33. Alexander Hamilton to John Jay, March 14, 1779, HAM II: 17–18.
34. John Laurens to George Washington, May 19, 1782, Sparks, Correspondence of the American Revolution, III: 406.
35. Walter Finney Diary, Chester County Historical Society, p. 18.
36. Knoblock, p. 88.
37. Thomas Anderson quoted in Quarles, p. 87, Stephen Steward to the Maryland Council, March 7, 1781, William Browne, ed., Archives of Maryland, 1883–1952, 65 vols., II: 362.
38. Ed Riley, ed., Charles Cross, Jr. A Navy for Virginia: A Colony’s Fleet in the Revolution, Yorktown: Virginia Independence Bicentennial Commission, 1981, pp. 22–23.
39. James Barron, “The Schooner Liberty,” Virginia Historical Register, 1848, I: 80.
40. Quarles, p. 171–173.
Chapter Twenty-five
1. Bartlett, ed., Records of the Colony of Rhode Island, VIII, p. 641.
2. Knoblock, p. 300.
3. Kaplan, pp. 55–58.
4. Nathanael Greene to John Sullivan, John Sullivan, Letters and Papers of Major General John Sullivan, 3 vols., Concord, NH: New Hampshire Historical Society, 1930–39, II: 103, 101–102.
5. Nathanael Greene to George Washington, August 28, 1778, GREENE, II: 499, a British sailor with Howe that day wrote that the French left because of fierce British opposition, but admitted that Howe and the officers were surprised at their departure, Thomas O’Beirne, Narrative of the Fleet Under Lord Howe, New York: New York Times-Arno Press, 1969, pp. 40–41.
6. Nathanael Greene to William Heath, August 27, 1778, GREENE II: 497.
7. William Nell, Colored Patriots of the American Revolution, New York: New York Times-Arno Press, 1968, pp. 128–130.
8. Theodore Thayer, Nathanael Greene: Strategist of the American Revolution, pp. 256–257.
9. Kaplan, pp. 55–56.
10. John Hope Franklin. From Slavery to Freedom, New York: Alfred Knopf, 1947, p. 136.
11. Boatner, pp. 788–794.
12. Henry Laurens to New Jersey Governor William Livingston, September 1, 1778, Smith, X: 546–547.
13. James Smith to his wife Eleanor Smith, September 4, 1778, Smith, X: 572.; Richard Henry Lee to Adam Stephen, September 5, 1778, Ibid., X: 574.
14. Knoblock, p. 285–286.
15. Ibid., pp. 173–174.
16. Ibid., pp. 137–138.
17. David White, Connecticut’s Black Soldiers, 1775–1783, Chester, CN: Pequot Press, 1973, p. 22.
18. White, pp. 120–121.
Chapter Twenty-six
1. Edward Field, Esek Hopkins: Commander in Chief of the Continental Navy During the American Revolution, 1775–1778, Master Mariner, Politician, Brigadier General, Naval Officer and Philanthropist, Providence: Preston and Rounds Co., 1898, p. 45.
2. Richard Henry Lee to John Page, March 29, 1779, Smith, XII: 160–161.
3. Gardner Weld Allen, Massachusetts Privateers of the Revolution, Massachusetts Historical Society, 1927, p. 18.
4. Barbara Tuchman, First Salute: A View of the American Revolution, New York: Alfred Knopf, 1988, p. 20.
5. Boatner, pp. 896–898. Boatner estimated $18 million, but adding total worth of cargo a $66 million figure was set by Nathan Miller in Sea of Glory: A Naval History of the American Revolution, Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1974, pp. 260–264.
6. Miller, Sea of Glory, p. 262.
7. Miller, p. 282.
8. London Chronicle, September 2, 1777.
9. Annual Register, XXI, 1778, p. 36.
10. Governor Valentine Morris to Vice Admiral James Young, William Bell Clark, Exec. Ed., William Morgan, Ed. Vol. VII, Naval Documents of the American Revolution, 10 vols., Washington, D.C.: Department of the Navy, Naval History Division, 1976, VII: 1184–85.
11. Henry Byrne to Vice Admiral James Young, December 4, 1776, in Morgan, Naval Documents of the American Revolution, VII: 372–373.
12. Miller, p. 261.
13. Francis Wharton, The Revolutionary Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States, 6 vols., Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1889, III: 650.
14. John Langdon to John Hancock, November 4, 1776; Charles Lee to Mescheh Weare, November 27, 1776, Morgan, Naval Documents, VII: 31.
15. Historical Magazine, March 1862.
16. Allen, Massachusetts Privateers of the Revolution, p. 16.
17. John Paul Jones, Memoirs of Rear Admiral John Paul Jones, Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd Publishers, 1890, pp. 80–81.
