2. The Chronicle of Lanercost, p. 268.
3. Ibid., pp. 269–270.
4. Gray, p. 121.
5. The Chronicle of Lanercost, pp. 286–287.
6. Froissart (1978), p. 60.
7. L. J. Andrew Villalon and Donald J. Kagay, eds., The Hundred Years War (Part II) (2008), pp. 4–5.
8. Michael Jones, p. 544; Gray, p. 133.
9. Sime and Freeman, p. 101; Michael Jones, p. 545; Ernst Cassirer, “Some Remarks on the Question of the Originality of the Renaissance,” Journal of the History of Ideas 4, no. 1 (Jan. 1943): 52.
10. Froissart (1978), p. 68.
11. Nicholas Hooper and Matthew Bennet, The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare (1996),
pp. 117–118
12. Richard Barber, The Life and Campaigns of the Black Prince (1997), pp. 28–29; Froissart (1978), pp. 76–77.
13. Froissart (1901), vol. 1, p. 39; Froissart (1978), pp. 90–91.
14. Froissart (1978), pp. 94–95.
15. The Chronicle of Lanercost, p. 342.
16. Michael Jones, pp. 548, 551–552.
17. Froissart (1978), p. 111.
Chapter Seventy-Two The End of the World
1. Franke and Twitchett, pp. 561; Lorge, p. 94.
2. Susan Scott and Christopher Duncan, Biology of Plagues (2001), p. 82; Kelly, p. 8.
3. Kelly, pp. 4–5; Philip Ziegler, The Black Death (1997), pp. 3–4; H. A. R. Gibb, trans. and ed., The Travels of Ibn Battuta, A.D. 1325–1354, vol. 3 (1971), p. 717; Dunn, p. 245.
4. John Aberth, The Black Death (2005), pp. 17–18.
5. Ole Jorgen Benedictow, The Black Death, 1346–1353 (2004), p. 60; Rosemary Horrox, trans. and ed., The Black Death (1994), p. 17.
6. Scott and Duncan, pp. 62–63; Aberth, The Black Death, p. 30.
7. Aberth, The Black Death, p. 29.
8. Horrox, pp. 24–25; Aberth, The Black Death, p. 33.
9. Quoted in Merry E. Wiesner et al., Discovering the Global Past, vol. 1 (2012), p. 389.
10. Ziegler, p. 46; Horrox, pp. 33, 43.
11. Kelly, p. 186; Horrox, pp. 80, 82–84.
12. Raymond, pp. 139–140.
13. Aberth, The Black Death, p. 81.
14. Benedictow, p. 214
15. Horrox, p. 80.
16. Quoted in David Herlihy, The Black Death and the Transformation of the West (1997), p. 41.
17. Horrox, pp. 118, 122, 159; Herlihy, p. 65.
18. Horrox, pp. 248–249.
Chapter Seventy-Three The Will to War
1. Froissart (1901), vol. 1, pp. 50–51.
2. Lawrence Earp, Guillaume de Machaut (1995), pp. 34–35; Jonathan Sumption, The Hundred Years War, vol. 2 (1999), p. 107.
3. Sumption, vol. 2, p. 133.
4. Ibid., p. 198.
5. Ibid., pp. 205–206.
6. Ibid., pp. 208–209.
7. Herbert James Hewitt, The Black Prince’s Expedition of 1355–1357 (1958), pp. 3–4, 64ff.
8. Jervis, pp. 210–211; Gray, pp. 121–124; Hewitt, pp. 101, 126ff.
9. Gray, p. 125.
10. Froissart (1901), vol. 1, pp. 231–323.
11. Nicholas Wright, Knights and Peasants (1998), p. 56.
12. Froissart (1839), p. 240; de Vericour, “The Jacquerie,” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 1 (1872): 187–290, 304; Wright, p. 13.
13. Jervis, pp. 214–215.
14. Ibid.
15. Chronicon Anonymi Cantuariensis, ed. and trans. Charity Scott-Stokes and Chris Given-Wilson (2008), p. 133.
16. Froissart (1901), vol. 1, pp. 79, 83; Christine de Pisan, Fais et Bonnes Meurs du Sage Roy Charles (1819), pt. 2, chap. 4.
17. Jean Froissart, Chronicles of England, France, Spain, and the Adjoining Countries, trans. Thomas Johnes, vol. 1 (1839), p. 314.
18. Froissart (1901), vol. 1, p. 91.
19. Chronicon Anonymi Cantuariensis, p. 149; Froissart (1901), vol. 1, p. 93.
20. Froissart (1901), vol. 1, p. 113.
21. David Nicolle, The Great Chevauchée (2001), pp. 10–11; Froissart (1901), vol. 1, p. 123.
Chapter Seventy-Four White Lotus, Red Turban
1. Hubert Seiwert, Popular Religious Movements and Heterodox Sects in Chinese History (2003), pp. 179–180; B. J. Ter Haar, The White Lotus Teachings in Chinese Religious History (1999),
pp. 115–116.
