8. Ibid., p. 141.
9. Nicol, The Last Centuries of Byzantium, p. 34; Abulafia, The New Cambridge Medieval History,
p. 435.
10. Norwich, Byzantium, pp. 210–211.
11. Akropolites, p. 380.
12. Ibid., p. 386; George Ostrogorsky, History of the Byzantine State (1968), p. 581.
Chapter Fifty-Four The Last Crusades
1. Abun-Nasr, A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period, p. 121; Peter M. Holt, Ann K. S. Lambton, and Bernard Lewis, eds., The Cambridge History of Islam, vol. 2A (1977), pp. 230–231.
2. Norman Housley, Contesting the Crusades (2006), p. 73.
3. Joinville, pp. 221, 223.
4. Ibid., p. 223; Villani, p. 238.
5. Gabrieli, p. 310; George Hill, A History of Cyprus, vol. 2 (1948), p. 170.
6. Villani, pp. 251–252.
7. Michael Prestwich, Edward I (1988), p. 78.
8. Joseph F. Kelly, p. 96; Milman, pp. 406–407.
9. Jonathan Harris, Byzantium and the Crusades (2006), p. 180.
10. Milman, vol. 6, pp. 408–409.
11. Villani, pp. 295–296.
Chapter Fifty-Five Kublai Khan
1. Richard L. Davis, Wind against the Mountain (1996), p. 29.
2. Lorge, pp. 84–85; Michael E. Haskew et al., Fighting Techniques of the Oriental World, ad 1200–1860 (2008), pp. 188–189.
3. Richard L. Davis, p. 30.
4. Mote, p. 457; Thomas De Quincey, Confessions of an English Opium-Eater and Related Writings, ed. Joel Faflak (2009), pp. 287–288.
5. Marco Polo, The Travels of Marco Polo the Venetian, trans. W. Marsden, rev. T. Wright and Peter Harrison (2008), pp. 123–124.
6. Ibid., p. 103.
7. De Bary, p. 280.
8. Sansom, p. 442.
9. Mote, p. 464.
10. Richard L. Davis, p. 2; Mote, p. 465.
11. Kozo Yamamura, ed., The Cambridge History of Japan, vol. 3 (1990), pp. 145–146.
12. Ebrey, Walthall, and Palais, pp. 192–193; de Bary, p. 281; Yamamura, p. 147; Sansom, pp. 149–150.
13. Junjirō Takakusu, Wing-tsit Chan, and Charles A. Moore, The Essentials of Buddhist Philosophy (1973), p. 191; Masaharu Anesaki, Nichiren, the Buddhist Prophet (1966), p. 127.
14. Sailendra N. Sen, Ancient Indian History and Civilization (1988), p. 531; Coedès, The Making of South East Asia, pp. 127–128.
15. Chapuis, pp. 83–84.
16. Polo, pp. 110–114.
Chapter Fifty-Six The Sicilian Vespers
1. Robert H. Vickers, History of Bohemia (1894), pp. 262–263.
2. Sime and Freeman, pp. 96–97; Elizabeth Peake, History of the German Emperors and Their Contemporaries (1874), pp. 131–133.
3. Dante, “Purgatory,” canto 24, p. 242.
4. Harris, p. 181.
5. Villani, pp. 267–268.
6. Jervis, p. 176.
7. Milman, p. 448.
Chapter Fifty-Seven The Wars of Edward I
1. Prestwich, Plantagenet England, pp. 146–147.
2. John Edward Lloyd, A History of Wales (1911), pp. 268–269.
3. Prestwich, Edward I, p. 188.
4. Ibid., p. 182.
5. Ibid., p. 194.
6. The Chronicle of Lanercost, 1272–1346, trans. Herbert Maxwell (1913), p. 35.
7. Ibid., pp. 40–41.
8. William Ferguson, Scotland’s Relations with England (1977), p. 23.
9. Prestwich, Edward I, p. 371.
10. The Chronicle of Lanercost, p. 86.
11. Ibid., p. 115; Magnus Magnusson, Scotland (2000), p. 119.
12. John of Fordun, John of Fordun’s Chronicle of the Scottish Nation, trans. Felix J. H. Skene (1872), p. 318.
13. Magnusson, pp. 132–133; Henry the Minstrel and William Hamilton, The History of the Life and Adventures and Heroic Actions of the Renowned Sir William Wallace (1812), p. 63.
