by Peter Watson
18. Ceram, Op. cit., page 188; Carter and Mace, Op. cit., pages 151ff.
19. See Carter and Mace, Op. cit., page 178, for a list of those present.
20. Ceram, Op. cit., page 193.
21. Ibid., page 195.
22. See Carter and Mace, Op. cit., Appendix, pages 189ff, for a list.
23. Ceram, Op. cit., page 198.
24. Ibid., page 199.
25. Ibid., pages 199–200.
26. C. Leonard Woolley, The Sumerians, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1929, page 6.
27. Ibid., page 27.
28. Ceram, Op. cit., page 309; Woolley, Op. cit., page 43.
29. Ceram, Op. cit., page 311.
30. Woolley, Op. cit., page 31.
31. Ceram, Op. cit., pages 311–312.
32. Woolley, Op. cit., pages 30–32.
33. Leonard Woolley, Excavations at Ur, London: Ernest Benn, 1954, page 251.
34. Ceram, Op. cit., page 315.
35. Ibid., page 316.
36. Woolley, Excavations at Ur, Op. cit., page 91.
37. Ceram, Op. cit., page 316.
38. Woolley, Excavations at Ur, Op. cit., page 37. See Woolley, The Sumerians, Op. cit., page 36, for photographs of early arches.
39. Ceram, Op. cit., page 312.
40. Frederic Kenyon, The Bible and Archaeology, London: George Harrap, 1940, page 155.
41. Ibid., page 156.
42. Ibid., page 158.
43. Frederic Kenyon, Our Bible and the Ancient Manuscripts, London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1958, page 30.
44. Kenyon, The Bible and Archaeology, Op. cit., pages 160–161.
45. C. W. Ceram, The First Americans, Op. cit., page 126.
46. Ibid.
47. A. E. Douglass, Climatic Cycles and Tree Growth, volumes I–III, Washington D.C., Carnegie Institution, 1936, pages 2 and 116–122.
48. Ibid., pages 105–106.
49. Ceram, The First Americans, Op. cit., page 128.
50. See Douglass, Op. cit., page 125 for a discussion about the dearth of sunspots at times in the past.
51. Herbert Butterfield, The Whig Interpretation of History, London: G. Bell, 1931.
52. Ibid., pages 37 and 47.
53. Ibid., pages 27ff.
54. Ibid., page 96.
55. Ibid., page 107.
56. Ibid., page 111.
57. Ibid., page 123.
CHAPTER 15: THE GOLDEN AGE OF PHYSICS
1. Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb, Op. cit., page 134.
2. C. P. Snow, The Search, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1958, page 88.
3. Rhodes, Op. cit., page 137.
4. Wilson, Rutherford: Simple Genius, Op. cit., page 404.
5. Rhodes, Op. cit., page 137.
6. Moore, Niels Bohr, The Man and the Scientist, Op. cit., page 21.
7. Stefan Rozental (editor), Niels Bohr, Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1967, page 137, quoted in Rhodes, Op. cit., page 114.
8. See Moore, Op. cit., pages 80ff for the voltage required to make electrons ‘jump’ out of their orbits; see also pages 122–123 for the revised periodic table; see also Rhodes, Op. cit., page 115.
9. Emilio Segrè, From X-Rays to Quarks, London and New York: W. H. Freeman, 1980, page 124.
10. Helge Kragh, Quantum Generations: A History of Physics in the Twentieth Century, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999, page 160, for a table of visitors to Copenhagen.
11. Paul Strathern, Bohr and Quantum Theory, London: Arrow, 1998, pages 70–72.
12. Moore, Op. cit., page 137.
13. Strathern, Op. cit., page 74.
14. Werner Heisenberg, Physics and Beyond, New York: Harper, 1971, page 38; quoted in Rhodes, Op. cit., page 116.
15. Moore, Op. cit., page 138.
16. Heisenberg, Op. cit., page 61, quoted in Rhodes, Op. cit., pages 116–117.
17. Strathern, Op. cit., page 77.
18. Moore, Op. cit., page 139.
19. Snow, The Physicists, Op. cit., page 68.
20. Moore, Op. cit., page 14.
21. Kragh, Op. cit., page 164–165 for the mathematics.
22. Rhodes, Op. cit., page 128; Moore, Op. cit., page 143; Kragh, Op. cit., page 165.
23. Heisenberg, Op. cit., page 77; quoted in Rhodes, Op. cit., page 130.
24. Moore, Op. cit., page 151.
25. John A. Wheeler and W. H. Zurek (editors). Quantum Theory and Measurement, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983, quoted in Kragh, Op. cit., page 209.
26. Gerald Holton, Thematic Origins of Scientific Thought, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1973, page 120.
