The History of the Renaissance World: From the Rediscovery of Aristotle to the Conquest of Constantinople

by Bauer, Susan Wise

  Chapter Four The Lost Homeland

  1. Li Qingzhao ji jiazhu, quoted in Simon Leys, The Hall of Uselessness (2011), pp. 255–256.

  2. Patricia Buckley Ebrey, ed., Chinese Civilization, 2nd ed. (1993), p. 169.

  3. Ebrey, p. 171; Jacques Gernet, A History of Chinese Civilization, 2nd ed. (1996), p. 357.

  4. Yuan-Kang Wang, Harmony and War (2001), p. 80.

  5. Peter Allan Lorge, War, Politics and Society in Early Modern China, 900–1795 (2005), p. 55.

  6. Jung-Pang Lo, “The Emergence of China as a Sea Power during the Late Sung and Early Yuan Periods,” Far Eastern Quarterly 14, no. 4 (1955): 502, 491.

  7. Wang, p. 89.

  8. Alexander Woodside, Vietnam and the Chinese Model (1971), pp. 7,299.

  9. James Anderson, The Rebel Den of Nùng Trí Cao (2007), p. 143.

  10. Michael E. Brown and Sumit Ganguly, Fighting Words (2003), p. 222; Nicholas Tarling, ed., The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia, vol. 1 (1999), pp. 147–148.

  11. George Coedès, The Indianized States of Southeast Asia, ed. Walter F. Vella, trans. Sue Brown Cowing (1968), pp. 99–100, 159.

  12. Georges Maspero, Royaume de Champa, quoted in Coedès, The Indianized States of Southeast Asia, pp. 159–160.

  13. Victor B. Lieberman, Strange Parallels, vol. 1 (2003), pp. 348–350.

  14. Oscar Chapuis, A History of Vietnam (1995), p. 52.

  15. John K. Whitmore, Essays into Vietnamese Pasts (1995), p. 65.

  16. Chapuis, p. 42.

  17. Milton Osborne, The Mekong (2000), p. 31.

  18. Charles Higham, The Civilization of Angkor (2001), pp. 115–117.

  19. Ian Shaw and Robert Jameson, A Dictionary of Archaeology (1999), p. 63.

  Chapter Five Crusade Resurrected

  1. Carole Hillenbrand, The Crusades (2000), p. 113; William of Tyre, p. 105.

  2. Martin Sicker, The Islamic World in Decline (2001), p. 72

  3. Nicholas N. Ambraseys, “The 12th Century Seismic Paroxysm in the Middle East,” Annals of Geophysics 47, nos. 2–3 (April–June 2004): 743–744; Ibn al-Athir, The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir for the Crusading Period, trans. D. S. Richards (2006), pt. 1, p. 351.

  4. Josef W. Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization (2006), vol. 1, p. 219; The Qur’an, trans. Thomas Clancy (2004), p. 299.

  5. Ibn al-Athir, pt. 1, p. 283; Jonathan C. Phillips and Martin Hoch, eds., The Second Crusade (2001), p. 126.

  6. Christopher Tyerman, God’s War (2006), p. 188.

  7. William of Tyre, p. 143.

  8. Hillenbrand, p. 115.

  9. Jacques P. Migne, Patrologia Cursus Completus (1855), cols. 1064–1066.

  10. Thomas F. Madden, The New Concise History of the Crusades, updated ed. (2005), p. 50.

  11. Otto of Freising, The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa, trans. Charles Christopher Mierow (2004), p. 70; Jonathan Phillips and Martin Hoch, eds., The Second Crusade (2001), p. 3.

  12. Thomas F. Tout, The Empire and the Papacy, 918–1273 (1899), p. 284.

  13. Madden, The New Concise History, p. 52; Ralph V. Turner, Eleanor of Aquitaine (2009),

  pp. 66–67.

  14. Michael Frassetto, ed., Medieval Purity and Piety (1998), pp. 118–119; Ralph V. Turner, Eleanor of Aquitaine (2009), p. 47.

  15. William of Tyre, pp. 171–172; Madden, The New Concise History, p. 58.

  16. William of Tyre, pp. 176–177.

  17. Ibid., p. 80.

  18. Turner, p. 93.

  19. Thomas S. Asbridge, The Crusades (2010), p. 242.

  20. Bernard of Clairvaux, Five Books on Consideration, trans. John Douglas Anderson and Elizabeth T. Kennan (1976), p. 49; William of Tyre, p. 193.