2. Harold Miles Tanner, p. 272.
3. Ibid., p. 273.
4. Frederick W. Mote and Denis Twitchett, eds., The Cambridge History of China, vol. 7, pt. 1 (1988), pp. 37–38; Haar, pp. 115–116.
5. Mote and Twichett, pp. 19–20.
6. Franke and Twitchett, p. 580; Edward L. Dreyer, Early Ming China (1982), pp. 24–25.
7. Mote and Twitchett, pp. 37–38.
8. Stephen Turnbull, Fighting Ships of the Far East, vol. 1 (2002), pp. 37–38.
9. Mote and Twitchett, pp. 96–98.
10. Henry Miles Tanner, pp. 287–288.
11. Mote, pp. 570–572.
12. Edward Luttwak, The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire (2009), pp. 169–170.
13. Henry Miles Tanner, p. 286; Gernet, pp. 397–398; Kangying Li, The Ming Maritime Trade Policy in Transition, 1368–1567 (2010), pp. 29–30.
14. Li, p. 40.
Chapter Seventy-Five After the Mongols
1. Higham, p. 139.
2. David K. Wyatt, Thailand, 2nd ed. (2003), p. 54.
3. Ooi, p. 192; Wyatt, p. 54.
4. Timothy D. Hoare, Thailand (2004), pp. 31–32.
5. Tarling, p. 163; Wyatt, pp. 56–57.
6. Hoare, p. 33.
7. Charles F. Keyes, The Golden Peninsula (1995), pp. 75–76.
8. Coedès, The Making of South East Asia, p. 205.
9. Chapuis, p. 91.
10. Sun Laichen, “Chinese Military Technology and Dai Viet,” ARI Working Paper, no. 11 (2003), p. 4, available at http://www.ari.nus.edu.sg/docs/wps/wps03_011.pdf.
11. Ibid., pp. 5–6.
12. Andrew Hardy et al., eds., Champa and the Archaeology of My Son (2009), p. 67
13. Coedès, The Making of South East Asia, p. 206.
Chapter Seventy-Six The Turks and the Desperate Emperor
1. Norwich, Byzantium, p. 309.
2. Ibid., p. 318; Nicol, The Last Centuries of Byzantium, p. 238.
3. Caroline Finkel, Osman’s Dream (2005), p. 16; Nicol, The Last Centuries of Byzantium, p. 241; George Finlay, History of the Byzantine and Greek Empires, vol. 2 (1854), p. 562.
4. Nicol, The Last Centuries of Byzantium, pp. 241–242.
5. Norwich, Byzantium, pp. 320–321.
6. Donald M. Nicol, The Reluctant Emperor (1996), p. 130.
7. Nicol, The Last Centuries of Byzantium, pp. 245–246; Norwich, Byzantium, pp. 322–323.
8. Fine, pp. 334–335.
9. Diana Wood, Clement VI (1989), p. 120; Norwich, Byzantium, pp. 326–327; Nicol, The Last Days of Byzantium, pp. 260–261.
10. Theodore Spandounes, On the Origin of the Ottoman Emperors, trans. and ed. Donald M. Nicol (1997), p. 21.
11. Finkel, pp. 17–18; Michael Jones, pp. 849–850.
12. Milman, vol. 7, p. 209.
13. Ibid., p. 215.
14. Nicol, The Last Centuries of Byzantium, pp. 272–273.
15. Norwich, Byzantium, pp. 334–335; Nicol, The Last Centuries of Byzantium; Michael Jones, p. 823; Finlay, p. 579.
16. Finkel, p. 18.
Chapter Seventy-Seven The Disintegration of Delhi
1. Shams-i Siraj, p. 287.
2. Ibid., pp. 289–290.
3. Jamil M. Abun-Nasr, Muslim Communities of Grace (2007), pp. 48–51.
4. Quoted in Gustave E. von Grunebaum, Medieval Islam, 2nd ed. (1953), pp. 138–139.
5. Eaton, The Rise of Islam, pp. 85–86.
6. Kumar, p. 288.
7. Wolpert, p. 117.
8. Brenda J. Buchanan, ed., Gunpowder, Explosives and the State (2006), pp. 54–55.
9. George Mic
hell and Mark Zebrowski, eds., The New Cambridge History of India: I.7 (2008), p. 7; Kulke and Rothermund, p. 170.
10. Chelvadurai Manogaran, Ethnic Conflict and Reconciliation in Sri Lanka (1987), pp. 26–27; Ibn Battuta, pp. 185–188; Codrington, pp. 83–84.
