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The Modern Mind

Page 150

by Peter Watson


  agitprop, 165–6, 474

  AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome), 658, 660, 662–3, 764

  alcoholism, 103–4

  alienation, 53, 225, 289, 292, 408, 599, 640, 704

  alternative consciousness, 502

  altruism, 619

  amplification, 476–7, 617

  anaerobes, 685

  ‘angry young men’, 463–5

  animal behaviour (ethology), 309–10, 606–12

  anthropic principle, 742

  anthropology: applied to US society, 212–15; and cultural variations, 278–81, 461–2, 674–6; Frazer and, 30, 60; Freeman challenges, 665; and native

  Americans, 116–20; and psychoanalysis, 141–2; and study of

  adolescence, 278–9; see also Ruth Benedict; Franz Boas; Margaret Mead; Clifford Geertz

  antibiotics, 367–8

  antidepressants, 501, 597

  anti-psychiatry, 502

  anti-Semitism: decline of, 760; German, 42–3, 394; growth of, 71; Heidegger and, 309; Hitler and, 243–4; in Hungary, 181; Jung’s, 759; and literary canon, 726–7; in USA, 327, 352, 435; in Vienna, 12, 33, 45, 56, 243; Zola condemns, 327; see also holocaust; Jews; National Socialism; race theory

  apartheid, 526

  Apollo space program (USA), 566–8

  archaeology: in Africa, 725–8; and cultural distribution, 555–65; in Egypt and Middle East, 246–52; see also dendrochronology; Potassium-Argon dating; radiocarbon dating; and individual sites and peoples in Index of Names, People and Places

  architecture: and Bauhaus, 34, 223–4; ‘brown world’, 332; and Flatiron Building, 80–2; international style, CIAM, 331–2, 622; Plan Voisin, 332; and Pompidou Centre (Paris), 621–3; postmodern, 679; in Vienna, 26–7, 34–5; ‘white world’, 332; see also individual architects and buildings in Index of Names, People and Places

  Arica, 598–9

  Armory Show, New York (1912), 126–8

  ARPANET, 736–7

  arrhenoplasm, 33

  artificial life, 746, 748

  Aryans and Aryanism, 40, 42–3, 241, 296, 315

  Ashcan school (painters), 85–6, 89

  astrology, 602–3

  astrophysics (and cosmology): and cosmic radiation, 569–73; and Eddington’s relativity experiments, 183–5, 264; and unstable universe, 264–6; see also, ‘Big Bang’; nuclear synthesis

  atomic bomb: development of, 392–3, 395–401; dropped on Japan, 401–2, 728–9; in USSR, 507; see also hydrogen bomb; nuclear energy

  atomic structure see particle physics

  atonality, 56–7, 230, 512

  autism, 506

  automatic writing, 164

  automation, 365

  avant-garde (art), 107, 126–9, 161–7, 203–4, 510–12; defined, 53; see also modernism

  awareness movement, 600–1

  baby boom, 537

  background radiation see relict radiation

  bakelite (earlier Bakalite), 97–8

  ballet, 130–2, 357–9, 510, 512–15

  Bantu (people), 557

  Beat culture, 454–6, 595, 760

  behaviorism, 495–8, 500, 551

  Bell Curve, 698–9

  beta decay, 393

  beta-blockers, 659

  ‘Big Bang’ theory, 508, 569–71, 740–1, 751, 755

  ‘Big brother’, 473

  bioenergetics, 598

  birth control see contraception

  black body problem, 22–3

  black holes, 572–3, 739–41, 755

  blacks see US minorities, racial

  Blaue Reiter, Der (movement), 55

  ‘blight of dullness’, 521, 680

  blood transfusion, 147

  boosterism, 210

  Boxer Rising (China, 1898), 70

  branes, 745

  Brownian motion, 61, 95

  Brücke, Die (movement), 55

  bull cults, 251

  business administration: education for, 78–80

  business-cycle theory, 652

  Cambrian Explosion, 686

  cancer research, 658–62, 666, 700

  canon (literary), 722–6, 732–3

  capitalism: and alienation, 436; collapse foretold, 224, 293, 378; communist alternative, 294; and cooperation, 389; as creative haven, 767; and culture, 186–8; Daniel Bell on, 593–4; Orwell writes against, 288; and Protestant ethic, 46–7; static nature, 378; universal evolution towards, 753