  Chapter Six Reconquista and Rediscovery

  1. Roger Le Tourneau, The Almohad Movement in North Africa in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries (1969), p. 25; Olivia Remie Constable, Medieval Iberia (1997), p. 186.

  2. Donald J. Kagay and L. J. Andrew Villalon, eds., The Circle of War in the Middle Ages (1999, pp. 26–27; Chronica Adefonsi Imperatoris, II.50, in The World of El Cid, trans. Simon Barton and Richard Fletcher (2000), p. 225.

  3. Chronica Adefonsi Imperatoris, II.58, in Barton and Fletcher, p. 228.

  4. Ibid., II.92, in Barton and Fletcher, p. 241.

  5. Keith J. Devlin, The Man of Numbers (2011), p. 21; Chris Lowney, A Vanished World (2005), p. 149.

  6. Edward Grant, A Source Book in Medieval Science (1974), p. 35; B. F. Reilly, The Contest of Christian and Muslim Spain (1992), pp. 127–128.

  Chapter Seven Questions of Authority

  1. Peter Abelard, Historia Calamitatum, in The Letters of Abelard and Heloise, trans. Betty Radice (1974), p. 3.

  2. Ibid., 11.

  3. James Burge, Heloise and Abelard (2003), pp. 127–131; Abelard, Historia Calamitatum, p. 17.

  4. Gillian Rosemary Evans, ed., The Medieval Theologians (2001), pp. 109–110; Peter Godman, The Silent Masters (2000), pp. 67–68.

  5. Abelard, Historia Calamitatum, 21.

  6. Godman, 79–80.

  7. Otto of Freising, p. 82.

  8. Ibid., p. 84.

  9. Heinrich Fichtenau, Heretics and Scholars in the High Middle Ages, 1000–1200, trans. Denise A. Kaiser (1998), pp. 297–298.

  10. Radice, p. 228.

  11. John of Salisbury,The Metalogicon of John of Salisbury, trans. Daniel D. McGarry (1955), pp. 68, 167.

  12. R. N. Swanson, The Twelfth-Century Renaissance (1999), p. 74; Alan Charles Kors and Edward Peters, Witchcraft in Europe, 400–1700 (2001), pp. 72–73.

  13. Marcia L. Colish, Peter Lombard, vol. 1 (1994), pp. 16–17, 25,

  14. Ibid., pp. 30–31, 77ff.; Evans, pp. 181–182.

  Chapter Eight The New Song

  1. Frederick W. Mote, Imperial China, 900–1800 (1999), p. 298.

  2. Helaine Selin, ed., Encyclopedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures (2008), p. 959; Chen Kelun, Chinese Porcelain (2004), p. 13; Wenhua Li, Agro-ecological Farming Systems in China (2001), pp. 28–29.

  3. Alfreda Murck, Poetry and Painting in Song China (2000), p. 219.

  4. Yang Xianyi and Gladys Yang, trans., Poetry and Prose of the Tang and Song (1984), pp. 273–274.

  5. Steven Warshaw, China Emerges: A Concise History of China from Its Origins to the Present (1987), p. 60; P. J. Ivanhoe, Confucian Moral Self-Cultivation (2000), pp. 47–49.

  6. Ebrey, p. 173; Godman, p. 80.

  7. Mote, pp. 232–233; Herbert Franke and Denis Twitchett, eds., The Cambridge History of China, vol. 6 (2007), pp. 239–240.

  8. Franke and Twitchett, pp. 240–241.

  9. Harold Miles Tanner, China (2009), pp. 219–220.

  10. Lorge, p. 63.

  11. Yuan-Kang Wang, Harmony and War (2011), p. 92.

  12. Lu Yu, “To Show to My Sons,” trans. Burton Watson, in The Shorter Columbia Anthology of Traditional Chinese Literature, ed. Victor H. Mair (2000), p. 124.

  Chapter Nine The Heiji Disturbance

  1. George Sansom, A History of Japan to 1334 (1958), p. 197; Delmer M. Brown and Ichirō Ishida, trans. and eds., The Future and the Past (1979), p. 72.

