The First Ladies of Rome
Page 51
Agrippa Postumus, 66, 72, 83, 84
Agrippina Maior
birth, 66
favourite of Augustus, 99
marries Germanicus, 99, 100
birth of children, 100
life with Germanicus, 100–1, 102, 103, 105
portraits, 104
and death of Germanicus, 106
returns to Italy with ashes of Germanicus, 106
and Tabula Siarensis, 109
praised in Senatus Consultum de Cn. Pisone patre, 109
relationship with Livia, 104, 110, 113
difficult relationship with Tiberius, 110, 112
precarious position of, 112–13
denounced by Tiberius, 115
exile and death, 116
reputation, 4, 99–100, 116–17
depicted in West’s painting, 116
ashes carried back to Rome by Caligula, 122
depicted on coins, 122
brief references, 107, 118, 120, 123, 137, 163, 193, 195, 261, 263, 268
Agrippina Minor
birth, 120
childhood, 103, 120
marries Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus, 120–1
given privileges by Caligula, 122
sent into exile, 124
recalled from exile by Claudius, 125–6
marries Passienus Crispus, 126
returns to public life, 130
and Nero’s appearance at Saecular Games, 130–1
marries Claudius, 136
as wife of Claudius, 136–9, 140, 141–2
role in death of Claudius, 142
depicted in relief panels at Aphrodisias, 142–3, 308–9
and Nero’s coronation, 143
during early years of Nero’s reign, 144–6
relationship with Nero deteriorates, 146–8
survives accusations made against her, 148–9
property owned by, 149
Poppaea increases Nero’s resentment towards, 150
assassination, 150–2
Nero’s actions after death of, 152–3
portrayal in the play Octavia, 153–4
purge of images of, 154
surviving sculptures of, 154–5
enduring interest in, 155–7
lost memoirs of, 5–6, 104, 112, 156–7
brief references, 2, 3, 4, 100, 101, 116, 129, 132, 133, 166, 170, 181, 182, 193, 196, 214, 217, 218, 222, 238, 239, 261, 279, 280, 283, 293, 314
Alamanni, 277
Alaric, 289, 290, 294
Alban hills, 31
Alexander (Severus Alexander), 243, 244–6, 249
Alexander the Alabarch, 160
Alexander the Great, 34, 195, 203, 238
Alexander Helios, 36
Alexandria, 36, 37, 41, 43, 44, 103, 163, 203, 239
Alexianus see Julius Avitus Alexianus
Alfidia, 13
Altmann of Hautvillers, 255
Ambrose, Bishop, 250, 269–70, 280
Ambrosian library, Milan, 207
Amenophis, pharoah, 187
Amphitrite, 34
Anastasios, 309
Anastasius IV, Pope, 272
Andromeda, 64
Anicetus, 150, 151, 152
Annia Cornificia, 207
Annia Faustina, 242
Annia Galeria Faustina, 204, 206, 209–10
Annii family, 206
Annius Verus, 206
Anthemius, 291
Antinoopolis, 203
Antinous, 187, 202–3
Antioch, 106, 163, 238, 240, 241, 242, 246, 253, 283 battle of, 223
Antiochus, 291, 292
Antium, 29–30, 31, 121
Antonia Maior, 24
Antonia Minor
childhood, 24, 94
marries Drusus, 75, 94
does not remarry after death of Drusus, 94–5
domestic life and responsibilities, 95–6
property owned by, 95, 119–20
treatment of Claudius, 96, 97
portraits of, 98, 99
inscriptions dedicated to, 103
and funeral of Germanicus, 107, 109
praised in Senatus Consultum de Cn. Pisone patre, 109
warns Tiberius about conspiracy, 117
and Livilla’s death, 117–18
awarded honours, 122, 125
death, 124
and Julius Agrippa, 160
brief references, 33, 51, 83, 87, 104, 123, 138, 146, 148, 149, 168, 170, 176, 240, 255, 260, 311
Antoninus, 209, 211
Antoninus Pius (Aurelius Antoninus), 74, 188, 189, 204, 206, 208, 209–10, 211
Antony, Mark
opposes and defeats Brutus and Cassius, 11–12
