The World Split Open
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26. Heywood and Drake, Being Feminist, Doing Feminism, 138.
27. E-mail from Carter Ann Mahdavi to author, February 2006. The URL is http://www.worldfeminism.com.
28. Lisa Jervis, letter from Emily, unpublished, sent by e-mail to author and which appeared in Women’s eNews, December 12, 2005.
29. Quoted in Dawn Bates and Maureen C. McHugh, “Zines: Voices of Third Wave Feminists” in Regal, Different Wavelengths, 191.
30. Manifesta, 21. These goals were also articulated by young feminists at a meeting attended by the author with the Third Wave Foundation and Ms. Foundation, October 2004.
31. Ruth Rosen, “Bush Mobilizes Women,” column, San Francisco Chronicle, April 19, 2004.
32. Jennifer Baumgardner, Amy Richards, and Winona LaDuke, Grassroots: A Field Guide for Feminist Activism (New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux, 2005).
33. Phone interview with Francesca Vietor, November 2004, Berkeley, California.
34. E-mail interview with the author, January 15, 2006. See also, “Plan A” by Claire Miller, a 2006 unpublished journalism masters thesis, University California, Berkeley, that vividly evokes the obsessive planning that has consumed the young women of her generation.
35. Interviews with the author, July 6, 2004. They asked that their names not be used.
36. Luchina Fisher, “Working Women Delay, Forego, Rethink Motherhood,” Women’s eNews, http://www.womensenews.org/article.cfm/dyn/aid/1592.
37. E-mail to author, December 2005, from Annie Tummino, a young feminist working with the Social Wage Committee of Redstockings Allies and Veterans (www.redstockings.org).
38. Arlie Hochschild, The Commercialization of Intimate Life (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003); Joan Tronto, Moral Boundaries: A Political Argument for an Ethic of Care (New York: Routledge, 1993), and Mona Harrington, Care and Equality: Inventing a New Family Politics (New York: Knopf, 1999), have all made arguments for an ethic of care.
39. Hochschild, Commercialization, 38.
40. Caryl Rivers and Rosalind Chait Barnett, “Housework Gap Closes for Dual-Earner Couples,” citing 2003 study, “Housework Gap Closes for Dual-Earner Couples,” conducted by the Families and Work Institute, Women eNews, February 2, 2006, http://www.womensenews.org/. See the Census Bureau “American Time Use Survey” (2004), http://www.bls.gov/news.release/atus.toc.htm, that showed that working men worked half as much as working women. However, in the case of dual-income couples, that had changed. See “Housework Gap Closes for Dual-Earner Couples,” http://www.womensenews.org/article.cfm/dyn/aid/2082. A 2002 study done at the University of Michigan found that, on average, men do sixteen hours per week of housework to women’s twenty-seven. It also found that men’s household hours increased by four hours between 1965 and 1985, but have not increased since then. Also see the National Study of the Changing Workforce released by the Families and Work Institute in New York, 2002, http://www.familiesandwork.org/announce/2002NSCW.html.
41. Arlie Hochschild, The Second Shift (New York: Viking, 1989); Arlie Hochschild, “Who will care for the Elderly,” op-ed, The Los Angeles Times, June 26, 2006.
42. Arlie Hochschild, The Time Bind (New York: Henry Holt, 1997); John de Graef, Take Back Your Time (Berret and Koehler, 2003), http://www.timeday.org; Juliet Shor, The Overworked American: The Unexpected Decline of Leisure (New York: Basic Books, 1993). Also see the Labor Project for Working Families, http://www.laborproject.org/.
43. Anju Mary Paul, “Work-Life Imbalance Acute for Hourly Wage Parents,” Women’s eNews, April 4, 2006, http://www.womensenews.org/.
44. “Family-Friendly Companies Reap Economic Rewards,” Working Mother, September 7, 2000.
45. For the disadvantages experienced by academic women, for example, see Mason, M.A. & M. Goulden (2004), “Do Babies Matter (Part II)? Closing the Baby Gap,” Academe, November-December 2004; Mason, M.A. & M. Goulden (2004), “Marriage and Baby Blues: Redefining Gender Equity in the Academy,” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 596, no. 1, 86–103; and Mason, M.A., & M. Goulden, “Do Babies Matter: The Effect of Family Formation on the Lifelong Careers of Academic Men and Women,” Academe, November-December 2002, Vol. 88, no. 6.
46. Ellen Galinsky, http://www.familiesandwork.org/announce/2002NSCW.html.
47. “The Stay-at-Home Mom Mystique,” By Rebecca Traistor, Salon.com, December 6, 2005. http://dir.salon.com/story/mwt/feature/2005/12/06/total_180/index.