27. Kragh, Op. cit., page 170 for a table.
28. Wilson, Op. cit., pages 444–446. See also: Rhodes, Op. cit., page 153.
29. Ibid., page 449.
30. Rhodes, Op. cit., page 154.
31. Ibid., page 155.
32. Andrew Brown, The Neutron and the Bomb, A Biography of James Chadwick, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1997, page 8.
33. Rhodes, Op. cit., pages 155–156.
34. Kragh, Op. cit., page 185.
35. Rhodes, Op. cit., page 160.
36. Brown, Op. cit., page 102.
37. Rhodes, Op. cit., pages 161–162.
38. Brown, Op. cit., page 104; see also: James Chadwick, ‘Some personal notes on the search for the neutron,’ Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Congress of the History of Science, 1964, page 161, quoted in Rhodes, Op. cit., page 162. These accounts vary slightly.
39. Rhodes, Op. cit., pages 163–164; Brown, Op. cit., page 105.
40. Kragh, Op. cit., page 185.
41. Brown, Op. cit., page 106.
42. Timothy Ferris, The Whole Shebang: A State of the Universe(s) Report, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997. page 41.
43. Gale Christianson, Edwin Hubble: Mariner of the Nebulae, New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1995, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, paperback edition, 1996, page 199. See also: John Gribbin, Copernicus to the Cosmos, London: Phoenix, 1997, pages 2 and 186ff.
44. Clark, Einstein, Op. cit., page 213. See also: Banesh Hoffmann, Albert Einstein: Creator and Rebel, London: Hart-Davis, MacGibbon, 1973, page 215.
45. Ferris, Op. cit., page 42.
46. Christianson, Op. cit., page 199; Ferris, Op. cit., page 43.
47. Clark, Einstein, Op. cit., page 406; Ferris, Op. cit., page 44.
48. Ferris, Op. cit., page 45.
49. Gribbin, Companion to the Cosmos, Op. cit., pages 92–93.
50. Christianson, Op. cit., pages 157–160.
51. Ibid., pages 189–195.
52. Ferris, Op. cit., page 45.
53. Christianson, Op. cit., pages 260–269.
54. Thomas Hager, Force of Nature: The Life of Linus Pauling, New York, Simon & Schuster, 1995, page 217.
55. Ibid., page 65.
56. Ibid., page 113.
57. Bernadette Bensaude-Vincent and Isabelle Stengers, A History of Chemistry, translated by Deborah Dam, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1996, pages 242ff.
58. Hager, Op. cit., pages 136.
59. Bensaude-Vincent and Stengers, Op. cit., pages 242–243. Hager, Op. cit., page 136.
60. Hager, Op. cit., page 138.
61. Ibid., page 148.
62. Heider and London’s theory has become the subject of revisionist chemical history recently. See for example, Bensaude-Vincent and Stengers, Op. cit., page 243.
63. Hager, Op. cit., page 169.
64. Ibid., page 171.
65. Ibid., page 159.
66. Many books published on chemistry in the 1930s make no reference to Heitler and London, or Pauling.
67. Glyn Jones, The Jet Pioneers, London: Methuen, 1989, page 21.
68. Ibid., pages 22–23.
69. Ibid., page 24.
70. Ibid., pages 27–28. British accounts of Whittle’s contributions are generally negligent, perhaps because he was so badly treated. In Aviation, An Historical Su
rvey from Its Origins to the End of World War II, by Charles Gibbs-Smith, and published by HMSO in 1970, Whittle rates three references only and by the second he is an Air Commodore! H. Montgomery Hyde’s British Air Policy Between the Wars 1918–1931, London: Heinemann, 1976, 539pp, has one reference and one note on Whittle.
71. Jones, Op. cit., page 29.
72. Ibid., page 36.
73. John Allen Paulos, Beyond Numeracy, New York: Knopf, 1991, page 95.
74. Ray Monk, Wittgenstein, Op. cit., page 295.
75. Ibid., page 295n.
76. Ernst Nagel and James Newman, ‘Goedel’s Proof, in James Newman (editor), The World of Mathematics (volume 3, of 4), New York: Simon & Schuster, 1955, pages 1668–1695, especially page 1686.
77. Newman, Op. cit., page 1687.
78. Paulos, Op. cit., page 97.
79. David Deutsch, The Fabric of Reality, London: Allen Lane, The Penguin Press, 1997, Penguin paperback, 1998, pages 236–237.
