by Peter Watson
16. Coote, Op. cit., page 26.
17. Ibid., pages 125–126 and 132–135.
18. Valerie Eliot, Op. cit., pages 551–552. See also Coote, Op. cit., page 17 for the ‘escape from personality’ reference.
19. Luigi Pirandello, Six Characters in Search of an Author, translated by Frederick May, London: Heinemann, 1954, reprinted 1975, page x.
20. May, Op. cit., page viii. Mark Musa, Introduction to the Penguin edition of Six Characters in Search of an Author and Other Plays, London: Penguin, 1995, pages xi and xiv; see also: Benito Ortolani (editor and translator), Pirandello’s Loue Letters to Marta Abba, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994.
21. Gaspare Giudice, Pirandello, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975, page 119.
22. Frank Field, The Last Days of Mankind: Karl Kraus and His Vienna, London: Macmillan, 1967, page 14.
23. Field, Op. cit., page 18.
24. Ibid., page 102.
25. Ibid., page 103.
26. W. Kraft, Karl Kraus, Beiträge zum Verständnis seines Werkes, Salzburg, 1956, page 13; quoted in Field, Op. cit., pages 242 and 269.
27. Coote, Op. cit., page 28.
28. Richard Ellmann, James Joyce, New York: Oxford University Press, 1959, page 401.
29. Declan Kiberd, Introduction to James Joyce’s Ulysses, Paris: Shakespeare & Co., 1922; Penguin edition of the 1960 Bodley Head edition, 1992, page lxxxi.
30. Ellmann, Op cit., page 672; John Wyse Jackson and Peter Costello, John Stanislaus Joyce: The Voluminous Life and Genius of Joyce’s Father, London: Fourth Estate, 1997, pages 254–255.
31. Ellmann, Op. cit., page 551.
32. Kiberd, Op. cit., page xxxii.
33. James Joyce, Ulysses, Op. cit., page 271.
34. Ibid., page 595.
35. Kiberd, Op. cit., pages xv and lx.
36. Ibid., page xxiii.
37. Ibid., pages xxx and xliv.
38. David Perkins, A History of Modem Poetry, Volume 1, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1976, page 572.
39. Ibid., page 601.
40. Ibid., page 584.
41. Ibid., page 596.
42. A. Norman Jeffares, W B. Yeats, London: Hutchinson: 1988, page 261.
43. Perkins, Op. cit., page 578.
44. Jeffares, Op. cit., page 275.
45. James R. Mellow, Invented Lives: F. Scott and Zelda Fitzgerald, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1985, page 56.
46. F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby, London: Penguin, 1990, page 18.
47. Matthew Bruccoli, Some Sort of Epic Grandeur: The Life of F. Scott Fitzgerald, London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1981, page 221.
48. See ibid., pages 217–218 for the revised ending of the book.
49. Ibid., page 223.
50. Paul Johnson, A History of the Modern World from 1917 to the 1980s, Op. cit., pages 9–10.
51. Harold March, The Two Worlds of Marcel Proust, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1948, page 114.
52. Ibid., pages 182–194.
53. Ibid., page 228.
54. See Ibid., pages 241–242 for a discussion of Freud and Proust.
55. George Painter, André Gide: A Critical Biography, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1968, page 142.
56. Justin O’Brien, Portrait of André Gide: A Critical Biography, London: Secker & Warburg, 1953, pages 254–255.
57. Painter, Op. cit., page 143.
58. O’Brien, Op. cit., page 195.
59. Kate Flint, Introduction to Oxford University Paperback edition of Jacob’s Room, Oxford, 1992, pages xiii–xiv.
60. James King, Virginia Woolf London: Hamish Hamilton, 1994, page 148.
61. Ibid., pages 314–315. See: Hermione Lee, Virginia Woolf, London: Chatto & Windus, 1996, page 444 for Eliot’s reaction.
62. Virginia Woolf, Diaries, 26 January 1920, quoted in Flint, Op. cit., page xii.
63. Ibid., page xiv.
64. King, Op. cit., page 318.
65. Virginia Woolf, Jacob’s Room, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992 edition, page 37, quoted in Flint, Op. cit., page xv.
66. Robert Hughes, The Shock of the New, Op. cit., page 212.
67. Ibid., page 213.
68. Ibid.
69. Walter Hopps, Ernst at Surrealism’s Dawn: 1925–1927, in William A. Camfield, Max Ernst: Dada and the Dawn of Surrealism, Munich: Prestel-Verlag, 1993. page 157.
70. Camfield, Op. cit., page 158.
71. Hughes, Op. cit., page 215.
72. See the sequence of piazzas, plates vii–xv, in Maurizio Fagiolo Dell’Arco, De Chirico 1908–1924, Milano: Rizzoli, 1984.