  2. Reinhard Bendix, Kings or People (1978), pp. 76–77; Stephen R. Turnbull, The Samurai (1977), pp. 25–27.

  3. Brown and Ishida, p. 78; John W. Hall, Jeffrey P. Mass, and David L. Davis, Medieval Japan (1974), pp. 69–70.

  4. William Wayne Farris, Japan to 1600 (2009), p. 86.

  5. Brown and Ishida, p. 317.

  6. Donald H. Shively and William H. McCullough, eds., The Cambridge History of Japan, vol. 2 (1999), p. 609.

  7. Brown and Ishida, p. 99.

  8. Wm. Theodore de Bary et al., eds., Sources of Japanese Tradition, 2nd ed., vol. 1 (2001), p. 269; Turnbull, The Samurai, pp. 34–35

  9. De Bary, p. 275; Brown and Ishida, p. 104; Turnbull, The Samurai, p. 37.

  10. Brown and Ishida, p. 107.

  11. Ibid., pp. 115–116.

  Chapter Ten Death of a
n Army

  1. Ki-baik Lee, A New History of Korea, trans. Edward W. Wagner with Edward J. Shultz (1984), p. 138

  2. Martina Deuchler, The Confucian Transformation of Korea (1992), p. 32.

  3. Edward J. Shultz, Generals and Scholars (2000), pp. 11–12.

  4. Ki-baik Lee, p. 136.

  5. Peter H. Lee, ed., Sourcebook of Korean Civilization, vol. 1 (1993), p. 332; Shultz, p. 16.

  6. Shultz, pp. 13–14.

  7. Ki-baik Lee, p. 139; Shultz, pp. 15, 17.

  8. Michael J. Seth, A History of Korea (2011), p. 104.

  9. Peter H. Lee, p. 332.

  10. Ki-Baik Lee, p. 140.

  11. Peter H. Lee, p. 334.

  12. Shultz, pp. 20–21, 28–29.

  13. Ki-baik Lee, p. 140; Shultz, p. 34.

  14. Ki-baik Lee, p. 142.

  15. Peter H. Lee, pp. 334–336.

  16. Ki-baik Lee, p. 145; Peter H. Lee, p. 340.

  17. Shultz, pp. 55–56; Seth, pp. 104–105.

  Chapter Eleven The First Plantagenet

  1. Swanton, p. 264.

  2. John D. Hosler, Henry II (2007), pp. 5–6; William of Newburgh, Chronicles of the Reigns of Stephen, Henry II, and Richard I, ed. Richard Howlett, vol. 3 (1886), p. xvii.

  3. Malcolm Barber, The Two Cities (1992), p. 267.

  4. Quoted in Turner, p. 109.

  5. Hosler, pp. 44–45.

  6. William of Newburgh, The History of English Affairs, Book I, ed. P. G. Walsh and M. J. Kennedy (1988), p. 127

  7. Ibid., p. 15.

  8. Peter of Blois, Epistolae, ed. J. A. Giles (1847), pp. 50, 193–194.

  9. Christopher Harper-Bill and Nicholas Vincent, eds., Henry II (2007), pp. 311–312; Rebecca Fraser, The Story of Britain (2006), pp. 128–129.

  10. Hosler, p. 49.

  Chapter Twelve Frederick Barbarossa

  1. Eric Christiansen, The Northern Crusades, rev. ed. (1997), p. 53; Madden, The New Concise History, pp. 55–56.

  2. France, pp. 132–133.

  3. Otto of Freising, pp. 332–333.

  4. Quoted in Colin Morris, The Papal Monarchy (1989), pp. 188–189.

  5. Ibid., p. 190.

  6. Otto of Freising, pp. 150–152.

  7. Ibid., p. 127.

  8. Morris, p. 267.

  9. Patrick J. Geary, Living with the Dead in the Middle Ages (1994), pp. 244–245.

  10. Quoted in Robert Sallares, Malaria and Rome (2002), p. 225.

  11. Morris, p. 195.

  Chapter Thirteen The Almohads in Spain

  1. Kagay and Villalon, p. 27.

  2. Joseph F. O’Callaghan, A History of Medieval Spain (1975), p. 232.

  3. Michael Gerli, Medieval Iberia (2003), p. 82; David Luscombe and Jonathan Riley-Smith, eds., New Cambridge Medieval History, vol. 4 (2004), p. 615.