  carbon-14 dating see radiocarbon dating

  catastrophe theory, 746–7

  cathode rays, 21

  Catholicism: and modernism, 53; resists scientific revolution, 67–9; values, 46–7; see also Christianity

  cave paintings (prehistoric), 368–70

  cavity magnetron, 366, 392

  cellophane, 343

  celluloid, 97

  Cepheid stars, 182

  ceremonies of the whole, 30

  CFCs, 586

  chaoplexity, 746–7, 764

  chaos theory, 746

  chemical bond, 266, 268, 343–4

  chemistry, 96, 266–7

  childhood: understanding of, 77–8, 498–500

  chimpanzees: studied, 608–9, 611, 618

  Christianity: as ‘absolute religion’, 753–4; Christopher Hill on changes in, 603–4; and discovery of Dead Sea scrolls, 574–5; ‘Five Fundamentals’, 207; and Nazism, 314–15; opposition to evolution theory, 207–8; and other religions, 188; reaction to scientific revolution, 67–9, 575–8; and revisionist theology, 576–9; and secularisation, 604; and social principles, 381–2, 388; and transcendent truth, 472; and Vatican II, 579–80; worldwide spread of, 245; see also religion

  chromosomes, 114–15, 373–4; see also genes

  church-going, 603–4

  cinema see films and cinema

  cities: decline and rehabilitation in USA, 520–2, 680; Mumford on, 289

  civil disobedience, 549

  civil rights movement (USA), 391, 523–4, 528–9, 551, 753

  class (social), 284–6, 448–9, 451

  climate: human influence on, 586

  cloning, 614–16

  code-breaking (wartime), 361–4

  Cold War, the, 410, 444, 474, 481, 507, 517, 538, 591

  colloids, 344

  colonialism, 714–15

  Colossus (calculating machine), 364–5

  communism: collapse of, 753; and Cuban missile crisis, 517; French intellectuals embrace, 412–13; ideology of, 632; repression under, 539–44; US suppression of, 434; Western attitudes to, 292–4, 386–7; world spread of, 517; see also Marxism

  computers, 363–5; see also Internet

  Confucianism, 69–71, 178–9

  Consciousness I, II and III, 583–4, 586

  consciousness studies, 701–3, 746, 756

  consilience, 692, 768

  constructivism, 68, 166

  consumerism, 444–6

  continental drift, 122–4, 553–4, 570

  contraception, 428–9, 526

  corporations (business): and planning, 590–2

  correspondence (in quantum physics), 259

  cosmetic surgery, 147

  cosmic rays, 508

  cosmic string, 741

  cosmological constant, 265

  cosmology see astrophysics

  counter-culture, 537, 594–8

  creation see ‘Big Bang’ theory; universe

  crisis theology, 576

  critical mass (nuclear fission), 396

  critical theory, 226

  criticism (literary), 347, 465–6

  Cubism, 63, 129, 131

  cults and sects, 603–4

  Cultural Left, 467

  Cultural Revolution (China), 539–40

  cultural studies (and culture wars), 716–35, 768

  culture: Blooms’ attack on decline of, 720–3; cross-over, 769; Snow-Leavis ‘two-culture’ debate, 467–70; tradition and levels of, 450–3, 466–7, 470, 706; see also anthropology

  cuneiform writing
, 249

  cyberspace, 738

  cytosine, 480

  Dada, 161–4

  Darwinism: and pessimism, 38; Social, 40–4, 47–8, 60, 113, 122, 136, 241, 244, 246, 318–21, 453; see also evolution

  dating methods see dendrochronology; potassium-argon method; radiocarbon dating

  DDT (earlier DDD), 582–3

  Dead Sea scrolls, 574–5

  decolonisation, 460

  deconstruction, 627, 631–2

  défaillance, 672–3

  degeneration, 38, 43–5, 53, 606

  democracy, 753–4

  demythologising, 576–7

  dendrochronology, 252–3, 563, 565

  dinosaurs: extinction of, 686–8

  direct analysis, 663

  dissonance (musical): emancipation of, 56

  DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): and cloning, 614–16; deep geometry of, 748; discovery of structure of, 374, 478–81; and genetic fingerprinting, 682–3; and human inequalities, 697; mitochondrial, 689; and origins of life, 684; see also nucleic acid