48. Such stories appeared in, for example, The New York Times Magazine, The American Prospect, Time magazine, the Chicago-Sun Times, the Toronto Star, The Atlantic magazine, the San Francisco Chronicle, and was broadcast by 60 Minutes. For thoughtful critiques, see Susan J. Douglas, “The Times Disses Women,” In these Times, November 23, 2005; Katha Pollitt, “Desperate Housewives of the Ivy League?” The Nation, October 15, 2005; Jack Shafer, “Weasel-Words Rip My Flesh! Spotting a Bogus Trend Story on Page One of Today’s New York Times,” Slate, September 20, 2005; Caryl Rivers and Rosalind C. Barnett, “Why Dowd Doesn’t Know What Men Really Want,” Women’s eNews, November 11, 2005, www.womensenews.org/article.cfm/clyn/aid/2512.
49. Linda Hirschman credits herself with coining this term. Her essay “Homeward Bound” on the American Prospect Web site ignited a national discussion about “choice feminism.” November 21, 2005, http://www.prospect.org/web/page.ww?section=root&name=ViewWeb&articleId=10659. Also see Linda Hirshman, Get to Work: A Manifesto for Women of the World (New York: Viking, 2006); Claudia Goldin, “Working It Out,” The New York Times, March 15, 2006, A27; Stephanie Coontz, “Myth of the Opt-Out Mom,” The Christian Science Monitor, posted on AlterNet.org, April 3, 2006; and Anju Mary Paul, “Work-Life Imbalance Acute for Hourly Wage Parents,” Women’s eNews, April 4, 2006, http://www.womensenews.org/, all argue that the media have selectively based their stories on relatively comfortable women, rather than ordinary working mothers. Joan C. William, a law professor, authored “One Sick Child Away from Being Fired: When Opting Out Is Not an Option,” Center for Work Life Law, University of California-Hastings, March 14, 2006, which specifically focuses on women paid by the hour, rather than by salary, www.vchastings.edu/site_files/onesickchild.pdf. Also see The Project on Global Working Families, http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/globalworkingfamilies, Corporate Voice for Working Families, http://www.cvworkingfamilies.org/.
49. Jane Gross, “In a Word: The Daughter Track” Week in Review, The New York Times, December 26, 2005.
50. Barbara Cohn Schlachet, “Why Should It All Be Up to Women?” The New York Times, January 18, 2006, A22.
51. Caitlin Flanagan, To Hell with All That (New York: Little Brown, 2006). A whole slew of books about the Mommy Wars appeared in 2005–2006. See, in particular, Mommy Wars, Leslie Morgan Steiner, ed. (New York: Random House, 2006) and Miriam Peskowitz, The Truth Behind the Mommy Wars: Who Decides What Makes a Good Mother? (Emeryville, California: Seal Press, 2006).
52. “What Women Want: A Rebuttal to the Times” by Linda Basch, Ilene Lange, and Deborah Merrill-Sands, Alternet.org, http://alternet.org/mediaculture/26326/ctober 3, 2005.
53. Diana Kapp, “Trials of the New Stay-at-Home Supermoms—Parent Trap, Part II,” San Francisco Magazine, 54. April 2006.
54. Sheryls Nance-Nash, “Those Who Step Out of Career Face Tough Re-entry,” Women’s eNews, December 18, 2005, http://www.womensenews.org/, based on a study conducted by the Wharton Center for Leadership and Change Management, “Back in the Game: Women’s Stories and Strategies for Returning To Business after a Hiatus,” http://leadership.wharton.upenn.edu/digest/05-05.shtml.
55. Barbara Ehrenreich, Bait and Switch: The (Futile) Pursuit of the American Dream (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2005).
56. See Fred Bloch, Anna Korteweg, and Kerry Woodward, “The Compassion Gap in American Poverty Policy,” Contexts 5:2, Spring 2006, 14–20.
57. Women’s Policy Research Institute report quoted in Women’s eNews, December 31, 2005, http://www.womensenews.org/.
59. “Meritocracy in America: Ever higher society, ever harder to ascend,” The Economist, December 29, 2004.
60. Quoted in Ruth Rosen, “Helping the Working Poor,” editorial, San Francisco Chronicle, April 26, 2002.
61. From Ellen Reese, Backlash Against Welfare Mothers (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), 198.
62. See the excellent essays in Barbara Ehrenreich and Arlie Hochschild, eds., Global Woman: Nannies, Maids, and Sex Workers in the New Economy (New York: Owl, 2003) from which some of this discussion derives, especially the international care deficit and the “feminization of migration.”