18. John Barnes, ed., Fanning’s Narrative: Being the Memoir of Nathaniel Fanning, an Officer of the Revolutionary Navy, 1778–1783, New York: New York Times-Arno Books, 1968, pp. 194–195.
Chapter Twenty-seven
1. David Ludlum, History of Early American Winters, 1604–1828, Boston: Boston-American Meteorological Society, 1966, pp. 120–121.
2. Diary of Colonel Israel Angell, New York: New York Times-Arno Books, 1971, pp. 101–102.
3. Diary of Colonel Israel Angell, pp. 114–115.
4. Thacher, pp. 180–181.
5. Erkuries Beatty to Reading Beatty, December 29, 1779, Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 14, 1890, p. 205; Finney journal entry, December 2, 1780, Finney Diary.
6. Christopher Ward, War of the Revolution, 2:612, quoting N. W. Stephenson and W. H. Dunn, George Washington, New York: Oxford University Press, 1940, 2 vols., 2:121.
7. Miers, Crossroads of Freedom, p. 202.
8. Diary of Colonel Israel Angell, December 13, 1779, p. 101.
9. George Washington to James Wilkinson, Dec. 22, 1779, GWW XXVII: 300.
10. Nathanael Greene to Daniel Broadhead, December 8, 1779, GREENE, V: 182.
11. Scheer, Yankee Doodle, p. 172.
12. Major James Fairlie to Charles Tillinghast, January 12, 1780, Dennis Ryan, Ed., A Salute to Courage: The American Revolution as Seen through the Wartime Writings of Officers of the Continental Army and Navy, New York: Columbia University Press, 1979, p. 178.
13. George Washington to Samuel Huntington, Dec. 25, 1779, GWW XXVII: 272–273.
14. William Livingston to George Washington, December 21, 1779, Livingston Papers, 5 vols. III: 277.
15. Baron von Steuben to George Clinton, Thayer, Colonial and Revolutionary Morris County, p. 224.
16. William Livingston to the New Jersey Assembly, December 20, 1779, Livingston Papers, III: 273–274.
17. A. E. Zucker, General De Kalb: Lafayette’s Mentor, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1966, p. 190; Thacher, pp. 214–216.
18. George Washington’s Weather Diary, entry of January 6, 1780.
19. Thacher, p. 185.
20. George Washington to Samuel Huntington, January 5, 1780, GWW XXVII: 358.
21. William Ellery to Nathanael Greene, December 21, 1779, Smith, XIV: 288.
22. Nathanael Greene to Benoni Hathaway, January 6, 1780, GREENE V: 243.
23. Jersey Journal, January 15, 1780.
24. “A soldier’s letter,” Jersey Journal, January 22, 1780.
25. Thayer, Colonial and Revolutionary Morris County, pp. 228–230.
26. Jersey Journal, January 16, 1780.
27. Jersey Journal, February 2, 1780.
28. De Kalb quoted in Miers, p. 209; Nathanael Greene to Alexander McDougall, March 1, 1780, GREENE V: 428.
29. William Livingston to Rensalaer Williams, December 12, 1779, Livingston Papers: III: 282.
30. Proclamation, May 27, 1780, from Seely Diary.
31. Scheer, Yankee Doodle, p. 182.
32. Ibid., p. 186.
Chapter Twenty-eight
1. William Livingston to George Washington, June 7, 1780, Livingston Papers, III: 435.
2. White, A Village at War, p. 173; Boatner, p. 1045; Thayer, Colonial and Revolutionary Morris County, pp. 247–248; Miers, Crossroads of Freedom, pp. 217–220.
3. Thomas Fleming, The Forgotten Victory: The Battle for New Jersey, 1780, New York: Reader’s Digest Press, 1973, pp. 132–136, Miers, pp. 220–221.
4. Joseph Jones, The Life of Ashbel Green, New York, Robert Carter & Brothers, 1849, pp. 112–114.
5. William Livingston to Baron von Steuben, June 21, 1780, Livingston Papers, III: 438–439.
6. Boatner, pp. 1045–1047.
7. Wilhelm Knyphausen to George Germain, July 3, 1780, K. G. Davis, Ed., Documents of the American Revolution, 1770–1783, (Colonial Office Series), 21 vols., Shannon: Irish University Press, 1976, XVIII, pp. 112–113.