clashes with Octavian, 12, 19, 22, 36
supported by Tiberius Claudius Nero, 13, 19
and Fulvia, 19–20
pact with Octavian at Brundisium, 23–4, 36
marries Octavia, 23–4
relationship with Cleopatra, 24, 34–6, 37, 41
deal with Sextus Pompeius, 25
agreement at Tarentum, 33, 34
coinage, 33–4, 39, 41
leaves Italy without Octavia, 34
invasion of Parthia fails, 36
refuses to allow Octavia to join him, 37
Octavian’s portrayal of, 37, 41
military success against Armenia, 41
and Donations of Alexandria, 41
letters to Octavian, 41–2
stories about his gluttony and wastefulness, 42
divorces Octavia, 43
contents of will made public, 43
war with Octavian, 43–4
defeated at Actium, 12, 35, 44
final defeat by Octavian, 44
death, 44
Cleopatra commits suicide at tomb of, 45
brief references, 16, 21, 26, 27, 38, 40, 46, 57, 58, 81, 86, 94, 103, 139, 141, 149, 171, 173, 255, 258
Aphrodisias, 54, 142–3, 308–9
Aphrodite, 142
Apicata, 117
Apocolocyntosis, 135
Apollo, 33, 48, 250–1
Apollo Belvedere, 1
Appian Way, 20, 49, 87, 120
Appius Claudius, 80–1
Appius Silanus, 129, 130
Apronia, 105
Aquileia, 74, 213, 253, 256, 300, 301
Ara Pacis, 73–4, 75
Ara Pudicitia, 194
Ara Ubiorum, 120
Arabia, 190
Arcadia, 291
Arcadius (emperor), 282, 284, 285, 286, 287, 289, 291, 292, 302
Arcadius (son of Theodosius II), 302
Arch of the Argentarii, Rome, 216–17, 232, 233, 237
Arch of Titus, Rome, 166
Archelais, 89
Archelaus of Cappadocia, 91
Ardaburius, 300
Ardashir, 245–6
Areus, 198
Argentocoxus, 234
Ariadne, 309
Arianism, 280
Arius, 280
Armenia, 41, 78, 83, 96, 145, 190
Arneae, 134
Arrecina Tertulla, 171
Arsinoite district, 95
Artabanus, 245
Artagira, 83
asceticism, 259, 260, 261, 280
Asclepiodotus, 299
Asia Minor, 89, 185, 200
Asiaticus (Valerius Asiaticus), 131, 141
Aspar, 300, 304, 308
Athaulf, 294, 295, 296, 310, 312
Athenais (later known as Eudocia) see Eudocia (Aelia Eudocia; formerly Athenais)
Athenais (craftswoman), 95
Athens, 34, 36, 37, 161, 198, 220, 279, 299
Epicurean school of philosophy, 197–8, 230
Atia, 3, 17, 24, 26
Atticus, 29, 31, 34, 52
Atticus, Bishop, 292, 298, 299, 304
Attila, 309, 310, 311
Auctus, 50
Augusta, Dowager Princess of Wales, 116
Augustus (formerly known as Octavian) fights and defeats Brutus and
Cassius, 11–12
clashes with Antony, 12, 19, 22, 36
poem about Fulvia, 20
pact with Antony at Brundisium, 23–4, 36
and marriage of Octavia and Antony, 23–4
deal with Sextus Pompeius, 25
first marriage to Claudia, 26
marries and divorces Scribonia, 26
marries Livia, 26–8
confiscates house of Hortensius, 29
defeats Sextus Pompeius, 30, 37
agreement with Antony at Tarentum, 33
public image of himself and his family, 35, 37–8, 39, 40, 46, 49, 50–1
ousts Lepidus, 37
portrayal of Antony, 37, 41
Antony writes letters referring to affairs of, 41–2
obtains Antony’s will and makes it public, 43
at war with Egypt, 43–4
victory at Actium, 12, 35, 44
defeats Antony, 44
becomes emperor, 45
lifestyle, 47–8, 49
and female education, 52
tours empire with Livia, 53–5
and Livia’s role, 54–5, 56, 74, 76
records his private conversations, 55–6
marital relationship, 56–7
marriage with Livia remains childless, 58
and the succession, 58, 83, 99
building projects in Rome, 58–60, 77
and death of Marcellus, 61, 63
and Julia’s marriage to Agrippa, 63–4
has reservations about luxury mansions, 65–6
legislation, 67–8