  4. O’Callaghan, p. 236

  5. Luscombe and Riley-Smith, p. 615.

  6. Norman Roth, Jews, Visigoths, and Muslims in Medieval Spain (1994), p. 119

  7. Jamil M. Abun-Nasr, A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period (1987), pp. 93–94.

  8. Luis Vaz de Camões, The Lusiads, trans. Landeg White (2002), p. 161 (canto 8, stanza 29).

  9. H. P. Livermore, A New History of Portugal (1966), p. 64.

  10. Luscombe and Riley-Smith, p. 617

  11. Ibid., pp. 617–618; Uri Rubin and David J. Wasserstein, eds., Dhimmis and Others (1997),

  p. 166.

  Chapter Fourteen “Many Nations”

  1. Nehemia Levtzion and Jay Spaulding, eds., Medieval West Africa (2003), p. 7; Muhammad Fasi and Ivan Hrbek, Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century (1988), p. 449.

  2. “The Bornu Girgam,” translated in Journal of the African Society 12, no. 45 (Oct. 1912): 75.

  3. E. W. Bovill and Robin Hallett, The Golden Trade of the Moors, 2nd ed. (1995), pp. 160–161.

  4. Paul E. Lovejoy, Transformations in Slavery (1983), pp. 15–16.

  5. Levtzion and Spaulding, p. 7; Humphrey J. Fisher, Slavery in the History of Muslim Black Africa (2001), p. 238.

  6. J. D. Fage and R. A. Oliver, eds., Papers in African Prehistory (1970), pp. 259–260.

  7. Richard Gray, ed., The Cambridge History of Africa, vol. 4 (1975), pp. 202–203.

  8. G. S. P. Freeman-Grenville, “Some Recent Archaeological Work on the Tanganyika Coast,” Man 58 (July 1958): 106.

  9. Ibid., pp. 107–108.

  10. Elizabeth Allo Isichei, A History of African Societies to 1870 (1997), p. 251.

  11. Jeffrey Brodd, Primary Source Readings in World Religions (2009), pp. 34–35; Jacob Kehinde Olupona and Terry S. Reynolds, eds., Òrisà Devotion as World Religion (2008), pp. 151–152.

  12. Kevin Shillington, ed., Encyclopedia of African History (2005), pp. 226–227; Dmitri M. Bondarenko and Peter M. Roese, “Between the Ogiso and Oba Dynasties: An Interpretation of Interregnum in the Benin Kingdom,” History in Africa 31 (2004): 103–115.

  13. Roger Blench and Matthew Spriggs, eds., Archaeology and Language, vol. 3 (1999), p. 313.

  14. Nehemia Levtzion and J. F. P. Hopkins, eds., Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History, trans. J. F. P. Hopkins (1981), pp. 79–80.

  15. Djibril Tamsir Niane and Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Centuries (1997), pp. 124–125; Abiola Irele and Biodun Jeyifo, eds., The Oxford Encyclopedia of African Thought, vol. 1 (2010), pp. 406–407.

  Chapter Fifteen The Last Fatimid Caliph

  1. Asbridge, p. 242.

  2. Maya Shatzmiller, Crusaders and Muslims in Twelfth-Century Syria (1993), p. 169.

  3. H. A. R. Gibb, ed. and trans., The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades (2002), p. 341.

  4. William of Tyre, p. 293.

  5. Ibid., p. 294.

  6. William Heywood, A History of Pisa, Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries (2010), pp. 112–113.

  7. William of Tyre, p. 305.

  8. Ibn al-Athir, pt. 2, p. 163.

  9. Ibid., p. 172.

  10. Asbridge, p. 273; Ibn al-Athir, pt. 2, p. 174.

  11. Ibn al-Athir, pt. 2, p. 175.

  12. Ibid., p. 183; William of Tyre, pp. 367–368.

  13. Ibn al-Athir, pt. 2, pp. 196–197.

  Chapter Sixteen Monks and Brahmans

  1. The Mahavansa, Part II, trans. L. C. Wijesinha (1889), p. 126; H. W. Codrington, Short History of Ceylon (1926), pp. 58–59.

