The History of the Renaissance World: From the Rediscovery of Aristotle to the Conquest of Constantinople

by Bauer, Susan Wise

  1. Soucek, p. 100.

  2. Scott C. Levi and Ron Sela, eds., Islamic Central Asia (2010), pp. 125–126.

  3. Ibid., p. 126.

  4. Ibid., p. 127.

  5. Saunders, pp. 56–57.

  6. Ibid., p. 57; ‘Alā’-ad-Dīn Guwainī, John A. Boyle, and Muhammad Qazwīnī, Genghis Khan (1997), pp. 92–93; Boyle, pp. 307–308.

  7. Ronald Grigor Suny, The Making of the Georgian Nation (1994), pp. 35–37;

  8. René Grousset, The Empire of the Steppes (1970), pp. 245–246.

  9. Boyle, pp. 313–315; Guwainī, Boyle, and Qazwīnī, pp. 96ff., 131.

  10. Boyle, p. 320; Guwainī, Boyle, and Qazwīnī, pp. 131–135.

  11. Peter Jackson, The Mongols and the West, 1221–1410 (2005), p. 39.

  12. Grousset, p. 246; The Chronicle of Novgorod, 1016–1471, trans. Robert Michell and Nevill Forbes (1914), p. 66.

  13. George Vernadsky, Kievan Russia (1948), pp. 236–238; Franke and Twitchett, p. 365.

  14. Levi and Sela, p. 136.

  Chapter Thirty-Eight South of India

  1. Chelvadurai Manogaran, Ethnic Conflict and Reconciliation in Sri Lanka (1987), p. 25; John Clifford Holt, Buddha in the Crown (1991), p. 96; Culavamsa, trans. Wilhelm Geiger (1929),

  p. 132.

  2. Culavamsa, p. 135; John Clifford Holt, ed., The Sri Lanka Reader (2011), pp. 42–43.

  3. Culavamsa, pp. 138–139, 154.

  4. Richard Gombrich and Gananath Obeyesekere, Buddhism Transformed (1988), pp. 137–138.

  5. John Clifford Holt, Buddha in the Crown, p. 96.

  6. Culavamsa, p. 151.

  7. Hultzsch, p. 307.

  8. C. Rasanayagam, Ancient Jaffna (1984), pp. 352–353.

  Chapter Thirty-Nine The Fifth Crusade

  1. Roger of Wendover, p. 383; Madden, The New Concise History, p. 145.

  2. Francesco Gabrieli, ed. and trans., Arab Historians of the Crusades (1969), p. 256.

  3. Ibid., p. 257.

  4. Bonaventure, pp. 98–101; Regis J. Armstrong, ed., Francis of Assisi, vol. 1 (1999), pp. 580, 584.

  5. Gabrieli, pp. 258–259; Madden, The New Concise History, p. 151.

  6. Bonaventure, p. 102; Armstrong, p. 581.

  7. Jonathan P. Phillips, Holy Warriors (2010), p. 226.

  8. Ibid., p. 227.

  9. L. N. Gumilev, Searches for an Imaginary Kingdom, trans. R. E. F. Smith (1967), p. 167.

  Chapter Forty From the Golden Bull to the Baltic Crusade

  1. Engel, pp. 91–92; Miklós Molnár, A Concise History of Hungary (1991), p. 33.

  2. Charles W. Ingrao and Franz A. J. Szabo, eds., The Germans and the East (2008), p. 37; Vásáry,

  p. 28; Nicolaus von Jeroschin, Chronicle of Prussia, trans. Mary Fischer (2010), p. 29.

  3. Quoted in Rossiter Johnson, Charles Horne, and John Rudd, eds., The Great Events by Famous Historians, vol. 6 (1905), p. 194.

  4. Engel, pp. 94–95; Johnson, Horne, and Rudd, p. 194.

  5. David Abulafia, ed., The New Cambridge Medieval History, vol. 5 (2008), p. 744; Engel, p. 90.

  6. Malcolm Barber, The Two Cities, p. 341.

  7. T. Norus and Jona Zilius, Lithuania’s Case for Independence (1918), p. 9.

  8. Alan V. Murray, Anne Huijbers, and Elizabeth Wawrzyniak, The Clash of Cultures on the Medieval Baltic Frontier (2009), pp. 29, 31; Nicolaus von Jeroschin, pp. 44, 47.