14. Magnusson, pp. 134–135; Henry and Hamilton, pp. 83–84.
15. John of Fordun, p. 321.
16. J. M. I. Weatherford, The History of Money (1997), p. 68.
Chapter Fifty-Eight The Second Sultanate of Delhi
1. Barani, pp. 125–126.
2. Ibid., pp. 132–133.
3. Ibid., pp. 146–147.
4. Ibid., p. 140; Chaurasia, p. 30.
5. Barani, p. 161.
6. Wolpert, p. 112; Ahmed, p. 60.
7. Spuler, p. 35.
8. Agha Hussain Hamadani, The Frontier Policy of the Delhi Sultans (1986), p. 120.
9. Barani, p. 162.
10. Ibid., p. 163.
11. Mehta, p. 161.
12. Barani, p. 166.
13. Ibid., pp. 168–169.
14. Kumar, p. 283; Chaurasia, p. 41.
Chapter Fifty-Nine The End of the Papal Monarchy
1. Morris, p. 185; Chew and Latham, p. 187; William Francis Thomas Butler, The Lombard Communes (1906), p. 341; Lansing and Barolini, p. 439.
2. Jean-Charles-Léonard Sismondi, Italian Republics (1841), pp. 85–87; Villani, p. 332; Dante, “Purgatory,” canto 20, lines 71ff., p. 225.
3. Tierney, pp. 186–188; Charles William Previte-Orton, The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History (1952), p. 55.
4. Jean Brissaud, A History of French Public Law, trans. James W. Garner (1915), pp. 367–368; Justo L. Gonzalez, The Story of Christianity, vol. 1 (1984), p. 331.
5. J. F. Verbruggen, The Battle of the Golden Spurs (2002), pp. 243–244.
6. Jean Edme Auguste Gosselin, The Power of the Pope during the Middle Ages, trans. Matthew Kelly, vol. 2 (1853), pp. 233–234.
7. Jervis, p. 185; David Jayne Hill, A History of Diplomacy in the International Development of Europe, vol. 1 (1967), pp. 401–402.
8. Creighton, vol. 1, pp. 27–29.
9. Jervis, p. 186; Creighton, vol. 1, pp. 31–32.
10. Malcolm Barber and A. K. Bate, trans. and eds., The Templars (2002), pp. 246–247.
11. Weatherford, p. 69; Barber and Bate, p. 254
12. Weatherford, pp. 70–71; Barber and Bate, p. 309.
13. Villani, p. 403.
14. Sismondi, pp. 115–116.
15. Skinner, p. 6.
16. Creighton, vol. 1, p. 33.
17. Sophia Menache, Clement V (1998), pp. 33–34.
18. Jervis, pp. 190–191.
Chapter Sixty The Appearance of the Ottomans
1. H. A. Gibbons, The Foundation of the Ottoman Empire (1916), p. 24.
2. J. R. Tanner et al., eds., The Cambridge Medieval History, vol. 4 (1923), p. 655.
3. Ibid., p. 657.
4. Ramon Muntaner, Chronicle, trans. Lady Goodenough (2000), pp. 427–428.
5. Ibid., p. 460.
6. Nicol, The Last Centuries of Byzantium, p. 153; Norwich, Byzantium, p. 276.
7. Nicol, The Last Centuries of Byzantium, pp. 160–161.
8. J. L. Tanner et al., p. 662.
9. Norwich, Byzantium, p. 292.
10. Ibid., pp. 342–343.
11. Fine, p. 275.
12. Vasiliev, p. 617.
Chapter Sixty-One The Fall of the Khilji
1. Eva Ulian, Rajput (2010), pp. 19–20; Mehta, pp. 148–149.
2. Ronald S. McGregor, ed., A History of Indian Literature (1984), pp. 69–70; Amir Khusru, Tarikh’i Alai, in The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians, ed. H. M. Elliot and John Dowson, vol. 3 (1871), pp. 76–77.
