20. Dwyer, p. 293.
21. Rau, Mississippi Valley Historical Review, p. 269.
Chapter Fourteen
1. Ward, The War of the Revolution, I: 310.
2. Quincy, The Journals of Major Samuel Shaw, The First American Consul at Canton, pp. 30–33.
3. Dwyer, The Day Is Ours, p. 325.
4. Dwyer, p. 333.
5. Catherine Williams, Biographies of Revolutionary Heroes, containing the life of General William Barton and also of Captain Stephen Olney, Providence: Catherine Williams, 1839, p. 196.
6. William Thompson to Leven Powell, January 10, 177, Dodd, John Branch Historical Papers of Randolph-Macon College, pp. 120–121.
7. Wilkinson, Memoir of My Time, I: 138.
8. Richard Wheeler, Voices of 1776, New York: Crowell, 1972, pp. 183–185; Dwyer, The Day is Ours, White Diary, Williams, Olney Memoir.
9. George McIntosh to John Muir, January 5, 1777, Dodd, pp. 119–120.
10. Horace Wells Sellers, “Charles Wilson Peale, Artist—Soldier,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, v. 38, 1914, p. 280.
11. Thomas Rodney, Diary of Captain Thomas Rodney, 1776–1777, Wilmington, DE: Historical Society of Delaware, 1888, p. 35.
12. Powell, William and Mary Quarterly, p. 105.
13. Dr. David Griffith to Leven Powell, Dec. 27, 1776, Dodd, Branch Historical Papers, pp. 46–47.
14. Freeman’s Journal, January 21, 1777.
Chapter Fifteen
1. Boatner, p. 654.
2. Colonel Jonathan Fitch to Governor Trumbull, August 13, 1776, in Force, American Archives V, I:938.
3. GW to John Hancock, January 31, 1777, GWW VII:80–81.
4. GW to Joseph Reed, November 28, 1775, GWW IV: 124–125.
5. GW to Major General Philomon Dickinson, January 21, 1777, GWW VII: 45–46.
6. Nathanael Greene to a friend, January 4, 1776, Richard Showman, Ed., The Papers of Nathanael Greene, 12 vols., Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press for the Rhode Island Historical Society, 1976, hereafter cited as GREENE, I: 126–127.
7. Littell, ed., Alexander Graydon, Memoir of His Own Time, with Reminiscences of the Men and Events of the Revolution, p. 147.
Chapter Sixteen
1. Powell, William and Mary Quarterly, p. 100.
2. Hugh Rankin, Ed., “Abilgence Waldo Diary,” Narratives of the American Revolution, as Told by a Young Soldier, a Home-Sick Surgeon, a French Volunteer, and a German General’s Wife, Chicago: R.R. Donnelly and Son Company, 1976, p. 173.
3. Jabez Fitch Diary, Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings, 1894–1895, 2d series, vol. 9, pp. 53–61.
4. Jabez Fitch Diary, p. 53.
5. Almon Lauber, ed., Orderly Books of the Fourth New York Regiment, 1778–1780, the 2d New York Regiment, 1780–1783, with Diaries of Samuel Tallmadge and John Barr, 1779–1782, Albany, University of the State of New York, 1932, p. 633.
6. Scheer, Yankee Doodle, p. 123.
7. General orders, Aug. 22, 1775, GWW III: 444.
8. William Henshaw, Orderly Books . . . October 1, 1775, through October 3,1776, Worcester: Mass., 1948., p. 131.
9. Diary of Lt. Walter Finney, Chester County Historical Society.
10. Walter Hart Blumenthal, Women Camp Followers of the American Revolution, New York: Arno Press, 1974, p. 187–188.
11. Loammi Baldwin to his wife, June 17, 1776, Baldwin Papers, Harvard College Library, quoted in Douglas Southall Freeman, George Washington: A Biography, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1952, 7 vols., IV, p. 85.