8. George Washington to Robert Howe, June 10, 1780, GW XVIII: 494–496.
9. Washington’s note, GWW XIX: 96–97; Diary of Colonel Israel Angell, p. 169.
10. Notes on the battles of Springfield from Thayer, Colonial and Revolutionary Morris County, pp. 246–255; White, pp. 171–177; Joseph Jones, The Life of Ashbel Green, pp. 112–114; Scheer, Yankee Doodle, 188–189; Thacher, p. 201–202; Jersey Journal, June 14, 1780; Scheer and Rankin, p. 374; William Wilcox, Ed., Sir Henry Clinton, the American Rebellion: Sir Henry Clinton’s Narrative of His Campaign 1775–1782, With an Appendix of Original Documents, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1954, p. 194; Miers, pp. 217–225; See Also Thomas Fleming, The Forgotten Victory, Boatner, pp. 1045–1047.
11. Jersey Journal, March 29, 1780.
Chapter Twenty-nine
1. St. George Tucker, “Journal of the Siege of Yorktown,” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Series (July 1948), p. 378.
2. Richard Ketchum, Victory at Yorktown: The Campaign That Won the Revolution, New York: Henry Holt, 2004, pp. 211–213.
3. Thomas Fleming, Beat the Last Drum, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1963, pp. 61–65. 4. John Linn and William Hegle, Eds., Captain Joseph McClellan and Lieutenant William Feltman, Diary of the Pennsylvania Line, Pennsylvania Archives, 2d Series, vol. XI, Harrisburg: Lane Hart, State Printer, 1880, p. 689, 691, 693.
5. James Thomas Flexner, George Washington in the American Revolution, 1775–1783, pp. 448–455; Freeman, George Washington: A Biography, VI: 365–371; Randall, George Washington: A Life, pp. 391–393.
6. St. George Tucker, “Journal of the Siege of Yorktown,” p. 382.
7. Linn and Hegle, Diary of the Pennsylvania Line, p. 694,
8. Thacher, p. 284.
9. The Journal of Lieut. William Feltman, of the First Pennsylvania Regiment, 1781–1782, Philadelphia: Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1853; reprint, New York: New York Times-Arno Press, 1969, p. 18.
10. Thacher, p. 280.
11. Thacher, p. 285.
12. Scheer, Yankee Doodle, pp. 235–236.
13. Williams, Biographies of Revolutionary Heroes, pp. 276–279.
14. Tucker, “Journal of the Siege of Yorktown, 1781,” p. 386.
15. Stephen Popp, “Journal, 1777–1783,” PMHB, XXVI, pp. (1902), pp. 25–41.
16. For details on the battle of Yorktown, see Boatner, pp. 1230–1250.
17. Tucker, p. 391
18. William Hallahan, The Day the Revolution Ended, October 19, 1781, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2004, pp. 199–201.
19. Burke Davis, The Campaign That Won America: The Story of Yorktown, New York, Dial Press, 1970, p. 267.
20. Thacher, p. 289.
21. Hallahan, pp. 229–249.
22. Admiral Samuel Hood to George Jackson, October 29, 1781, French Ensor Chadwick, The Graves Papers and Other Documents Relating to the Naval Operations of the Yorktown Campaign, July to October, 1781, 10 vols., New York: Printed for the Naval History Society, DeVinne Press, 1916, VII: pp. 144–145.
23. Fleming, Beat the Last Drum, p. 343.
INDEX
A
Adams, John, 30, 45
on black soldiers, 282
on privateering, 306
African Americans, 279–80, 282, 289–91. See also First
Rhode Island
Dunmore’s slave soldiers, 284–85
enlistment of, 278, 281, 283, 285–88
slaves freed for military
service, 301
substitution system, 287
Allen, Ethan, 61, 104, 259
Allen, Lucy (Mrs. Beebe), 104
Andre, Maj. John, 345
Angell, Col. Israel, 232, 322
Springfield, 341, 343
army discipline, 19, 24, 96, 173, 182, 211, 246–48
drinking, 21, 46, 127
gambling, 21
Arnold, Gen. Benedict, 61
camp at Chambly, 113–14
Canadian expedition, 86, 88. See also Canadian expedition
difficulties of, 63, 66–68, 100
evacuation of Montreal, 89–90, 92
leg wound during, 74, 76
ordering smallpox inoculations, 106
plan for, 62
Quebec City, 70, 74
controversy over expenses, 61, 89, 91, 328
court-martial, 328