  2. Wijesinha, p. 59.

  3. Ibid., p. 148; Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, vol. 4 (1954), p. 371.

  4. Wijesinha, p. 149.

  5. S. K. Verma, Political History of Ancient India (2010), p. 146.

  6. Hannah Chapelle Wojciehowski, Group Identity in the Renaissance World (2011), p. 179.

  7. Ilana Friedrich-Silber, Virtuosity, Charisma, and Social Order (1995), p. 113.

  8. Ibid., p. 105; Heinz Bechert, “Theravada Buddhist Sangha,” Journal of Asian Studies 29, no. 4 (Aug. 1970): 765.

  9. Friedrich-Silber, pp. 84–85; Bechert, p. 766; Richard Francis Gombrich, Theravada Buddhism (2006), p. 159.

  10. J. F. Fleet, “Inscriptions at Ablur,” in E. Hultzsch, ed., Epigraphia Indica and Record of the Archaological Survey of India, vol. 5 (1898–99), p. 240.

  11. Bharati Ray, Different Types of History (2009), pp. 251–252; Dale Hoiberg and Indu Ramchandani, Students’ Britannica: India, vol. 3 (2000), p. 286.

  12. R. S. Sharma, Early Medieval Indian Society (2001), p. 195; Stanley Wolpert, A New History of India (2004), pp. 112–113; Ray, p. 251.

  13. Ray, pp. 253–254.

  14. Colin Metcalfe Enriquez, Ceylon, Past and Present (1927), pp. 40–41.

  15. Hoiberg and Ramchandani, p. 163.

  Chapter Seventeen Conquest of the Willing

  1. Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund, A History of India, 3rd ed. (1998), p. 111.

  2. Tso-kha-pa Blo-bza-grags-pa and Gareth Sparham, The Fulfillment of All Hopes (1999), pp. 2–4.

  3. Tansen Sen, Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade (2003), p
p. 107–108.

  4. Salahuddin Ahmed, Bangladesh (2004), p. 59.

  5. Bauer, The History of the Medieval World, pp. 231–232.

  6. Richard Maxwell Eaton, The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760 (1993), pp. 16–17.

  7. Sharma, pp. 102, 278, 283.

  8. Minhaj Siraj Juzjani, Tabakat-i-Nasiri, trans. H. G. Raverty (1881), p. 352.

  9. J. A. Boyle, ed., The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 5 (1968), p. 160.

  10. Tabakat-i-Nasiri, p. 115.

  11. Sir William Wilson Hunter, Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1833–1962, vol. 2 (1909), p. 309; Bauer, The History of the Medieval World, pp. 554–555.

  12. Raj Kumar, ed., Essays on Medieval India (2003), pp. 275, 277.

  13. Ahmed, p. 59.

  Chapter Eighteen Death of a Priest

  1. “Writ of William I,” quoted in Derek Baker, England in the Early Middle Ages, rev. ed. (1993),

  p. 173.

  2. Fraser, p. 130.

  3. Henry William Carless Davis, England under the Normans and Angevins, 1066–1272 (1949),

  pp. 210–211.

  4. Michael Staunton, The Lives of Thomas Becket (2001), p. 45.

  5. Frank Barlow, Thomas Becket (1986), pp. 44–45; Staunton, pp. 52–53.

  6. Fraser, p. 131; Staunton, pp. 67–68.

  7. Ernest F. Henderson, ed. and trans., Select Historical Documents of the Middle Ages (1896),

  pp. 11–16; Fraser, p. 132.

  8. Thomas Becket, “Letter 82,” in The Correspondence of Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury 1162–1170, ed. and trans. Anne J. Duggan, vol. 1 (2000), pp. 329, 333.

  9. Henderson, pp. 16–20.

  10. Ibid.

  11. James J. Spigelman, Becket & Henry (2004), pp. 229–230.

  12. Ibid., p. 251.

  13. Ibid., p. 255; Fraser, p. 134.

  14. Edward Potts Cheyney, Readings in English History Drawn from the Original Sources (1922),

  pp. 155–158

  15. Fraser, p. 135.

  Chapter Nineteen Foreign Relations

  1. Svat Soucek, A History of Inner Asia (2000), pp. 98–99.

  2. Sicker, p. 58.

  3. Madden, The New Concise History, pp. 64–65; John Julius Norwich, Byzantium (1996), p. 120.

  4. Norwich, Byzantium, p. 121; William of Tyre, p. 235.

  5. Stephen Runciman, A History of the Crusades, vol. 2 (1951), p. 348.

  6. Norwich, Byzantium, p. 122; Vasiliev, p. 426; Runciman, A History of the Crusades, vol. 2, p. 352.