73. Hughes, Op. cit., pages 217–221.
74. See ‘The Politics of Bafflement’, in Carolyn Lanchner, Joan Miró, New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1993, page 49.
75. Ibid., pages 28–32.
76. Hughes, Op. cit., pages 231 and 235.
77. Ibid., pages 237–238. See also: Robert Descharnes, The World of Salvador Dali, London: Macmillan, 1962, page 63. For Dali’s obsession with his appearance, see: Ian Gibson, The Shameful Life of Salvador Dali, London and Boston: Faber & Faber, 1997. pages 70–71.
78. Descharnes, Op. cit., page 61. Gibson, Op. cit., page 283.
79. A. M. Hammacher, René Magritte, London: Thames & Hudson, 1974, figures 81 and 88.
80. Ibid., devotes a whole section to Magritte’s titles.
CHAPTER 12: BABBITT’S MIDDLETOWN
1. Stephen Jay Gould, The Mismeasure of Man, Op. cit., page 260.
2. Ibid., page 261.
3. Ibid.
4. Laurie R. Godfrey (editor), Scientists Confront Creationism, New York: W. W. Norton, 1983, passim.
5. Hofstadter, Anti-Intellectualism in American Life, New York: Knopf, 1963, page 126.
6. Ibid., page 125.
7. Ronald L. Numbers, Darwinism Comes to America, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1998, pages 77–89.
8. Hofstadter, Op. cit., pages 124–125.
9. James M. Hutchisson, Introduction to: Sinclair Lewis, Babbitt, New York: Harcourt Brace & Co., 1922; Penguin edition, London, 1996, pages xiiff.
10. Ibid., pages viii–xi.
11. Ibid., xi.
12. Mark Schorer, Sinclair Lewis: An American Life, London: Heinemann, 1963, page 345. See also: Hutchisson, Op. cit., page xii.
13. Hutchisson, Op. cit., page xxvi.
14. Alfred Kazin, On Native Grounds, New York: Harcourt Brace, 1942; paperback, third edition, 1995, page 221.
15. Hutchisson, Op. cit., page xvii.
16. Schorer, Op. cit., pages 353–356.
17. Asa Briggs, The Birth of Broadcasting, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1961, page 65.
18. Theodore Peterson, Magazines in the Twentieth Century, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1956, pages 40ff and 211.
19. Ibid., page 211.
20. Ibid.
21. Janice A. Radway, A Feeling for Books: The Book-of the-Month Club, Literary Taste and Middle Class Desire, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997, pages 195–196.
22. Ibid., pages 221ff.
23. Robert S. and Helen Merrell Lynd, Middletown: A Study in Contemporary American Culture, London: Constable, 1929, page vi.
24. Ibid., page 7.
25. Ibid., page 249.
26. Ibid., page 48.
27. Ibid., pages 53ff.
28. Ibid., page 83.
29. Ibid., page 115.
30. Ibid., page 532.
31. Ibid., page 36.
32. David Levering Lewis, When Harlem was in Vogue, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1981, page 165.
33. Ibid., page 168.
34. See George Hutchinson, The Harlem Renaissance in Black and White, Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1995, pages 396ff for a discussion.
35. Lewis, Op. cit., pages 91–92.
36. Hutchinson, Op. cit., pages 289–304 for a discussion of racial science in this context.
37. Ibid., pages 145�
�146. See also: Lewis, Op. cit., pages 34–35.
38. Lewis, Op. cit., page 33.
39. Ibid., pages 51ff.
40. Ibid., pages 67–71.
41. Hutchinson, Op. cit., page 396, which takes a critical approach to Locke.
42. Ibid., pages 170ff; see also Lewis, Op. cit., pages 115–116.
43. Lewis, Op. cit., pages 180ff.
44. Peterson, Op. cit., page 235.
45. Ibid., page 238.
46. Ibid., page 240.
47. Ibid., page 241.
48. Asa Briggs, Op. cit., page 65.
49. John Cain, The BBC: Seventy Years of Broadcasting, London: BBC, 1992, pages 11 and 20.
50. Ibid., pages 10–15.
51. Assembled from charts and figures given in Briggs, Op. cit., passim. Cain, Op. cit., page 13.
52. Briggs, Op. cit., page 14.
53. Radway, Op. cit., pages 219–220 and chapter 7, ‘The Scandal of the Middlebrow’, pages 221ff.
54. Cain, Op. cit., page 15.
55. Ibid., page 25.
CHAPTER 13: HEROES’ TWILIGHT
The title for this chapter is taken from Bernard Bergonzi’s book on the literature of World War I, discussed in chapter 9. As will become clear, the phrase applies a fortiori to the subject of Weimar Germany. I am particularly indebted in this chapter to Peter Gay’s Weimar Culture (see note 3 for details).