  9. Jean W. Sedlar, East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500 (1994), p. 409.

  10. Hazard, p. 570; Christiansen, pp. 102–103.

  11. Nicolaus von Jeroschin, pp. 63, 76.

  Chapter Forty-One Lakeshores, Highlands, and Hilltops

  1. Roland A. Oliver and Anthony Atmore, Medieval Africa, 1250–1800 (2002), p. 116.

  2. Richard Pankhurst, The Ethiopians (2001), pp. 45–46.

  3. Verena Boll, ed., Studia Aethiopica (2004), p. 179.

  4. Stuart C. Munro-Hay, Ethiopia (2002), pp. 190–191.

  5. Oliver and Atmore, p. 118.

  6. Robert O. Collins and James McDonald Burns, A History of Sub-Saharan Africa (2007), p. 90.

  7. Nehemiah Levtzion and Randall L. Pouwels, eds., The History of Islam in Africa (2000), p. 81.

  8. Collins and Burns, p. 90; Levtzion and Hopkins, pp. 187–188.

  9. Levtzion and Pouwels, p. 80; Levtzion and Hopkins, p. 188.

  10. Levtzion and Pouwels, p. 5.

  11. Niane and Ki-Zerbo, p. 101; Roland A. Oliver and Brian M. Fagan, Africa in the Iron Age (1975), p. 153.

  12. Philip Harrison, South Africa’s Top Science Sites (2004), p. 56; David Fleminger, Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape (2006), p. 24–25.

  13. Fleminger, pp. 35–36.

  14. Ibid., p. 40; Deborah Fahy Bryceson, Judith Okely, and Jonathan Webber, eds., Identity and Networks (2007), p. 165; Martin Hall, Farmers, Kings, and Traders (1990), p. 84.

  15. Fleminger, p. 41.

  Chapter Forty-Two The Sixth Crusade

  1. Rebecca Rist, The Papacy and Crusading in Europe, 1198–1245 (2009), p. 98; David Abulafia, Frederick II (1992), p. 151.

  2. Roger of Wendover, pp. 492–493.

  3. Ibid., p. 499.

  4. G. G. Coulton, From St. Francis to Dante, 2nd ed. (1907), p. 79.

  5. Giovanni Villani, Villani’s Chronicle, trans. Rose E. Selfe (1907), p. 130; Roger of Wendover, p. 505.

  6. Abulafia, Frederick II, p. 172.

  7. Archer and Kingsford, p. 381.

  8. Gabrieli, pp. 268–269.

  9. Ibn al-Athir, pt. 3, pp. 293–294; Karen Armstrong, Jerusalem (1996), p. 302; Gabrieli,

  pp. 269–270.

  10. Ibn al-Athir, pt. 3, p. 293; Gabrieli, pp. 270–271; Abulafia, Frederick II, pp. 182–184; T. K. Kington-Oliphant, History of Frederick the Second, vol.1 (1862), p. 330.

  11. Kington-Oliphant, p. 330.

  Chapter Forty-Three The Tran Dynasty

  1. Keat Gin Ooi, ed., Southeast Asia (2004), p. 801, condensed from Clotilde Chivas-Baron, Stories and Legends of Annam, trans. E. M. Smith-Dampier (1920), pp. 175–176.

  2. George Coedès, The Making of South East Asia, trans. H. M. Wright (1966), p. 86.

  3. Chivas-Baron, p. 179.

  4. Oscar Chapuis, A History of Vietnam (2000), p. 80; Walter H. Slote and George A. De Vos, eds., Confucianism and the Family (1998), pp. 151–152.

  5. Chapuis, p. 80; Coedès, The Making of South East Asia, pp. 123–124; David C. Kang, East Asia before the West (2010), p. 39; Slote and De Vos, p. 95.

  6. Tài T. Nguyn and Chi Minh, History of Buddhism in Vietnam (1992), pp. 132–134.

  7. Coedès, The Making of South East Asia, p. 101.

  8. Ibid., p. 125.

  9. Kenneth R. Hall, A History of Early Southeast Asia (2011), p. 240.

  10. Ibid., p. 241.

  Chapter Forty-Four Young Kings

  1. Jean Sire de Joinville, The History of St. Louis, ed. Natalis de Wailly and trans. Joan Evans (1938), p. 22.

  2. M. Guizot and Madame Guizot de Witt, The History of France, trans. Robert Black, vol. 1 (1884), pp. 426–427; Fawtier, p. 28.

  3. Wilfred Lewis Warren, The Governance of Norman and Angevin England, 1086–1272 (1987),

  pp. 174–176; Roger of Wendover, pp. 483–484, 487.