80. Philip J. Davis and Reuben Hersh, The Mathematical Experience, London: The Harvester Press, 1981, page 319.
CHAPTER 16: CIVILISATIONS AND THEIR DISCONTENTS
1. Civilisation and Its Discontents is now published as volume XXI of the Standard Edition of the Complete Works of Sigmund Freud, edited by James Strachey and Anna Freud, London: The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psychoanalysis, 1953–74 (this volume was published in 1961). For details of Freud’s operation see Clark, Freud, Op. cit., pages 444–445.
2. Ibid., page 218.
3. Ibid., pages 64ff.
4. C. G. Jung, Modern Man in Search of a Soul, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1933.
5. Ibid., pages 91ff.
6. Lucien Lévy-Bruhl, How Natives Think, translated by L. A. Clare, London: George Allen & Unwin, 1926, chapter II, pages 69ff.
7. Henry Frankfort et al., Before Philosophy, London: Pelican, 1963, especially pages 103ff.
8. J. A. C. Brown, Freud and the Post-Freudians, Op. cit., page 122.
9. Ibid., pages 8, 125 and 128.
10. Karen Horney, The Neurotic Personality of Our Time, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1937. See also: J. A. C. Brown, Op. cit., page 135.
11. Horney, Op. cit., page 77.
12. Brown, Op. cit., page 137.
13. Horney, Op. cit., respectively chapters 8, 9, 10 and 12. Summarised in Brown, Op. cit., pages 138—139.
14. Horney, Op. cit., pages 288ff.
15. Brown, Op. cit., pages 143–144.
16. Virginia Woolf, A Room of One’s Own, London: Hogarth Press, 1929; Penguin paperback, 1993, with an Introduction by Michèle Barrett, page xii.
17. Ibid., page 3.
18. Barrett, Op. cit., page xii.
19. ‘Aurora Leigh’ (a review of Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s poem of that name), in Michèle Barrett (editor). Women and Writing, London: Women’s Press, 1988; quoted in Barrett, Op. cit., page xv.
20. Ibid., page xvii.
21. Ibid., page x.
22. Jane Howard, Margaret Mead: A Life, London: Harvill, 1984, pages 53–54. For the latest scholarship, see: Hilary Lapsley, Margaret Mead and Ruth Benedict: The Kinship of Women, Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1999. This book includes an assessment of Ruth Benedict by Clifford Geertz, one of the most influential anthropologists of the last quarter of a century (see chapter 38, ‘Local Knowledge’).
23. Margaret Mead, Blackberry Winter: My Early Years, London: Angus & Robertson, 1973, page 139.
24. G. Stanley Hall, Adolescence: Its Psychology and Its Relation to Physiology, Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Crime, Religion and Education, New York: Appleton, 1905, 2 vols. Quoted in Howard, Op. cit., page 68.
25. Howard, Op. cit., page 68.
26. Mead, Op. cit., page 150.
27. Howard, Op. cit., page 79.
28. Ibid., page 52.
29. Ibid., page 79.
30. Ibid., pages 80–82.
31. Margaret Mead, Coming of Age in Samoa: A Psychological Study of Primitive Youth for Western Civilisation, New York: William Morrow, 1928.
32. Howard, Op. cit., page 86.
33. Ibid.
34. Ibid., page 127.
35. Quoted in ibid., page 121.
36. Mead, Coming of Age in Samoa, page 197.
37. Ibid., page 205.
38. Ibid., page 148.
39. Howard, Op. cit., page 162.
40. Ruth Benedict, Patterns of Culture, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1934.
41. Ibid., page 59.
42. Ibid., page 69.
43. Ibid., page 131.
44. Judith Modell, Ruth Benedict: Patterns of a Life, London: Chatto & Windus, 1984, page 201.
45. Ibid., page 205.
46. Ibid., pages 206–207.
47. Margaret Caffrey, Ruth Benedict: Stranger in this Land, Austin: University of Texas Press, 1989, pages 211ff, for a discussion of Ruth Benedict’s impact on American thought more generally.
48. Margaret Mead, Ruth Benedict, New York: Columbia University Press, 1974, which does attempt to recover some of the earlier excitement.
49. Howard, Op cit., page 212.
50. Martin Bulmer, The Chicago School of Sociology, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984, paperback edition, 1986, pages 1–2.
51. Ibid., pages 4–8, but see also chapters 4 and 5.
52. Charles S. Johnson, The Negro in American Civilisation, London: Constable, 1931.
53. Bulmer, Op. cit., pages 64–65.
54. Johnson, Op. cit., pages 229ff.
55. Ibid., page 463.
56. Ibid., pages 179ff.
57. Ibid., page 199.
58. Ibid., page 311.
59. Ibid., page 463.
60. Ibid., pages 475ff.
61. David Minter, William Faulkner: His Life and Work, Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980, pages 72–73.