12. Blumenthal, Women Camp Followers of the American Revolution, pp. 225–226.
13. Rebecca Symmes, ed., A Citizen Soldier in the American Revolution: The Diary of Benjamin Gilbert in Massachusetts and New York, Cooperstown, NY: New York State Historical Association, 1980, p. 30.
14. Symmes, p. 33.
15. Blumenthal, p. 59.
16. General Orders, GWW, IX: 129:30.
17. Blumenthal, p. 86; John Hyde Preston, Revolution, 1776, New York, 1933, p. 170.
18. Wheeler, The Life and Writings of Tom Paine, I: 90.
Chapter Seventeen
1. Bayard Tucherman, The Life of General Philip Schuyler, 1733–1809, New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1903, pp. 230–234.
2. Max M. Mintz, The Generals of Saratoga: Horatio Gates and John Burgoyne, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990, p. 181.
3. Entry of November 25, 1777, Walter Finney Diary, Chester County Historical Society, West Chester, Pa., p. 20.
4. Return Meigs, “Journal of Return J. Meigs,” in Roberts, March to Quebec, p. 181.
5. Robert Parker, “Journal of Lieutenant Robert Parker,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, v. 28, 1904, p. 15.
6. M. M. Quaife, “A Boy Soldier under Washington: The Memoir of Dan Granger,” p. 555.
7. Quaife, “Boy Soldier,” p. 555.
8. John Burgoyne to George Germain, Aug. 20, 1777, in John Burgoyne, The Remembrancer, 1777, p. XXV.
9. Paul Nelson, General Horatio Gates: A Biography, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1976, pp. 114–115.
10. John Elting, The Battle of Saratoga, Monmouth Beach, NJ: Philip Freneau Press, 1977, p. 51.
11. Samuel Patterson, Horatio Gates, Defender of American Liberties, New York: Columbia University Press, 1941, pp. 150–153.
12. James Flexner, The Traitor and the Spy: Benedict Arnold and John Andre, New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1957, pp. 170–173.
13. Boatner, p. 974.
14. John Glover to J. Glover and A. Orne, September 21, 1777, in Essex Inst., Hist. Coll. V, June, 1863, pp. 101–102.
15. James Baxter, ed., William Digby, The British Invasion from the North, Albany, 1887, p. 274.
16. John Elting, The Battle of Saratoga, p. 35.
17. Quaife, p. 544.
18. Horatio Gates to John Burgoyne, September 2, 1777, Papers of Horatio Gates, in Mintz, p. 182.
19. Randall, Benedict Arnold, pp. 368–361.
20. From Samuel Downing’s pension statement, in Bolton, p. 244; Wakefield in Reuben Aldridge Guild, Chaplain Smith and the Baptists: or Life, Journals and Addresses of the Rev. Hezekiah Smith, D.D., of Haverhill, Mass., 1737–1805, Philadelphia: American Baptist Society, 1885, p. 213.
21. William L. Stone, trans., Friederich Riedesel, Letters and Journals Relating to the War of the American Revolution, Albany, 1867, pp. 125–127.
22. Thacher, Military Journal of the American Revolution, pp. 112–114.
23. Rupert Furneaux, The Battle of Saratoga, New York: Stein and Day, 1971, p. 268.
24. Boston celebration in Boston Gazette, November 1, 1777; Sir Edwin Creasy, The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World, London, 1851.
25. Thacher, pp. 109–110.
Chapter Nineteen
1. Major Richard Platt to General Alexander McDougall, Dec. 29, 1777, Lee Boyle, Writings from the Valley Forge Encampment of the Continental Army, December 29, 1777—June 19, 1778, II: 9–11.
2. GW to Congress, October 13, 1777, Philander Chase, ed., Papers of George Washington, 45 vols. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, Revolutionary War Series, II: 497–501; GW to Thomas Nelson, November 11, 1777, GWW X: 27.
3. Jedediah Huntington letter, Dec. 25, 1777, VFHP.
4. Hugh Rankin, Ed., “Albigence Waldo Diary,” Narratives of the American Revolution, as Told by a Young Soldier, a Home-Sick Surgeon, a French Volunteer, and a German General’s Wife, p.182. 5. Diary of Ebenezer Wild, January 1–14, 1778, Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 1890, vol. 6, pp. 78–161.