  domestication: of animals and plants, 752

  dominant traits (genetics), 19

  double bind, 502

  double-helix, 480, 614–15; see also DNA

  Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly), 113–15

  drugs: mind-affecting, 501–2

  E=mc2, 93, 107, 571

  e-mail, 737; see also Internet

  earth: age of, 124; photographed from space, 580–1; see also ecology

  ecology, 582–6; see also animal behaviour

  economics: and society, 646–55; see also acquisitive society; affluence; business-cycle theory; capitalism; consumerism; corporations (business); famines; free market

  economics; Great Depression; Great Society; growth; laissez-faire; living standards; monetarism; New Deal; New Growth Theory; planned society; poverty; stagflation; underclass; unemployment; welfare state; and Bretton Woods; Wall Street Crash; and individual economists in Index of Names, People and Places

  Ediacara, 686

  edification (philosophy), 669–70

  education: and abolition of schools, 535–6; criticised in USA, 729–31; in democracies, 77–8; and equality of opportunity, 533–6; and neighborhood effect, 519; popular, 220; see also universities

  ego, the, 37

  Eight-Fold Way, 509

  élan vital see life force

  electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), 501

  electronic music, 624

  electronics, 477

  electrons, 21–2, 37, 64, 93, 134, 258–9, 261–3, 267; see also particle physics

  elephants: studied, 611–12, 618

  elevators (lifts), 81n

  emergent properties, 701

  empiricism, 76, 91, 235, 632

  encyclicals (papal) see Index of Names, People and Places under Popes John XXIII; Pius X and Pius XII

  energy: emission of, 22–3

  ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator), 364–5

  Enigma (code machine), 361–2, 364

  Enovid (birth-control pill), 429

  entropy, 22

  environment see ecology

  épuration (French post-war purging), 409, 411

  Erhard Seminar Training (EST), 598

  ethnic cleansing, 766

  ethology see animal behaviour

  eugenics, 44, 113, 115, 242, 318; see also

  race theory

  Eurodollars, 590

  evidential research, 70

  evolution: as ‘best idea, ever’, 3, 694; Catholic Church resists, 67–8; as concept, 66; and consciousness, 702, 756; effect on US intellectual life, 453; end of, 753; evolutionary synthesis, 371; human place in, 253–5, 371–2; and knowledge forms, 757–8; and Nietzsche’s philosophy, 40; popular acceptance of, 121, 124; and progress, 246; and racial differences, 121–2, 124–5; and recent human history, 752; religious response to, 207–8, 290; and right to exist, 617; and ‘saltation’, 372–3; and Scopes trial (Tennessee), 207; slow pace of, 71, 124–5; and stable strategy (ESS), 619–20; Teilhard de Chardin on, 577–8; teleology of, 769; theoretical work and writings on, 692–8; see also Darwinism

  exclusion principle (physics), 259

  existentialism, 407–8, 410–12, 414, 421, 630; and religion, 575–6

  Explorer (US space vehicle), 484

  Expressionism, 56; in cinema, 221–2

  Fabianism, 293

  family life, 451, 601

  family planning, 428–9

  famines, 651

  fascism: as danger in USA, 435; rise of, 224–6, 234; Socialist hostility to, 287; in Switzerland, 306

  Fauvism, 60, 129, 165

  feminism, 276–7, 422–3, 430–1, 530–2, 536

  Fibonacci sequence, 747–8

  films and cinema: beginnings, 86–9; creative innovations in (‘new wave’), 636–9; documentary, 327–8; Expressionist, 221–2; in India, 712; madness in, 490–1; Orson Welles and, 348–9; popularity, 234–5; and propaganda, 328–9, 331; realism in, 327; sound introduced, 326; in USSR, 329–30

  fixed action patterns see animal behaviour

  flexible accumulation, 680

  flight: beginnings, 83–5, 89; and jet propulsion, 268–9; and Soviet aeronautics, 482–3

  fossils see palaeontology

  fractals, 746

  Francophone thought, 753

  free market economics, 650–2, 655–6, 753, 766–7

  freedom see liberty

  Freudianism see psychoanalysis

  ‘frodos’, 738

  fruit fly see Drosophila melanogaster futurism, 164, 166

  Gaia theory, 693

  genes: and cancer research, 661; discovery of, 17; mathematics of, 748; physical composition, 373–4; and survival, 619–20; see also DNA; human genome project