63. Diane Wolf, Factory Daughters: Gender, Household Dynamics, and Rural Industrialization in Java (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994) also discusses some of the benefits such workers have experienced.
64. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Division for the Advancement of Women, 2002 World Survey on the Role of Women in Development and Women and International Migration (U.N. New York, 2005).
65. Juliette Terzieff, “New Law Puts Brakes on International Bride Brokers,” Women’s eNews, March 5, 2006, http://www.womensenews.org/.
66. Ayaan Hirsi Ali, “Women Go ‘Missing’ by the Millions,” International Herald Tribune, March 25, 2006.
67. Quoted in Women’s eNews, December 31, 2005.
68. Katherine Zoepf, “U.N. Finds That 25% of Married Syrian Women Have Been Beaten,” New York Times, April 11, 2006.
69. Quoted in Ruth Rosen, “When Women Decide,” editorial, San Francisco Chronicle, March 18, 2002.
70. Barbara Swirski, “What is a Gender Audit,” Center for Equality and Social Justice in Israel, August 2002, www.adva.org/genderbudgetsenglish.htm and www.adva.org/bender, European Parliament, Committee on Women’s Rights and Equal Opportunities, “Public Hearing ‘Gender Budgeting,’“ January 23, 2003, Harvard Study quoted in Anju Mary Paul, “Work-Life Imbalance,” Women’s e-news, March 4, 2006, http://www.womensenews.org/.
71. Anju Mary Paul, “More Women are MPs” Women’s eNews, March 4, 2006, http://www.womensenews.org/.
72. Anju Mary Paul, “Work Life Imbalance,” Women’s eNews, April 4, 2006, http://www.womensenews.org/.
73. Kavita Ramdas, www.globalfundforwomen.org/press/news/2001/chronicle-window.html (accessed June 20, 2006).
74. The secretary-general in “Message on International Day, Says Violence Against Women Atrocious Manifestation of Continued Systematic Discrimination, Inequality,” http://www.unis.unvienna.org/unis/pressrels/2005/sgsm10225.html (accessed November 25, 2005).
75. Evelyn Murphy with E. J. Graff, Getting Even: Why Women Don’t Get Paid Like Men—and What to Do About It. (New York: Touchstone, 2005).
76. Kapp, “Trials of the New Stay-at-Home Supermoms—Parent Trap, Part II,” 58.
77. Rosen, “Bush Mobilizes Women.”
78. Ellen Goodman: “Single and Not Voting,” The Boston Globe, March 3, 2006. Also see appendix in Celinda Lake, Kellyanne Conway, and Catherine Whitney, What Women Really Want: How American Women Are Quietly Erasing Political, Racial, Class, and Religious Lines to Change the Way We Live (New York: Basic Books, 2005). For more information on Women’s Voice and Women’s Vote, a national project that tried to mobilize single female voters, see the PBS television program NOW by Bill Moyers available at http://www.pbs.org/now/politics/gendergap.html, aired November 10, 2004.
79. Charlotte Bunch, “Whose Security?” The Nation, September 23, 2002.
80. Joan Blades and Kirstin Rowe-Finkbeiner, The Motherhood Manifesto: What America’s Moms Want—and What to Do About It (New York: Nation Books, 2006). Also see Marianne A. Ferber and Julie A. Nelson, eds., Feminist Economics Today: Beyond Economic Man (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003); Martha Albertson Fineman and Terence Doughterty, eds., Feminism Confronts Homo Economicus: Gender, Law, and Society (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2005); Thomas A. Kochan, Restoring the American Dream: A Working Family’s Agenda in America (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2005); Louis Uchitelle, The Disposable American: Job Layoffs and Their Consequences (New York: Knopf, 2006); Stanley Aronowitz, Just Around the Corner: The Paradox of the Jobless Recovery (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2005); David Shipley, The Working Poor: Invisible in America (New York: Knopf, 2004).
81. http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h109-4898, Edward Epstein, “Bay Area Liberals Lead House Panel’s Defense-cut Plan,” San Francisco Chronicle, March 9, 2006.
82. Fred Block, “A Moral Economy,” The Nation, March 16, 2006, 16–19.
83. Robert Fulghum, All I Really Need to Know I Learned in Kindergarten (New York: Ballantine, 2004).
84. Vera Rubin, “How I Got There,” Newsweek, October 24, 2005, 59.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
It takes a small army of colleagues, friends, and institutional supporters to bring a book like this to publication. When a book lives with you for an entire decade, how could it be otherwise?