defection, 345
Indian mutiny, 192
letter to Schuyler, 70
navy defeat, 130
physical appearance, 61
popularity of, 70–71, 201
rumors about, 22, 80
Saratoga
first battle, 196
disagreements with
Gates, 195, 197–98
second battle, 200–201
with Cornwallis, 347
Attucks, Crispus, 281
Avery, Rev. David, 96, 105, 108
B
Ball, Mrs. Stephen, 273. See also Seely, Capt. Sylvanus
Bartlett, Josiah, 31, 287
Beebe, Dr. Lewis, 54, 97, 108, 111, 116, 123–25, 365
life before war, 104
meeting Robbins, 105
on officers, 127
on Robbins’s sermon, 120
opinion of Arnold, 113, 117
returning home, 133
studying medicine, 106
treating Gen. Thomas, 107, 110
blacks. See African Americans
Bliss, Capt. T. T., 6–8, 14, 86
Bostwick, Sgt. Elisha, 54, 138, 159
Boudinot, Elias, 222, 235
bounties, 253, 286
Breed’s Hill. See Bunker Hill
Brown, John, 105
Bunker Hill, 1–7, 15
Burgoyne, Gen. John “Gentleman Johnny,” 83, 185, 190
Albany plan, 191
letter to Lord Germain, 191
on the Bunker Hill retreat, 6
playwright, 36
Saratoga
first battle, 193–97, 199
second battle, 200, 202–3
surrender, 204
C
Cadwalader, Gen. John, 142, 149
Canadian expedition, 59, 83, 85, 132
ambush at the Cedars, 86
Arnold’s plan, 62
attack against Indians, 88
attack on Quebec City, 74, 76
capture of Montreal, 63
congressional support, 60, 71, 91
difficulties of, 63–70, 91–92, 109
illness, 65, 100, 102, 105. See also smallpox
loss of food, 65
evacuation of Montreal, 89–90
retreat, 92
siege of Quebec City, 73
Washington’s initial plan, 62
Carleton, Gov. Guy, 63, 79, 83–84, 101, 132, 191
Clinton, Gen. Sir Henry, 192, 199, 202, 239, 325, 337, 346, 348
Bunker Hill, 5, 6
Monmouth, 266, 269–70
Springfield, 340
Cornwallis, Lord, 28, 133, 148, 153–54, 156, 160, 230, 346, 347
Yorktown, 352–53, 358–59
surrender, 360–61
Crosby, Dr. Ebenezer, 222
D
d’Estaing, Adm. Charles, 295, 297, 319
de Grasse, Adm. Comte, 348, 350, 353
de Kalb, Gen. Baron Johann. See Kalb, Gen. Baron Johann
de
desertion, 30, 139, 166–67, 171–72, 278
Enos’s inquiry, 68
punishment for, 24, 173, 247
Washington’s efforts
against, 173
discipline. See army discipline
Dunmore, Earl of, 283
E
Enos, Col. Roger, 67
F
Finney, Capt. Walter, 180–81, 188, 324
First Rhode Island, 293–99
Fisher, Sgt. Elijah, 14, 23, 37, 215–16, 364
dispute over pay, 252, 254
improving reading and
writing, 251
in Washington’s life guard, 243–46, 249
leaving army, 250
Saratoga, 217
Valley Forge, 219, 226
working at supply office, 255
France, military assistance of, 161, 206, 240, 296, 320, 346–47, 350
Franklin, Benjamin, 53–54, 91
Fraser, Gen. Simon, 195, 201
furloughs, 167, 173, 177
G
Gage, Gen. Thomas, 1, 34, 41
approval for evacuation of
Boston, 13
Gates, Gen. Horatio, 125, 133, 186, 346
physical appearance, 186
Saratoga
first battle, 193, 196
disagreements with
Arnold, 195, 197–98
implications of victory, 206
second battle, 201, 203
scheming, 186
George III, King, 44, 321
Germain, Lord George, 161, 190
Gimat, Col. Jean Joseph, 355–56
Granger, Pvt. Dan, 49, 54, 189, 197
on Burgoyne’s surrender, 204–205
Grasse, Adm. Comte de. See de
Grasse, Adm. Comte
Great Awakening, 51, 96
Greene, Gen. Nathanael, 56, 173, 230, 236, 326, 329, 332, 347
Newport, 295, 298, 300
Springfield, 340, 343
Greenman, Sgt. Jeremiah, 367
Canadian expedition, 64, 67–68
Quebec City, 75
taken prisoner, 76
joining army, 54, 60
Monmouth, 268–69
Morristown 1779–80 winter, 322, 325, 329
prisoner of war, 76–84
escape plan, 81–82
Springfield, 340–42
Staten Island, 331
with First Rhode Island, 279, 293–94, 296–99
Greenwood, Pvt. John, 12, 85, 128, 150, 303
Bunker Hill, 6–8
Canadian expedition, 86, 89
evacuation of Montreal, 90, 92
scouting for Indians, 87–88
crossing the Delaware, 136, 140–41
driving British from
Boston, 36
during siege of Boston, 15–17
friend Samuel Maverick, 10–11
The First American Army Page 43