6. James Craig to Jonathan Potts, April 26, 1778, VFHP.
7. James Craig to Jonathan Potts, May 2, 1778, VFHP.
8. Gouverneur Morris to John Jay, February 1, 1778, Smith, 9:4.
9. Benjamin Rush to George Washington, Jan. 1, 1779, VFHP; Rush to Washington, December 26, 1778, Washington Papers, Library of Congress; Rush to Greene, February 1, 1778
, GREENE II: 267.
10. Elias Boudinot to Elisha Boudinot, March 15, 1778, Lee Boyle, Writings from the Valley Forge Encampment of the Continental Army, December 29, 1777—June 19, 1778, I: 78–79. 11. Alexander Scammell to Timothy Pickering, March 17, 1778, Boyle, I: 83–88.
12. Rankin, “Waldo Diary,” Narratives of the American Revolution, p. 182.
13. Ebenezer Crosby to Norton Quincey, April 14, 1778, Boyle, I: 103–104.
14. Rankin, “Waldo Diary,” December 25, 1777.
15. A. Craigie to Jonathan Potts, April 4, 1778; John Cochran to Jonathan Potts, March 22, 1778; Thomas Herbert to Jonathan Potts, March 25, 1778; J. B. Cuttings to Jonathan Potts, March 16, 1778, VFHP.
16. Jedediah Huntington to GW, January 1, 1778, VFHP.
17. Benjamin Rush to Patrick Henry, January 12, 1778, in Carl Binger, Revolutionary Doctor, Benjamin Rush, 1746–1813, New York: W. W. Norton & Co. 1966, p. 133; Dr. William Brown letter to unknown friend, January 20, 1778, VFHP.
18. Rankin, “Waldo Diary,” p. 201.
19. Benjamin Rush to Horatio Gates, February 4, 1778, VFHP.
20. Leven Powell to Sarah Powell, January 21, 1778, Dodd, John Branch Historical Papers, pp. 36–38. 21. GW to William Livingston, December 21, 1777, GWW X: 233.
22. James Sproat, Journal of Rev. Dr. James Sproat, Pennsylvania Historical Society Library, in Gibson, p. 326.
23. James Craig to Jonathan Potts, May 15, 1778, VFHP.
24. Rankin, “Waldo Diary,” p. 185.
25. GW to Henry Laurens, December 23, 1777, GWW X: 192–198.
26. Jedediah Huntington to Jabez Huntington, Jan 7, 1778, VFHP.
27. Thomas Jones to Charles Stewart, Feb. 16, 1778, Charles Stewart Papers, NYHS.
Chapter Twenty
1. Enoch Anderson, Personal Recollections of Captain Enoch Anderson, an Officer of the Delaware Regiments in the Revolutionary War, with Notes by Henry Hobard Bellas, L.L.B., Captain of the U.S. Army, Wilmington, DE: Historical Society of Delaware, 1896, pp. 36–37.
2. James Flexner, George Washington in the American Revolution, 1775–1783, pp. 219–224.
3. Joseph Clark, Diary of Joseph Clark, NJ Historical Society Proceedings, VII: 96, 98–99; Elias Dayton narrative, Elias Dayton Papers, New Jersey Historical Society, Newark, NJ.
4. Quincy, Journals of Major Samuel Shaw, pp. 34–35.
5. Edward Fields, Ed., Diary of Colonel Israel Angell, Commanding the Second Rhode Island Continental Regiment During the American Revolution, 1778–1781, Providence, 1899, pp. xii-xiii.
6. John Trussell Jr., Birthplace of an Army: A Study of the Valley Forge Encampment, Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 1998, pp. 34–35.