  4. Michael Prestwich, Plantagenet England, 1225–1360 (2005), pp. 294–295.

  5. Roger of Wendover, p. 538.

  6. Damian J. Smith, pp. 27, 33.

  7. Ibid., p. 34; Francis Darwin Swift, The Life and Times of James the First (1894), p. 33.

  8. Ahmad Ibn-Muhammad al-Maqqari, The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain, trans. Pascual de Gayangos, vol. 2 (1843), pp. 327–328.

  9. O’Callaghan, p. 343.

  10. Ibid.; al-Maqqari, p. 328.

  11. O’Callaghan, p. 345; al-Maqqari, p. 337.

  12. Hazard, pp. 428–430; Damian J. Smith, p. 137.

  13. Prestwich, Plantagenet England, p. 295.

  14. Joinville, pp. 31–32; Jervis, p. 166.

  1
5. J. R. Maddicott, Simon de Montfort (1994), p. 32.

  Chapter Forty-Five The Mongol Horde

  1. William E. Henthorn, Korea (1963), p. 14.

  2. Ibid., p. 22.

  3. Ibid., pp. 62–63; Peter H. Lee, and Wm. Theodore de Bary, eds., Sources of Korean Tradition (1997), pp. 202–203.

  4. Carter J. Eckert and Ki-baek Yi, Korea, Old and New (1990), p. 91; Andrew C. Nahm, Korea (1988), pp. 90–91.

  5. Henry H. Howorth, History of the Mongols (1876), p. 124.

  6. Richard A. Gabriel, Subotai the Valiant (2004), pp. 61–62. 65.

  7. Ibid., p. 66; Howorth, p. 124.

  8. Janet Martin, Medieval Russia, 980–1584 (1995), p. 135.

  9. Grousset, p. 263; David Christian, A History of Russia, Central Asia, and Mongolia (1998), p. 408.

  10. Christian, p. 410; Janet Martin, pp. 138–139.

  11. Man, p. 270.

  12. Ibid., pp. 271–272.

  13. Peter F. Sugar, ed., A History of Hungary (1994), p. 26.

  14. Armin Vambery and Louis Heilprin, The Story of Hungary (1886), p. 142.

  15. Matthew Paris, Matthew Paris’s English History, trans. J. A. Giles, vol. 3 (1854), p. 450

  16. Janet Martin, p. 140.

  Chapter Forty-Six The Debt of Hatred

  1. Gabrieli, pp. 281–282.

  2. David G. Einstein, Emperor Frederick II (1949), p. 278; Abulafia, Frederick II, pp. 199–200; Hazard, p. 365.

  3. Einstein, p. 279.

  4. Ibid., pp. 280–281.

  5. Elphège Vacandard, The Inquisition, trans. Bertrand L. Conway (1908), pp. 76–78.

  6. Einstein, p. 284; Peters, pp. 178–179.

  7. Vacandard, p. 80.

  8. Alan Charles Kors and Edward Peters, eds., Witchcraft in Europe, 400–1700, 2nd ed. (2001),

  p. 116; Donald W. Engles, Classical Cats (1999), p. 186.

  9. Scott L. Waugh and Peter Diehl, eds., Christendom and Its Discontents (1996), p. 47; Wakefield and Evans, p. 267.

  10. Einstein, pp. 301–303; Villani, p. 133; Abulafia, Frederick II, p. 241.

  11. Skinner, The Renaissance (1978), p. 5; Villani, p. 133.

  12. Kington-Oliphant, pp. 55, 68; Einstein, p. 336.

  13. Paris, vol. 3, p. 163.

  14. Einstein, p. 365; Paris, vol. 3, p. 191.

  15. Henry Hart Milman, History of Latin Christianity, vol. 6 (1883), p. 460.

  16. Klaus Schatz, Papal Primacy (1996), pp. 93–94.

  17. Einstein, pp. 377–378, 381–382.

  18. Milman, vol. 6, p. 480; Brian Tierney, The Crisis of Church & State, 1050–1300 (1964), p. 147.

  19. Einstein, pp. 409–410; Skinner, p. 5; Kington-Oliphant, p. 461; Villani, p. 147.

  20. James Bruce Ross and Mary Martin McLaughlin, eds., The Portable Medieval Reader (1977),

  p. 365; Villani, p. 152.