3. Khusru, p. 80.
4. Stewart Gordon, When Asia Was the World (2008), pp. 13–14; P. N. Chopra, T. K. Ravindran, and N. Subrahmanian, History of South India (1979), p. 89; Stanley Lane-Poole, Medieval India under Mohammedan Rule, 712–1764 (1903), pp. 113–114; Wolpert, p. 115; Khusru, p. 81.
5. Khusru, pp. 84–85.
6. Barani, pp. 204–205.
7. Ibid., p. 213; Wolpert, p. 115.
8. Barani, pp. 222–223.
9. Ibid., p. 223.
10. Ibid., p. 224.
11. Ibid., pp. 228–229; Kumar, p. 285.<
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Chapter Sixty-Two The Triumph of the Bruce
1. Prestwich, Edward I, pp. 501–502; Ralph Payne-Gallway, The Book of the Crossbow (1995),
p. 261.
2. John of Fordun, p. 329.
3. Peter Langtoft, Peter of Langtoft’s Chronicle, vol. 2, in The Works of Thomas Hearne, vol. 4 (1810), pp. 329–330.
4. Felix J. H. Skene, ed., The Historians of Scotland, vol. 10 (1880), p. 172; Prestwich, Edward I, pp. 505–507.
5. Skene, pp. 178–179.
6. Preswitch, Edward I, pp. 556–557.
7. Wendy R. Childs, ed. and trans., Vita Edwardi Secundi (2005), p. 7.
8. Nigel Saul, ed., Fourteenth Century England, vol. 5 (2008), p. 40; Walter Phelps Dodge, Piers Gaveston (1971), pp. 38–40.
9. W. M. Ormrod, ed., Fourteenth Century England, vol. 3 (2004), p. 31.
10. Childs, pp. 5–7.
11. Ormrod, p. 32; Childs, p. 15.
12. Childs, pp. 23–25; Andy King and Michael A. Penman, England and Scotland in the Fourteenth Century (2007), p. 25.
13. Childs, pp. 44–49.
14. John of Fordun, p. 340; The Chronicle of Lanercost, pp. 212–213.
Chapter Sixty-Three The Great Famine
1. Brian Fagan, The Little Ice Age (2000), pp. 16–17; Bauer, The History of the Medieval World,
pp. 431, 575; William Chester Jordan, The Great Famine (1996), p. 12.
2. Skene, p. 182; Thomas Wright, ed., The Political Songs of England, from the Reign of John to That of Edward II (1839), pp. 323, 342, translation from Middle English mine; Neville Brown, History and Climate Change (2001), p. 252.
3. John Aberth, From the Brink of the Apocalypse (2001), p. 34; John Kelly, The Great Mortality (2006), p. 58.
4. Lynn Thorndike, A History of Magic and Experimental Science (1934), pp. 285–286; Neville Brown, p. 253; Jordan, p. 18; Fagan, The Little Ice Age, pp. 39–40; F. Donald Logan, A History of the Church in the Middle Ages (2002), p. 276.
5. Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, Hansel and Gretel, trans. Monique Felix (2001), n.p.
6. Wolfgang Behringer, A Cultural History of Climate, trans. Patrick Camiller (2010), p. 105.
7. Ordericus Vitalis, The Ecclesiastical History of England and Normandy, trans. Thomas Forester, vol. 4 (1856), pp. 264–265; John of Fordun, p. 341; Jordan, p. 19.
Chapter Sixty-Four The Sultan and the Khan
1. Petry, p. 252; Glubb, p. 154.
2. Glubb, pp. 203–204.
3. Tsugitaka Sato, State and Rural Society in Medieval Islam (1997), pp. 140ff.
4. Meri, vol. 2, p. 573
5. D. M. Lang, “Georgia in the Reign of Giorgi the Brilliant (1314–1346),” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 17, no. 1 (1955): 75–76; Shai Har-El, Struggle for Domination in the Middle East (1995), pp. 33–34.
6. Petry, p. 277.
7. Ross E. Dunn, The Adventures of Ibn Battuta, a Muslim Traveler of the Fourteenth Century (2005), pp. 44–45; André Raymond, Cairo, trans. Willard Wood (2000) p. 120.
8. Arthur John Arberry, Classical Persian Literature (1958), p. 372.
9. Ibid.
10. Dunn, p. 98.
11. Boyle, p. 411
12. Ibid., p. 412; D. O. Morgan “Ibn Battuta and the Mongols,” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 3rd ser., vol. 11, no. 1 (April 2001): 9–10.