7. John Paterson to Thomas Marshall, Feb. 23, 1777, Boyle, II: 66–68.
8. Archelaus Lewis to Jesse Partridge, February 1, 1778, Boyle I: 39–40.
9. Peter Force Mss., Series E., New Hampshire Council, David Library of the American Revolution; Library of Congress.
10. Samuel Carlton to General William Heath, January 28, 1778, Boyle I: 37–38.
11. Charles Scott to George Washington, January 14, 1777, Boyle I: 22–23.
12. Richard Platt to Alexander McDougall, January 24, 1778, VFHP.
13. Richard Butler to Thomas Wharton Jr., March 26, 1778, Boyle, II: 94–95.
14. John McDowell to Col. David Grier, January 16, 1778, Boyle II: 24–25.
15. William Duane, Ed., Extracts from the Diary of Christopher Marshall, 1774–1781, Albany, NY: Joel Munsell, 1877, pp. 161–162.
16. James Gray to Susan Gray, December 24, 1777, Boyle I: 4.
17. Elias Boudinot to Elisha Boudinot, September 23, 1777, George Adams Boyd, Elias Boudinot: Patriot and Statesman, 1740–1821, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1952, reprint, New York: Greenwood Press, 1969, p. 43.
18. Anonymous letter of William Weeks, Feb. 16, 1778, Hiram Bingham Jr. Five Straws Gathered from Revolutionary Fields, Cambridge, MA, 1901, pp. 23–25.
19. Jonathan Todd to Jonathan Todd Sr., Dec. 25, 1777, Boyle, II: 6–7.
20. Enoch Poor to Mesech Weare, January 21, 1778, Force MSS, series 7-E, New Hampshire Council, Library of Congress; Wayne Bodle and Jacqueline Thibault, Valley Forge Historical Report, Valley Forge, PA: Valley Forge Historical Park, 1980, 3 vols., I: 160–161; Henry Laurens to William Livingston, Ibid. III: 142.
21. Governor and Council Letters, Massachusetts State Archives, Force Mss., Series 7E, David Library; Library of Congress.
22. George Ewing, The Military Journal of George Ewing, 1754–1824, a Soldier at Valley Forge, Yonkers, NY: Thomas Ewing, 1928, pp. 44–45.
23. Ewing, The Military Journal of George Ewing, p. 34.
24. Ewing, pp. 49–51.
25. GW to John Augustine Washington, June 10, 1778, GWW XII: 43.
Chapter Twenty-one
1. George Washington to Caleb Gibbs, April 22, 1777, GWW, VII: 452–453, GW to Alexander Spotswood, April 30, 1777, GWW VII: 494–495.
2. Maurer Maurer, “Military Justice Under General Washington,” Military Affairs, vol. 28, no. 1, 1964, p. 8.
3. Scheer, Yankee Doodle, pp. 45–46.
4. Thacher, pp. 195–196.
Chapter Twenty-two
1. George Washington to John Hancock, September 24, 1776, GWW VI: 110–111.
2. Ambrose Ely Vanderpoel, History of Chatham, New Jersey, Chatham: Chatham Historical Society, 1959, pp. 82–91; John Cunningham, Chatham: At the Crossing of the Fishawack, Chatham: Chatham Historical Society, 1967, pp. 19–21.
3. Donald White, A Village at War: Chatham, New Jersey, and the American Revolution, Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1979, pp. 23–28.
4. White, A Village at War, p. 103.
5. New York Gazette, June 3,1778.
6. Papers of the New Jersey Provisional Congress.
7. Theodore Thayer, Colonial and Revolutionary Morris County, Morristown, Compton Press, for the Morris County Heritage Commission, 1975, pp. 255–256.
