürmeyer, Ph. D., M. D., and Ulrike Ehlert, Ph. D., “Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Reactivity in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Health Under Psychological, Physiological, and Pharmacological Stimulation,” Psychosomatic Medicine 64: 951–962 (2002).
13. E. N. Griep, J. W. Boersma, and E. R. de Kloet, “Altered Reactivity of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in the Primary Fibromyalgia Syndrome,” J Rheumatol 1993; 20: 469–474.
14. A. J. Cleare, D. Blair, S. Chambers, and S. Wessely, “Urinary Free Cortisol in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome,” Am J Psychiatry 158: 641–643, April 2001.
15. A. J. Cleare et al., “Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Dysfunction in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, and the Effects of Low-Dose Hydrocortisone Therapy,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2001; 86 (8): 3545–3554.
16. A. J. Cleare et al., “Low-Dose Hydrocortisone in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Randomized Crossover Trial,” The Lancet 1999 February 6; 353 (9151): 455–458.
17. J. Gaab, D. Huster, R. Peisen, V. Engert, T. Schad, T. H. Schurmeyer, and U. Ehlert, “Low-Dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Health,” Psychosom Med. 2002 March–April; 64 (2): 311–318.
18. M. Altemus, J. K. Dale, D. Michelson, M. A. Demitrack, P. W. Gold, and S. E. Straus, “Abnormalities in Response to Vasopressin Infusion in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome,” Psychoneuroendocrinology 2001 February 1; 26 (2): 175–188.
19. L. V. Scott, F. Svec, and T. Dinan, “A Preliminary Study of Dehydroepiandrosterone Response to Low-Dose ACTH in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and in Healthy Subjects,” Psychiatry Res 2000 December 4; 97 (1): 21–28.
20. L. V. Scott, J. Teh, R. Reznek, A. Martin, A. Sohaib, and T. G. Dinan, “Small Adrenal Glands in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Preliminary Computer Tomography Study,” Psychoneuroendocrinology 1999 October; 24 (7): 759–768.
21. C. Heim, U. Ehlert, and D. H. Hellhammer, “The Potential Role of Hypocortisolism in the Pathophysiology of Stress-Related Bodily Disorders,” Psychoneuroendocrinology 2000 January; 25 (1).
22. L. V. Scott, S. Medbak, and T. G. Dinan, “Desmopressin Augments Pituitary-Adrenal Responsivity to Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone in Subjects with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and in Healthy Volunteers,” Biol Psychiatry 1999 June 1; 45 (11): 1447–1454.
23. P. de Becker, K. de Meirleir, E. Joos, I. Campine, E. van Steenberge, J. Smitz, and B. Velkeniers, “Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) Response to IV ACTH in Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome,” Horm Metab Res 1999 January; 31 (1): 18–21.
24. L. Crofford, “The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Stress Axis in Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome,” J Rheumatol 1998; 57 supplement 2: 67–71.
25. H. Kuratsune, K. Yamaguti, M. Sawada, S. Kodate, T. Machii, Y. Kanakura, and T. Kitani, “Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate Deficiency in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome,” Int J Mol Med 1998 January; 1 (1): 143–146.
26. L. V. Scott, S. Medbak, and T. G. Dinan, “The Low-dose ACTH Test in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and in Health,” Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1998 June; 48 (6): 733–737.
27. L. V. Scott, S. Medbak, and T. G. Dinan, “Blunted Adrenocorticotropin and Cortisol Responses to Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Stimulation in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome,” Acta Psychiatr Scand 1998 June; 97 (6): 450–457.
28. P. Strickland, R. Morriss, A. Wearden, and B. A. Deakin, “Comparison of Salivary Cortisol in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Community Depression and Healthy Controls,” J Affect Disord 1998 January; 47 (1–3): 191–194.
29. P. Strickland, R. Morriss, A. Wearden, and B. A. Deakin, “Comparison of Salivary Cortisol in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Community Depression and Healthy Controls,” J Affect Disord 1998 January; 47 (1–3): 191–194.