13. Ibn Battuta, The Travels of Ibn Battuta in the Near East, Asia & Africa, 1325–1354, trans. Samuel Lee (2004), p. 40.
Chapter Sixty-Five Mansa Musa of Mali
1. Levtzion and Hopkins, pp. 268–269; Ivan Van Sertima, ed., African Presence in Early America (1992), p. 171.
2. Levtzion and Hopkins, p. 211.
3. Ibid., p. 267.
4. Ibid., pp. 270, 335; Ghadah Hijjawi Qaddumi, Book of Gifts and Rarities (1996), pp. 197–198.
5. Levtzion and Hopkins, pp. 212–213.
6. Niane and Ki-Zerbo, pp. 147–148; Ibn Battuta, p. 239.
7. Levtzion and Hopkins, p. 271.
8. Ibid., p. 261.
9. Battuta, p. 240; Levtzion and Hopkins, pp. 265–266.
10. Niane and Ki-Zerbo, pp. 147–148; Levtzion and Hopkins, p. 335.
Chapter Sixty-Six After the Famine
1. Madden, The New Concise History, p. 192
2. Quoted in John E. Weakland, “Pastorelli, Pope, and Persecution,” Jewish Social Studies 38, no. 1 (Winter 1976): 73, translation mine.
3. Gary Dixon, “Encounters in Medieval Revivalism,” Church History 68, no. 2 (June 1999): 273.
4. Michael Goodich, ed., Other Middle Ages (1998), pp. 40, 47; Norman R. C. Cohn, p. 103.
5. Weakland, p. 75; Jervis, pp. 191–192.
6. Michael R. McVaugh, Medicine before the Plague (2002), p. 220; Elizabeth A. R. Brown, “Philip V, Charles IV, and the Jews of France,” Speculum 66, no. 2 (April 1991): 301–302.
7. Jim Bradbury, The Capetians (2007), p. 283.
8. “The Simonie,” lines 59, 73–74, in Medieval English Political Writings, ed. James M. Dean (1996), pp. 205–206, 211.
9. The Chronicle of Lanercost, p. 240; Jean Froissart, Chronicles (1978), p. 39.
10. T. F. Tout, Chapters in the Administrative History of Mediaeval England, vol. 2 (1928), p. 358; Childs, p. 108.
11. The Chronicle of Lanercost, p. 249; Froissart (1978), p. 40.
12. Alison Weir, Queen Isabella (2005), pp. 204ff.
13. Ibid., p. 211.
14. Sir Thomas Gray, Scalacronica, trans. Herbert Maxwell (1907), pp. 93, 96.
15. Froissart (1978), p. 44.
16. Weir, pp. 320–321.
17. Gray, p. 74
18. Ibid., p. 108; Oliver J. Thatcher and Edgar H. McNeal, A Source Book for Mediæval History (1905), p. 366.
19. Gray, p. 110; The Chronicle of Lanercost, p. 267; Weir, pp. 383–384.
Chapter Sixty-Seven The Southern and Northern Courts
1. Marius B. Jansen, p. 83.
2. Ebrey, Walthall, and Palais, p. 193; Marius B. Jansen, p. 74.
3. Marius B. Jansen, p. 75.
4. Morten Oxenboell, “Images of ‘Akuto,’” Monumenta Nipponica 60, no. 2 (Summer 2005): 235, 247–248; Marius B. Jansen, p. xiii.
5. Marius B. Jansen, p. 85.
6. Perkins, p. 162; Andrew Edmund Goble, Kenmu (1996), p. 33.
7. Ebrey, Walthall, and Palais, p. 206; Marius B. Jansen, p. 85; Peter Martin, p. 87.
8. Frank Brinkley and Dairoku Kikuchi, A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the End of the Meiji Era (1915), p. 377.