1. Otto Friedrich, Before the Deluge: A Portrait of Berlin in the 1920s, London: Michael Joseph, 1974, page 67.
2. Lotte H. Eisner, The Haunted Screen: Expressionism in the German Cinema and the Influence of Max Reinhardt, London and New York: Thames & Hudson, 1969, pages 17–27 for Pommer’s reaction to Mayer and Janowitz.
3. Peter Gay, Weimar Culture: The Outsider as Insider, London: Martin Secker & Warburg, 1969, page 107.
4. Ibid., page 126.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. Friedrich, Op. cit., page 66.
8. Ibid. For the success of the film, see: Geoffrey Nowell-Smith, The Oxford History of World Cinema, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1996, page 144; and page 145 for an assessment of Plommer.
9. Friedrich, Op. cit., page 67.
10. Gay, Op. cit., pages 108–109.
11. Ibid., page 110.
12. Ibid., page 32.
13. Ibid., page 34.
14. Hughes, The Shock of the New, Op. cit., page 175.
15. Ibid., pages 192–195; Gay, Op cit., pages 102ff.
16. Friedrich, Op. cit., page 160.
17. Gay, Op. cit., page 105.
18. Hughes, Op. cit., page 195.
19. Ibid., page 195.
20. Ibid., page 199.
21. Ibid., page 199.
22. Bryan Magee, Men of Ideas: Some Creators of Contemporary Philosophy, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978, paperback, 1982, page 44.
23. Martin Jay, The Dialectical Imagination: A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research, 1923–1950, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973, paperback edition 1996, pages 152–153. Magee, Op. cit., pages 44 and 50.
24. Magee, Op. cit., page 50.
25. Jay, Op. cit., pages 86ff.
26. Magee, Op. cit., page 48.
27. Ibid., page 51.
28. Ibid., page 52.
29. Ibid.
30. Gay, Op. cit., page 49.
31. Ibid., pages 51–52.
32. E. M. Butler, Rainer Maria Rilke, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1941, page 14.
33. Ibid., pages 147ff
34. Friedrich, Op. cit., page 304.
35. Gay, Op. cit., page 54.
36. Ibid., page 59.
37. Ibid., page 55.
38. Butler, Op. cit., page 317.
39. Quoted in ibid., page 327.
40. Gay, Op. cit., page 55.
41. Ibid., page 57.
42. Ibid.
43. Ibid., page 59.
44. Friedrich, Op. cit., page 220, where Einstein’s predicament is spelled out. See also: Gay, Op. cit., pages 129FF
45. Hayman, Thomas Mann, Op. cit., pages 344–348.
46. Gay, Op. cit., page 131.
47. Hayman, Op. cit., page 346.
48. Gay, Op. cit., page 131.
49. Ibid., pages 132–133.
50. Ibid., page 136.
51. Bruno Walter, ‘Themes and Variations: An Autobiography,’ 1946, pages 268–269, quoted in Gay, Op. cit., page 137.
52. Schonberg, The Lives of the Great Composers, Op. cit., page 526.
53. Friedrich, Op. cit., page 178; Griffiths, Modern Music, Op. cit., page 81.
54. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 526.
55. Ibid.
56. Griffiths, Op. cit., page 82.
57. Friedrich, Op. cit., pages 155 and 181.
58. Griffiths, Op. cit., pages 36–37. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 524.
59. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 524.
60. Friedrich, Op. cit., page 183.
61. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 527.
62. Peter Conrad, Modern Times, Modem Places: Art and Life in the Twentieth Century, London: Thames & Hudson, 1998, pages 327–328.
63. Friedrich, Op. cit., page 243.
64. Ibid., page 244.
65. Ronald Hayman, Brecht: A Biography, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1983, page 138.
66. Ibid., page 130.
67. Ibid., pages 131ff.
68. Ibid., page 134.
69. Ibid., page 135.
70. Griffiths, Op. cit., pages 112–113.
71. Hayman, Brecht, page 148.
72. Ibid.
73. Ibid., page 149.
74. Ibid., page 148.
75. Ibid., page 147.
76. Hugo Ott, Martin Heidegger: A Political Life, London: HarperCollins, 1993, page 125.
77. Paul Hühnerfeld, In Sachen Heidegger, 1961, pages 14ff, quoted in Gay, Op. cit., page 85.
78. Magee, Op. Cit., pages 59–60; Gay, Op. cit., page 86.
79. To begin with, he was close to the existential theologian Rudolf Bultmann and the ‘crisis theology’ of Karl Barthes (see below, chapter 32). Ott, Op. cit., page 125.