  Chapter Forty-Seven The Shadow of God

  1. Tabakat-i-Nasiri, pp. 637–638.

  2. Ibid., pp. 642–643; Satish Chandra, Medieval India (1997), p. 49.

  3. Chandra, p. 50; Tabakat-i-Nasiri, pp. 647–648; Mehta, p. 105. Mehta points out that Nasiruddin may have actually been the posthumous child of Il-tumish’s oldest son (who died in 1229), adopted by Il-tumish in order to place him in the direct line of succession.

  4. Wolpert, p. 110

  5. Tabakat-i-Nasiri, p. 674; Mehta, p. 107.

  6. Radhey Shyman Chaurasia, History of Medieval India (2002), p. 15; Mehta, p. 107.

  7. Slightly paraphrased from the translation in Kulke and Rothermund, p. 173.

  8. Quoted in Agha Hussain Hamadani, The Frontier Policy of the Delhi Sultans (1986), p. 87; Tabakat-i-Nasiri, p. 679.

  9. Tabakat-i-Nasiri, p. 685.

  10. Shail Mayaram, Against History, against State (2003), pp. 80–82; Tabakat-i-Nasiri, p. 713.

  11. Clifford E. Bosworth et al., eds., The Encyclopædia of Islam, vol. 6 (1986), p. 48.

  12. Mehta, p. 116.

  13. Ibid., p. 117; Chandra, pp. 53–54.

  14. Mehta, pp. 119–120.

  15. Chandra, pp. 55–56; Ziauddin Barani, Tarikh-i Firoz Shahi, in The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians, ed. H. M. Elliot and John Dowson, vol. 2 (1871), pp. 99–100.

  Chapter Forty-Eight The Seventh Crusade

  1. Joinville, p. 33.

  2. Peter Jackson, The Seventh Crusade, 1244–1254(2007), pp. 18–19.

  3. Ibid., p. 19.

  4. Janet Martin, p. 39.

  5. Stephen Runciman, A History of the Crusades, vol. 3 (1951), p. 225.

  6. Abulafia, The New Cambridge Medieval History, p. 434; Joinville, p. 39.

  7. Jervis, pp. 168–169.

  8. Runciman, A History of the Crusades, vol. 3, pp. 259–261.

  9. William of Tudela, p. 87.

  10. Ibid., p. 99; Joinville, pp. 86–87.

  11. Madden, pp. 174–175.

  12. Ibid., p. 175; Joinville, p. 98.

  13. Jervis, p. 169; Sherman A. Jackson, Islamic Law and the State (1996), pp. 42–43; Peter Jackson, The Seventh Crusade, p. 134.

  14. Joinville, p. 121.

  Chapter Forty-Nine The Splintering Khanate

  1. Saunders, p. 93; Robert Marshall, Storm from the East (1993), pp. 140–141.

  2. Marshall, p. 149; quoted in George Lane, Genghis Khan and Mongol Rule (2004), pp. 139–140.

  3. Quoted in Sangkeun Kim, Strange Names of God (2004), p. 133.

  4. “Guyuk Khan’s Letter to Pope Innocent IV (1246),” in Christopher Dawson, Mission to Asia (1980), pp. 85–86.

  5. George Lane, p. 141; Marshall, p. 160.

  6. Saunders, p. 99.

  7. Ibid., p. 100.

  8. Quoted in Thomas T. Allsen, Mongol Imperialism (1987), p. 47; George Lane, pp. 49–50.

  9. Mote, pp. 452–453.

  10. Kang, p. 132.

  11. Stephen R. Turnbull, Genghis Khan and the Mongol Conquests (2003), p. 83; Nhung Tuyet Tran and Anthony Reid, Viet Nam (2006), p. 48.

  12. Daftary, p. 175.

  13. Saunders, pp. 113–114.

  Chapter Fifty The Mamluks of Egypt

  1. Nasser O. Rabbat, The Citadel of Cairo (1989), p. 90.

  2. Sherman A. Jackson, p. 43.

  3. Ibid., p. 45.

  4. Ibid.; John Bagot Glubb, Soldiers of Fortune (1988), p. 50.

  5. Rabbat, p. 95.

  6. Peter M. Holt, Ann K. S. Lambton, and Bernard Lewis, eds., The Cambridge History of Islam, vol. 1A (1977), pp. 210–211.