  Genesis, 573, 755

  generic engineering, 616

  genetic epistemology, 500

  genetic fingerprinting, 682–3

  genetics: de Vries on, 17–8; and ethics and social behaviour, 617–19, 693; and inheritance mechanism, 113–15; Mendel’s discoveries in, 18–19; Morgan’s theory of, 113–15; and mutation, 374; and race theory, 309–11; in Soviet Union, 318–21, 473–6; see also human genome project

  geology: and age of earth, 124; and fossil

  distribution, 122; and origins of life, 686; see also continental drift

  German intuition, 240

  Gestalt, 31–2

  glands, ductless, 102–3

  Gleitende, das, 29–30

  global warming, 586

  globalisation, 754

  gluons, 667

  God: proofs of existence, 30–1

  gorillas: studied, 610–11, 618

  ‘great attractor’ (cosmology), 755

  Great Depression (1930s), 340–2, 519, 646

  ‘Great Refusal’ (Mercuse), 503

  Great Society (USA), 375, 376–7, 516, 518, 521–2, 533, 536, 596, 654

  Great Terror (USSR), 320–3, 334, 386

  Great War (1914–18) see World War I

  ‘green’ movement, 585

  greenhouse effect see global warming

  growth (economic), 648–50

  guanine, 480

  gulag (USSR), 541–4

  hallucinogenic substances, 597

  heart transplants see transplants (organ)

  Hinduism, 762

  historicism, 379–81, 557–64, 632

  history: and progress, 254–5; ‘wars’, 728–9

  Holocaust, 352, 435, 734–5, 764; see also Jews

  homme révolté, I’, 409, 628

  Homo genus see man: origins and fossil evidence

  homosexuality: and AIDS, 657–8, 662; in Genet, 415–16; and liberalisation, 526; and Mann’s Death in Venice, 135–6; prevalence, 529; in Proust, 199–200

  hormones, 102

  human genome project, 615, 700, 738

  hydrogen bomb, 506–8

  identity crisis, 506

  ideology: end of, 447–9, 753, 7
60; false consciousness of, 632

  idioplasm, 33

  ignorance: as veil, 548–9

  Immaculate Conception, 68

  immortality: prospect of, 755

  immunosuppressants, 659–60

  imperialism, 48, 50; see also decolonisation

  Impressionism, 27–8, 59, 64, 127–8

  Index of Prohibited Books (Catholic Church), 297

  individualism, 27; see also narcissism

  infantile sexuality, 13, 34

  inflation (in early universe), 741

  information technology, 605; see also

  Internet

  innate releasing mechanisms see animal behaviour

  inner-directed people, 433

  insanity see mental illness

  Insight, 598

  Intelligence Quotient (IQ): and Bell Curve, 698–9; and educational

  attainment, 533–4; tests, 146–50, 206, 375, 533, 535

  intentional fallacy, the, 635

  intercesseurs, 61

  Interface Message Processor (IMP), 737

  intermediate technology, 586

  international style (art and architecture), 331–2, 622

  Internet, 736–8

  interpretation (in art forms), 515

  intuition: in science, 471–2

  IQ see Intelligence Quotient

  Islam, 761–2

  jet propulsion, 268–70, 365

  justice, 517–19, 548–9, 677–9; see also liberty

  K/T boundary, 686, 688

  Kaposi’s sarcoma, 657

  kerygma, 576–7

  ‘kitchen-sink’ drama, 463–4

  Kitsch, 221

  knowledge: forms of, 667–72, 676–7, 757–8, 760; limits to, 755, 764–6

  Kristallnacht (1938), 394

  laissez-faire (economics), 41

  ‘Lamb shift’, 508

  language: classification of, 690–2; and deconstruction, 631–2; formation and learning of, 497, 695; as instinct, 695; as mental construct, 630–1; and modes of discourse, 626; origins of, 689–91, 695, 696–7; see also Mother Tongue

  lentiviruses, 660

  leukemia, 658–60

  liberalism: and education, 30–2; and equality, 519; and intellectual tradition, 452; and narcissism, 600

  liberty (freedom), 517–19, 544–51, 579, 645, 753

  libraries (early), 251

  life: origins of, 684–6, 748–9

  life force (élan vital), 66–7

  light: nature of, 94–5, 260

  Linear A and B scripts (Crete), 16

 

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