9. Ibid., p. 379; Helen Craig McCullough, trans. and ed., The Taiheiki (1959), p. 42.
10. Perkins, pp. 194–195; Friday, p. 54.
11. Pierre François Souyri, The World Turned Upside Down, trans. Kathe Roth (2001), p. 111.
12. Friday, p. 13; Marius B. Jansen, pp. 99–100.
13. Souyri, p. 111; Helen Craig McCullough, ed., Classical Japanese Prose (1990), p. 491.
14. Yamamura, p. 186.
15. Sansom, p. 52.
16. Milton W. Meyer, Japan, 3rd ed. (1993), p. 81.
17. Friday, p. 14.
18. Meyer, p. 81; Brownlee, p. 105.
19. Kitabatake Chikafusa, “Jinno Shotoki,” in Traditional Japanese Literature, ed. Haruo Shirane (2007), p. 855.
Chapter Sixty-Eight Rebellions
1. Richard Maxwell Eaton, A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761 (2005), p. 18; Marika Sardar, “Golconda through Time” (Ph.D. diss., New York University, 2007), p. 26.
2. Barani, pp. 223–233.
3. Eaton, A Social History, pp. 20–21.
4. Kumar, pp. 285–286.
5. Henry Miers Elliot, The History of India, vol. 5 (1907), pp. 154–155.
6. Kumar, p. 286.
7. Elliot, p. 158.
8. Wolpert, p. 116; Ibn Battuta, p. 145.
9. Wolpert, p. 117; Elliot, p. 155.
10. Robert Sewell, Ferñao Nunes, and Domingos Paes, A Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagar) (1972), p. 23.
11. Ahmed, p. 61.
12. Barani, p. 263.
13. Ibid., pp. 266–267.
14. Shams-i Siraj, Tarikh-i Firoz Shahi, in The History of India As Told by Its Own Historians, ed. H. M. Elliot and John Dowson, vol. 3 (1871), pp. 277–278.
15. Elliot, pp. 164ff.
Chapter Sixty-Nine Naming the Renaissance
1. N. Robinson, ed., A History of the World with All Its Great Sensations (1887), p. 166; Michael Jones, ed., The New Cambridge Medieval History, vol. 6 (2000), pp. 537–538.
2. Michael Jones, pp. 539–540; Philippe Levillain, ed., The Papacy (2002), p. 850.
3. Henry Hart Milman, History of Latin Christianity, vol. 7 (1880), p. 86.
4. Michael Jones, p. 540; Milman, vol. 7, p. 87.
5. Marsilius of Padua, Defensor Pacis, trans. and ed. Alan Gewirth (2001), p. 354; Dante Alighieri, De Monarchia, trans. and ed. Aurelia Henry (1904), pp. 194–195.
6. Marsilius of Padua, pp. 135, 161, 502.
7. Irena Dorota Backus, Historical Method and Confessional Identity in the Era of the Reformation (1378–1615) (2003), pp. 26–27, 35.
8. Michael Jones, p. 541.
9. Milman, vol. 7, pp. 103–107.
10. Levillain, p. 850.
11. Michael Jones, p. 544.
12. Douglas Biow, Doctors, Ambassadors, Secretaries (2002), pp. 29–30; Victoria Kirkham and Armando Maggi, eds., Petrarch (2009), pp. 137–138.
13. Theodor E. Mommsen, “Petrarch’s Conception of the ‘Dark Ages,’” Speculum 17, no. 2 (April 1942): 234, 240–241.
Chapter Seventy The Cities in the Lake
1. Prem, p. 28.
2. Ibid., p. 32; Donald E. Chipman, Moctezuma’s Children (2005), p. 9; Adams, p. 82.
3. Miguel León Portilla and Earl Shorris, eds., In the Language of Kings (2001), pp. 201–202.
4. Ibid., p. 202; Chipman, p. 10.
5. Exequiel Ezcurra, The Basin of Mexico (1999), pp. 10–12.
6. Prem, p. 32; Jacques Soustelle, Daily Life of the Aztecs on the Eve of the Spanish Conquest (1970), pp. 2–3.
7. Soustelle, p. 4.
8. Diego Durán, The History of the Indies of New Spain, trans. and ed. Doris Heyden (1994),
pp. 46–47.
9. Ibid., p. 48.
10. Ibid., pp. 56–58.
11. Ibid., p. 50.
Chapter Seventy-One A Hundred Years of War
1. Froissart (1978), p. 46; Jean Froissart, Chronicles of England, France, Spain and the Adjoining Countries, trans. Thomas Johnes, rev. ed., vol. 1 (1901), p. 8.
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