30. W. Jefferies, “Mild Adrenocortical Deficiency, Chronic Allergies, Autoimmune Disorders and the Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Continuation of the Cortisone Story,” Med Hypotheses 1994, Issue 3, Vol. 42, pp. 183–189, ISSN: 0306–9877.
31. A. J. Cleare, J. Bearn, T. Allain, A. McGregor, S. Wessely, R. M. Murray, and V. O’Keane, “Contrasting Neuroendocrine Responses in Depression and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome,” J Affect Disord 1995 Aug. 18, Issue 4, Vol. 34, pp. 283–289.
32. M. Moutschen, J. M. Triffaux, J. Demonty, J. J. Legros, and P. J. Lefèbvre, “Pathogenic Tracks in Fatigue Syndromes,” Acta Clin Belg 1994, Issue 6, Vol. 49, pp. 274–289, ISSN: 0001–5512.
33. Carruthers et al., “Myalgic Encepalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Clinical Working Case Definition, Diagnostic and Treatment Protocols,” Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Vol. 11 (1) 2003.
34. M. A. Demitrack and L. J. Crofford, “Evidence for and Pathophysiologic Implications of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Dysregulation in Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome,” Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998 May 1; 840: 684–697.
35. W. Jefferies, “Cortisol and Immunity,” Medical Hypotheses 1991; 34: 198–208.
37. A. J. Cleare, D. Blair, S. Chambers, and S. Wessely, “Urinary Free Cortisol in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome,” Am J Psychiatry 158: April 2001, 641–643.
38. M. A. Demitrack, J. K. Dale, S. E. Straus, L. Laue, S. J. Listwak, M. J. P. Kruesi, et al., “Evidence for Impaired Activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome,” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991; 73: 1224–1234.
39. K. Tordjman, A. Jaffe, and N. Grazas, et al., “The Role of the Low-Dose (1 mg) Adrenocorticotropi
n Test in the Evaluation of Patients with Pituitary Diseases,” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80: 1301–1305.
40. G. Dickstein, C. Schechner, W. E. Nicholson, et al., “Adrenocorticotropin Stimulation Test: Effects of Basal Cortisol Level, Time of the Day, and Suggested New Sensitive Low Dose Test,” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991; 72: 773–778.
41. S. Crowley, P. C. Hindmarsh, J. W. Honour, C. G. D. Brook, “Reproducibility of the Cortisol Response to Stimulation with a Low Dose of ACTH (1–24): The Effect of Basal Cortisol Levels and Comparison of Low Dose with High Dose Secretory Dynamics,” J Endocrinol 1993; 136: 167–172.
42. J. Baraia-Etxaburu Artetxe, B. Astigarraga Aguirre, R. Elorza Olabegova, et al., “Primary Adrenal Failure and AIDS: Report of Eleven Cases and Review of the Literature,” Rev Clin Esp 1998; 198: 74–79.
43. M. Zarkovic, J. Ciric, M. Stojanovic, et al., “Optimizing the Diagnostic Criteria for Standard (250-mg) and Low Dose (1-mg) Adrenocorticotropin Tests in the Assessment of Adrenal Function,” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84: 3170–3173.
44. T. A. Abdu, T. A. Elhadd, R. Neary, and R. N. Clayton, “Comparison of the Low-Dose Short Synacthen Test (1 mg), the Conventional Dose Short Synacthen Test (250 mg), and the Insulin Tolerance Test for Assessment of the Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Patients with Pituitary Disease,” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84: 838–843.
45. Samuel A. McLean, David A. Williams, Richard E. Harris, Willem J. Kop, Kimberly H. Groner, Kirsten Ambrose, Angela K. Lyden, Richard H. Gracely, Leslie J. Crofford, Michael E. Geisser, Ananda Sen, Pinaki Biswas, and Daniel J. Clauw, “Momentary Relationship Between Cortisol Secretion and Symptoms in Patients with Fibromyalgia,” Arthritis & Rheumatism Vol. 52, No. 11, November 2005, pp. 3660–3669.
46. W. Jefferies, “Mild Adrenocortical Deficiency, Chronic Allergies, Autoimmune Disorders and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Continuation of the Cortisone Story,” Medical Hypotheses 1994; 42, 183–189.