Annual faculty research grants from the University of California, Davis, have allowed me to visit archives, interview participants, and attend conferences all over the world where new colleagues have sent me back to the drawing board. The Rockefeller Foundation generously supported this project with both its Humanities and Gender Roles fellowships. Residential fellowships at the U.C. Davis Humanities Institute, Blue Mountain Center in New York, and the Ragdale Foundation in Illinois provided the solitude and serenity that writing often required. The Institute for the Study of Social Change at U.C. Berkeley generously offered refuge and inspiration. The Institute for Global Conflict and Cooperation of the University of California and the William Joiner Center at Yale University both supported my exploration of women’s role in peace movements with generous grants. The European Peace University at Stadtschlaining, Austria, and Dromahair, Ireland, gave me the privileged opportunity of teaching students from all over the world who greatly influenced this book. A visiting professorship at the Goldman School of Public Policy at U.C. Berkeley offered me the opportunity to finally understand what I really wanted to write. To all, I am very grateful.
I thank all the people who allowed me to enter their lives and generously shared their stories and memories with me. I am also in debt to two research assistants whose intellectual abilities and energetic engagement kept me from throwing up my hands in despair. Terri Strathman helped me organize my research during the early years of this project. Samantha Barbas helped me edit transcripts, copy endless materials, and proof many drafts of the manuscript. Without her, I would still be staring at piles of paper that might have become a book, but never did.
I especially want to thank Laura X, the founder of the Women’s History Library in Berkeley, California, for having had the vision to create an archive in which our history would be preserved. In the future, historians will sing her praises for having understood the historical significance of the women’s movement.
Certain individuals have given patience a new meaning. My agent, Sandra Dijkstra, and my initial editor, Mindy Werner, stood by me as I weathered all kinds of natural disasters that derailed the writing of this book. Tom Engelhardt, editor extraordinaire, coaxed me into writing a far more elegant book. It was my great fortune to inherit Wendy Wolf as my editor as my book neared completion. Another editor extraordinaire, her critical eye improved this book immeasurably, and her cheerful encouragement gave me the confidence and courage to finish it.
Friends and colleagues have supported this project with grace and honesty. Mary Felstiner read every word with her critical and
loving eyes, supported me through illness and health, and stubbornly refused to let me give up this project. I am deeply grateful to Kira Brunner, Michael Ginsberg, Mike Kazin, Joan Levinson, Gerda Lerner, Vivian Rothstein, and Kitty Sklar, all of whom read the entire manuscript and offered the kind of criticisms one dare not ignore. Pat Cody, Barbara Epstein, Rachel Ginsberg, Todd Gitlin, Larry Levine, Karen Paget, Joan Peters, Vicki Ruiz, Jayne Walker, and Clarence Walker all read different parts of the book, discovered egregious errors, made important editorial contributions, and improved my evocation of particular events. Jayne Walker, my commuter partner, patiently shared her literary secrets with me. Photographer Lynda Koolish and poster archivist Michael Rossman generously helped me make decisions that concerned illustrations.
Certain friends contributed to my work in very specific ways. Ever since we were in graduate school, Isabel Marcus has romped with me on trails along the Pacific Coast. For more than a decade, she has patiently listened as I described yet another version of this book. My colleague and friend Sandra Gilbert, in addition to her intellectual contributions, nourished me through one very cold and wet winter with food and friendship. One day, Natalie Davis—in one of her characteristic flashes of brilliance—informed me that my book was probably completed . . . and she was right. Both Kitty Sklar and Gerda Lerner have offered the kind of collegial criticism that I count among my greatest blessings.
I am deeply grateful to other friends and colleagues who answered my endless queries, and who willingly engaged me in debates and conversations that sharpened my ideas and arguments. Some provoked me, some cheered me on; still others offered the steady support of friendship. I want to thank Charlotte Bunch, Judy Coburn, Claudia Coonz, Tom Dublin, Barbara Ehrenreich, Hester Eisenstein, Deirdre English, Dick Flacks, Mickey Flacks, Carol Groneman, Carolyn Heilbrun, Joanne Landy, Jeremy Larner, Marge Lasky, Jesse Lemisch, Kristin Luker, Norman Mailer, Bob Martin, David Morse, Jane Norling, Alice Quaytman, Jerry Rosen, Vivian Rothstein, Jim Skelly, Blanche Walch, Ann Weills, Jean Weininger, Naomi Weisstein, the annual UCLA women’s history teaching workshop, and the Berkeley women and work group, all of whom know what, when, how, and why they contributed to the completion of this book.