has problems with Julia, 69, 70, 71, 72, 78–9
and Julia’s marriage to Tiberius, 72–3
and death of Octavia, 73
rift with Tiberius, 78
celebrations to dedicate Forum of Augustus, 79
disowns Julia, 79–80
sends Julia into exile, 80
permits Julia to return to mainland, 81
allows Tiberius to return to Rome, 82
last journey, 83–4
death, 84–5
mutiny sparked by his death, 100
will, 88–9
deification, 90
and decisions about Claudius, 96–7
Agrippina Maior a favourite of, 99
Domitian portrays himself as political heir of, 177
brief references, 2, 6, 7, 8, 16, 17, 31, 34, 86, 94, 100, 111, 112, 114, 118, 119, 125, 131, 137, 141, 142, 167, 168, 170, 183, 198, 222, 225, 232, 253, 255, 258, 259, 286
Aulus Caecina Severus, 101–2
Aunes, 95
Aurelia Sabina, 213
Aurelian, 249, 250
Avidius Cassius, 212, 213, 214
Avitus (husband of Julia Maesa) see Julius Avitus
Alexianus
Avitus (later known as Elagabulus) see Elagabulus
Baetica, 107, 190, 206
Baiae, 21, 119, 120, 131, 150, 151, 205, 245
Balbilla (Julia Balbilla), 187, 188, 202, 203, 204, 227
Balkans, 75, 213, 289
bar Kokhba, Simon, 204
Barcelona, 295, 296, 310
Barrett Browning, Elizabeth, 300
Bassianus (son of Julia Mamaea), 241, 242
Bassianus (son of Septimius Severus) see Caracalla
Bauli, 119–20, 149, 151, 155
Bay of Naples, 119
beauty treatments, 71–2
Beckford, William, 116
Beirut, 162
Beneventum, 83, 84
Berenice I of Judaea, 95, 96, 159, 160
Berenice (mistress of Titus), 4–5, 158–9, 160, 161–4, 166, 170, 171–2, 173–4, 174–5, 176, 185–6, 218
Berlin: National Museums, 223
Berlin tondo, 223–4, 237
Bethlehem, 267
Church of the Nativity, 267
Betjeman, John, 274
Biblioteca Classense, Ravenna, 297
Bithynia, 202, 250, 279
Black Sea, 69, 91
Boccaccio, Giovanni, 35
De claris mulieribus, 4
Boleyn, Anne, 4 Bona Dea, 30, 76
temple, 76, 94
Bonaparte, Letizia, 263
Boniface, 297, 300, 303
Borgia, Lucrezia, 4, 62
Boudicca, Queen, 164, 180
breast-feeding, 18
Britain, 127, 158, 164, 201, 211, 234–5, 255, 258, 273–4, 283, 289
Britannicus, 127, 130, 134, 138, 140, 142, 147
Brontë, Charlotte: Jane Eyre, 119
Brundisium, 23, 25, 36, 86, 87, 106, 116, 120, 122, 212, 258
Bruttia Crispina, 215
Brutus, 11, 12, 13, 19, 23, 29
Burrus (Afranius Burrus), 140, 142, 147, 148, 151
Burton, Richard, 35
Bute, Earl of, 116
Byron, Lord, 275
Bywaters, Frederick, 4
Byzantine Empire, 313–14
Caecilia, 52
Caecilia Trebulla, 204
Caecilius Metellus, 59, 60
Caecina, 174
Caelian hill, 144, 206, 263
Caelius Rufus, 21
Caenis, 4–5, 95, 117, 168–70, 17l, 185–6
Caesarea, 161
Caesarea Philippi, 163–4
Caesarion, 34
Caesonia (Milonia Caesonia), 123, 124, 139
Caligula
calls Livia Ulixes stolatus, 12, 114
as a child, 100, 101, 120
as candidate for succession, 110, 116, 121
delivers eulogy for Livia, 114
becomes emperor, 121
reign, 121–4, 160–1
assassination, 124
failure to nominate heir, 125
brief references, 136, 139, 173, 202, 253
Callistus, 130, 136
Calpurnius Piso see Piso
Calvisius, 148, 149
Cambridge University: Museum of Classical Archaeology, 1–2
Campania, 111, 112, 200
Campus Martius, Rome, 84, 199
Canova, 263
Capitol, Rome, 232
Capitoline hill, Rome, 74, 168, 273
Capitoline Museum, Rome, 154, 263
Cappadocia, 213
Capri, 84, 112, 115, 117, 121, 122
Caracalla (formerly known as Bassianus)
birth, 221
renaming, and nickname, 225
given title of Augustus, 227
marries Plautilla, 228
and death of Plautianus, 233