8. Thayer, Colonial and Revolutionary Morris County, pp. 85–87.
9. George Washington to Robert Morris, May 25, 1778, GWW XI: 453.
10. Scheer, Yankee Doodle, p. 126.
11. Scheer, Yankee Doodle, p. 127.
12. Boatner, pp. 719–725.
13. Flexner, George Washington in the American Revolution, pp. 303–309.
14. Earl Schenk Miers, Crossroads of Freedom, New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1971, pp. 156–157.
15. New York Journal, July 13, 1778.
16. Williams, Biographies of Revolutionary Heroes, pp. 214–215.
17. Lender and Martin, Citizen Soldier, pp. 136–137.
18. Randall, George Washington, pp. 357–360.
19. Washington to Congress, GWW XII: 143–145.
20. Boatner, p. 725.
Chapter Twenty-three
1. Thayer, Colonial and Revolutionary Morris County, pp. 214–215.
Chapter Twenty-four
1. George Washington to William Heath, June 29, 1780, GWW XIX: 93.
2. Boatner, p. 883.
3. Edward Braddock to Robert Napier, March 17, 1755, Stanley Pargellis, ed., Military Affairs in North America, 1748–1765, New York, 1936, p. 78.
4. Glen Knoblock, “Strong and Brave Fellows”: New Hampshire’s Black Soldiers and Sailors of the Americans Revolution, 1775–1784, Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Co., 2003, pp. 149–151.
5. Samuel Allinson to Patrick Henry, October 12, 1774, Allinson Papers, Rutgers University Special Collections; James Otis, The Rights of British Colonists Asserted and Proved, 3rd ed., Boston, MA, 1766, pp. 43–44.
6. Fairfax Resolves, in Virginia Gazette, July 24, 1774; Washington on “tame and abject slaves,” George Washington to Bryan Fairfax, August 24, 1774, Papers of George Washington, Colonial Series X: 154–156.; “poor wretches,” George Washington to Lund Washington, GWW IV: 147–149.
7. Connecticut Military Records, 1775–1848, Hartford, 1889, p. 85, 9
0.
8. Knoblock, “Strong and Brave Fellows,” p. 20.
9. Knoblock, p. 22.
10. Sidney Kaplan, The Black Presence in the Era of the American Revolution, 1770–1800, New York: Graphic Society for Smithsonian Institution, 1973, pp. 20–21.
11. Benjamin Quarles, The Negro in the American Revolution, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1961, pp. 13–15.
12. Graydon, Memoirs, p. 131.
13. General Persifor Frazer, “Some Extracts from the Papers of General Persifor Frazer,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, 31, 1907, p. 134.
14. Philip Schuyler to George Washington, July 14, 1777, Jared Sparks, ed., Correspondence of the American Revolution, Being Letters of Eminent Men to George Washington from the Time of His Taking Command of the Army to the End of His Presidency,. 4 vols., Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries Press, 1979, I: 398.
15. William Heath to Samuel Adams, August 27, 1777, Heath Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society Collection, 7th Series, 4 (1904), p. 148.
16. Quarles, The Negro in the American Revolution, p. 16.
17. Knoblock, p. 13.
18. Worthington Ford. Ed., Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789, 24 vols., Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1904, III: 395, 403.
19. George Washington to Richard Henry Lee, December 26, 1775, in R. H. Lee, Memoir of the Life of Richard Henry Lee, Philadelphia, 1825, II: 9.
20. Henry Muhlenberg, Muhlenberg Diaries, quoted in Kaplan, The Black Presence in the Era of the American Revolution, 1770–1800, p. 66.
21. Virginia Gazette, Nov. 17, 1775; Nov. 24, 1775.
22. William Foster, The Negro People in American History, New York: International Publishing Company, 1954, pp. 48–49.
23. Quarles, pp. 26–28.
24. Kaplan, pp. 66–69.
25. Knoblock, pp. 96–97.
26. Ibid., p. 118.
27. Ibid., pp. 53–54.
28. Ibid., pp. 83–84.
29. Jeremy Belknap Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston.
30. Jeremy Belknap Papers, p. 117.
31. John Laurens to Henry Laurens, January 14, 1778, William Gilmore Simms, The Army Correspondence of Colonel John Laurens in the Years 1777–1778, New York: New York Times-Arno Press, 1969, p. 108.
32. John Laurens to Henry Laurens, February 2, 1778, Army Correspondence of Colonel John Laurens in the Years 1777–1778, pp.114–118.
The First American Army Page 42