62. The demands made on Faulkner himself may be seen from the fact that after he had finished a chapter, he would turn to something quite different for a while – short stories for example. See: Joseph Blotner, Selected Letters of William Faulkner, London: The Scolar Press, 1955, page 92.
63. Ursula Brumm, ‘William Faulkner and the Southern Renaissance,’ in Marcus Cunliffe (editor), The Penguin History of Literature: American Literature since 1900, London: Sphere Books, 1975; Penguin paperback revised edition, 1993, pages 182–183 and 189.
64. Ibid., page 195.
65. Minter, Op. cit., pages 153–160.
66. Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914–1991, London: Michael Joseph, 1994, page 192.
67. T. R. Fyvel, George Orwell: A Personal Memoir, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1982, page 21.
68. George Orwell, The Road to Wigan Pier, London: Gollancz, 1937, page 138; New York: Harcourt, 1958. Michael Shelden, Orwell: The Authorised Biography, London: Heinemann, 1991, page 128.
69. Fyvel, Op. cit., page 39.
70. Shelden, Op. cit., page 129.
71. Ibid.
72. Ibid., page 132.
73. Ibid., pages 132–133.
74. Ibid., page 134.
75. Fyvel, Op. cit., page 45.
76. Shelden, Op. cit., page 135.
77. Fyvel, Op. cit., page 44.
78. Shelden, Op. cit., pages 173–174.
79. Ibid., page 180.
80. Ibid., page 239.
81. Ibid., page 244.
82. Ibid., page 245.
83. Ibid.
84. Fyvel, Op. cit., page 64.
85. Shelden, Op. cit., page 248.
86. Ibid., page 250.
87. Ibid., page 256.
88. Fyvel, Op. cit., pages 65–66.
89. Lewis Mumford, Technics and Civilisation, London: George Routledge, 1934.
90. Ibid., pages 107ff.
91. For an introduction, see also the excerpt in Lewis Mumford, My Works and Days: A Personal Chronicle, New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1979. pages 197–199.
; 92. Mumford, Technics and Civilisation, Op. cit., pages 400ff.
93. Ibid., page 333.
94. Lewis Mumford, The Culture of Cities, London: Martin Secker & Warburg, 1938.
95. Ibid., pages 100ff.
96. Ibid., chapter IV, pages 223ff.
97. Ernest William Barnes, Scientific Theory and Religion, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1933.
98. Ibid., lectures XIII (pages 434ff), XIV (pages 459ff) and XV (pages 504ff).
99. Ibid., lecture XX (pages 636ff).
100. William Ralph Inge, God and the Astronomers, London and New York: Longmans Green, 1933.
101. Ibid., pages 19ff.
102. Ibid., page 107.
103. Ibid., pages 140ff.
104. Ibid., pages 254–256.
105. Bertrand Russell, Religion and Science, London: Thornton Butterworth, 1935.
106. Ray Monk, Bertrand Russell, Op. cit., page 244.
107. Ibid., page 245.
108. Russell, Op. cit., chapters IV and VII.
109. Ibid., pages 236ff.
110. Ibid., page 237.
111. Ibid., page 243.
112. José Ortega Y Gasset, ‘The Barbarism of “Specialisation”,’ from The Revolt of the Masses, New York and London: W. W. Norton and George Allen & Unwin, 1932, quoted in John Carey, The Intellectuals and the Masses, London and Boston: Faber & Faber, 1992, pages 17–18.
113. For their contacts and early years, see: Royden J. Harrison, The Life and Times of Sidney and Beatrice Webb, 1858–1905: The Formative Years, London: Macmillan, 2000.
114. Lisanne Radice, Beatrice and Sidney Webb: Fabian Socialists, London: Macmillan, 1984, page 56.
115. Ibid., page 264.
116. Ibid., page 292.
117. Ibid., pages 292 and 295.
118. Ibid., page 297.
119. Ibid., pages 297 and 298.
120. Ibid., page 303.
121. Ibid., pages 305 and 323.
122. Stephanie Barron (editor), Degenerale Art: The Fate of the Avant-Garde in Nazi Germany, Los Angeles: County Museum of Art, and New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1991, pages 12–13.
123. Ibid., page 12.
124. Robert Cecil, The Myth of the Master Race: Alfred Rosenberg and Nazi Ideology, London: Batsford, 1972.
125. Ibid., page 12.
126. Ibid., page 83.
127. Ibid., pages 86–93.
128. Ibid., pages 95–103.
129. Ibid., page 120.
130. Ronald Clark, The Huxleys, London: Heinemann, 1968, page 130.
131. Aldous Huxley: 1894–1963: A Memorial Volume, London: Chatto & Windus, 1965, page 30.