80. Magee, Op. cit., page 67.
81. Ibid.
82. Ibid., pages 67 and 73.
83. Ott, Op. cit., page 122ff and 332. See also: Gay, Op. cit., page 86.
84. Mary Gluck, Georg Lukács and His Generation, 1900–1918, Op. cit., page 211.
85. Johnston, The Austrian Mind, Op. cit., page 366.
86. Ibid., page 367.
87. Gluck, Op. cit., page 218.
88. Johnston, Op. cit., page 368.
89. Ibid., page 372.
90. Conrad, Op. cit., page 504.
91. Johnston, Op. cit., page 374.
92. Magee, Op. cit., page 96.
93. Ibid.
94. Ben Rogers, A. J. Ayer: A Life, London: Chatto & Windus, 1999, pages 86–87.
95. Magee, Op. cit., pages 102–103.
96. Ibid., page 103.
97. Rogers, Op. cit., pages 91–92.
98. Johnston, Op. cit., page 195.
99. Robert Musil, Der Mann Ohne Eigenschaften, 1930–1943; The Man Without Qualities, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1995, (trans) Sophie Wilkins. In this section I am especially indebted to: Philip Payne, Robert Musil’s ‘The Man without Qualities’, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988, passim.
100. Johnston, Op. cit., page 335.
101. Franz Kuna, ‘The Janus-faced Novel: Conrad, Musil, Kafka, Mann,’ in Malcolm Bradbury and James McFarlane (editors), Modernism, Op. cit., page 449.
102. Ronald Speirs and Beatrice Sandburg, Franz Kafka, Op. cit., pages 1 and 5.
103. Speirs and Sandburg, Op. cit., page 15.
104. P. Mailloux, A Hesitation Before Birth: A Life of Franz Kafka, London and Toronto: Associated Universities Presses, 1989, page 13.
105. Ibid., page 352.
106. Speirs and Sandburg, Op. cit., pages 105ff.
107. Mailloux, Op.
cit., page 355.
108. Richard Davenport-Hines, Auden, London: Heinemann, 1995, page 26.
109. Alan Bullock, Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives, London: HarperCollins, 1991; Fontana Paperback, 1993, page 148.
110. Ibid., page 149.
111. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, published in English as ‘My Struggle’, London: Hurst & Blackett, The Paternoster Press, October 1933 (eleven impressions by October 1935); and see Bullock, Op. cit., pages 405–406.
112. George L. Mosse, The Crisis of German Ideology: Intellectual Origins of the Third Reich, New York: Howard Festig, 1998.
113. Ibid., pages 39ff for Langbehn, pages 72ff for the Edda and pages 52ff for Diederichs.
114. Ibid., pages 102–103.
115. Ibid., page 99.
116. Ibid., page 155.
117. Werner Maser, Hitler: Legend, Myth and Reality, New York: Harper & Row, 1973, page 157.
118. Ibid., page 158.
119. Ibid., page 159.
120. Mosse, Op. cit., pages 89–91.
121. Maser, Op. cit., page 162.
122. Mosse, Op. cit., pages 95, 159 and 303.
123. Percy Schramm, Hitler: The Man and the Military Leader, London: Allen Lane, The Penguin Press, 1972, pages 77–78.
124. Maser, Op. cit., pages 42ff.
125. Ibid., page 165.
126. Ibid., page 167.
127. Mosse, Op. cit., page 295.
128. Maser, Op. cit., page 169.
129. Ibid., page 135.
130. Schramm, Op. cit., pages 84ff
131. Maser, Op. cit., page 154.
CHAPTER 14: THE EVOLUTION OF EVOLUTION
1. J. B. Bury, The Idea of Progress, London: Macmillan, 1920.
2. Ibid., pages 98ff.
3. Ibid., pages 291ff.
4. Ibid., pages 177ff.
5. Ibid., page 192.
6. Ibid., pages 335ff.
7. Ibid., page 278.
8. Ibid., page 299.
9. Ibid., page 334.
10. See also ibid., pages 78ff. Ernest Gellner, in Plough, Sword and Book: The Structure of Human History, Op. cit., argues that progress is essentially an economic, capitalist, idea. See page 140.
11. Howard Carter and A. C. Mace, The Tomb of Tut*Ankh*Amen, London: Cassell, 1923, volume 1, page 78.
12. C. W. Ceram, Gods, Graves and Scholars, London: Victor Gollancz, 1951, page 183.
13. Carter and Mace, Op. cit., page 87.
14. Ceram, Op. cit., page 184.
15. Carter and Mace, Op. cit., page 96.
16. Ceram, Op. cit., page 186.
17. See photographs in Carter and Mace, Op. cit., at page 132.