  7. Ibid., p. 212; Sherman A. Jackson, pp. 46–47.

  8. Marshall, p. 192.

  9. Ibid., pp. 192–193; Runciman, A History of the Crusades, vol. 3, pp. 312–313.

  10. Marshall, pp. 193.

  11. Runciman, A History of the Crusades, vol. 3, p. 314.

  12. Holt et al., p. 213.

  13. Petry, p. 278.

  14. Bertold Spuler, A History of the Muslim World (1994), p. 23.

  15. Quoted in Petry, pp. 242–243.

  16. Holt et al., pp. 216–217; Sherman A. Jackson, p. 51.

  17. Jervis, p. 172.

  18. Gabrieli, pp. 311–312.

  19. Quoted in Petry, p. 243.

  Chapter Fifty-One Louis the Saint

  1. Joinville and Villehardouin, p. 155.

  2. Ibid., pp. 157–158; Jaroslav Folda, Crusader Art in the Holy Land (2005), p. 245.

  3. Rodney Howard Hilton, Bond Men Made Free (1973), pp. 99–100; Mary Morton Wood, The Spirit of Protest in Old French Literature (1917), p. 20; Matthew Paris, Matthew Paris’s English History, trans. J. A. Giles, vol. 2 (1853), p. 451.

  4. Le Roman de Renart, quoted in Norman R. C. Cohn, The Pursuit of the Millennium, rev. ed. (1970), p. 82; Paris, vol. 2, p. 453.

  5. Norman R. C. Cohn, pp. 96–98; Paris, vol. 2, p. 455.

  6. Joinville and Villehardouin, pp. 195–197; Jervis, p. 170.

  7. Fawtier, pp. 32–33; Joinville and Villehardouin, pp. 221–223; Georges Duby, France in the Middle Ages, 987–1460, trans. Juliet Vale (1991), p.
251.

  8. Joinville and Villehardouin, p. 216.

  9. Mandell Creighton, A History of the Papacy during the Period of the Reformation (1882), vol. 1,

  pp. 29–30; Brian Davies, ed., Thomas Aquinas (2002), pp. 325–326.

  10. Joinville and Villehardouin, pp. 341–342.

  11. Saint Thomas Aquinas, De Regimine Principum, in Main Currents of Western Thought, ed. Franklin Le Van Baumer (1978), pp. 76–77.

  12. Joinville and Villehardouin, p. 358.

  Chapter Fifty-Two The Lion’s Den

  1. Innocent IV, Eger cui levia, in Bernard Guillemain, The Later Middle Ages, trans S. Taylor (1960), p. 38.

  2. Vacandard, pp. 108–109.

  3. David Carpenter, The Reign of Henry III (1996), p. 184.

  4. Tout, The Empire and the Papacy, p. 480.

  5. Paris, vol. 3, p. 102.

  6. Tout, The Empire and the Papacy, p. 490.

  7. R. F. Treharne, The Baronial Plan of Reform, 1258–63 (1971), pp. 30–32; Paris, vol. 3, p. 136, 151.

  8. Treharne, pp. 66–67; Paris, vol. 3, p. 286.

  9. J. R. M. Butler, A History of England (1928), pp. 99–100.

  10. Paris, vol. 3, p. 291.

  11. Ibid., p. 333; Treharne, pp. 252–253

  12. J. R. M. Butler, pp. 109–110; Paris, vol. 3, p. 336; Carpenter, pp. 270–271.

  13. Paris, vol. 3, p. 350.

  14. Ibid., p. 352.

  15. Jervis, p. 171; Stephen Runciman, The Sicilian Vespers (1960), p. 70.

  16. Runciman, Sicilian Vespers, p. 85.

  17. Dante Alighieri, The Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri, trans. Henry F. Cary (1909), “Hell,” canto 28, p. 115.

  18. Dante, “Purgatory,” canto 3, p. 156.

  19. Tout, The Empire and the Papacy, pp. 486–487; Richard H. Lansing and Teodolinda Barolini, The Dante Encyclopedia (2000), p. 439; Ugo Balzani, The Popes and the Hohenstaufen (1889), p. 252.

  20. Katherine L. Jansen et al., eds., Medieval Italy (2009), pp. 136–137.

  21. James Sime and Edward A. Freeman, History of Germany (1874), p. 99.

  Chapter Fifty-Three The Recapture of Constantinople

  1. Robert Lee Wolff and Harry W. Hazard, eds., A History of the Crusades, 2nd ed., vol. 2 (1969),

  p. 218.

  2. Edwin Pears, The Destruction of the Greek Empire (1903), p. 12.

  3. Akropolites, p. 270.

  4. Ibid., p. 336.

  5. Ibid., p. 343.

  6. Ibid., p. 367.

  7. Janet Shirley, trans., Crusader Syria in the Thirteenth Century (1999), p. 117.