11. Firoz Shah, “Futuhat-i Firoz Shahi,” in The History of India As Told by Its Own Historians, ed. H. M. Elliot and John Dowson, vol. 3 (1871), pp. 375–376.
12. Shams-i Siraj, pp. 344ff.
13. Ibid., p. 317; Wolpert, p. 119; Kumar, p. 7.
Chapter Seventy-Eight The Union of Krewo
1. Norman Davies, God’s Playground, rev. ed., vol. 1 (2005), p. 82.
2. Ibid., pp. 77–78; F. W. Carter, Trade and Urban Development in Poland (1994), p. 154.
3. Frank N. Magill, Great Lives from History: Ancient and Medieval Series, vol. 1 (1988), p. 410.
4. Norman Davies, p. 84.
5. Natalia Nowakowska, Church, State and Dynasty in Renaissance Poland (2007), pp. 14–15; Norman Davies, pp. 89–90.
6. Sugar, p. 54.
7. Molnár, pp. 54–55.
8. Giedrė Mickünaitė, Making a Great Ruler (2006), pp. 125–126; Daniel Stone, The Polish-Lithuanian State, 1386–1795, vol. 4 (2001), p. 8; Andrzej Piotrowski, Architecture of Thought (2011), p. 288.
9. Stone, p. 8.
Chapter Seventy-Nine The Rebirth of the Mongol Horde
1. Clifford E. Bosworth and Muhamed S. Asimov, History of Civilizations of Central Asia, vol. 4, pt. 2 (2000), p. 321
2. Peter Jackson, The Mongols and the West, p. 235; Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat, The Tarikh-i-Rashidi (1895), pp. 30–31.
3. Abu Talib Hussyny, The Mulfuzat Timury, trans. Charles Stewart (1830), p. 36. Although the biography is written in the style of an autobiography, it dates from after Timur’s death.
4. Haidar, p. 34.
5. Justin Marozzi, Tamerlane (2006), p. 98.
6. Haidar, p. 34.
7. Bosworth and Asimov, p. 327.
8. Zafar Nama, quoted in Haidar, p. 39; Peter Jackson and Laurence Lockhart, eds., The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 6 (1986), pp. 50–51; Marozzi, pp. 96–97.
9. Janet Martin, p. 202.
10. Saunders, pp. 166–167.
11. Beiträge zur “7. Internationalen Konferenz zur Geschichte des Kiever und des Moskauer Reiches” (1995), pp. 268–269.
12. Levi and Sela, p. 171.
13. Sunil K. Saxena, History of Medieval India (2001), n.p.
14. Ibid.
15. N. Jayapalan, History of India (2001), pp. 50–51.
Chapter Eighty Compromises and Settlements
1. Nahm, p. 92.
2. David M. Robinson, Empire’s Twilight (2009), pp. 107–108.
3. Kang, p. 167.
4. Ibid., pp. 167–168.
5. Ibid., p. 169.
6. Ibid., pp. 168–169.
7. Ki-baik Lee, pp. 163–164.
8. Kang, pp. 178–180.
9. Kim Dae-haeng, Classical Poetic Songs of Korea (2009), pp. 68–69; Changbom Park, Astronomy, trans. Yoon-jung Cho and Hyun-ju Park (2008), pp. 116–118.
10. Thomas Donald Conlan, From Sovereign to Symbol (2011), pp. 173–174.
11. Ebrey, Walthall, and Palais, p. 207.
12. Conlan, pp. 170–171.
Chapter Eighty-One The House of Visconti and the Papal States
1. Michael Jones, p. 553; Richard Lodge, The Close of the Middle Ages, 1272–1494 (1906),
pp. 185–186.
2. D. M. Bueno de Mesquita, Giangaleazzo Visconti, Duke of Milan (1351–1402) (1941), pp. 1–2.
3. Sismondi, pp. 156–159; The History of St. Catherine of Siena and Her Companions, 3rd ed., vol. 1(1899), pp. 279–280.
4. George L. Williams, Papal Genealogy (1998), p. 34; Oscar Browning, Guelphs & Ghibellines (1893), pp. 149–150.
5. Denis Michael Searby, trans., The Revelations of St. Birgitta of Sweden, vol. 2 (2008), p. 249.
6. Sismondi, pp. 159–160.
7. William Caferro, John Hawkwood (2006), n.p.; Sismondi, pp. 160–161.
8. Creighton, vol. 1, p. 67.
9. Froissart (1901), vol. 1, pp. 165–166.
10. Sismondi, pp. 162–163; Froissart (1901), vol. 1, p. 165.
11. Sismondi, p. 177.
12. Ibid., pp. 188–193.
Chapter Eighty-Two Bad Beginnings
1. Froissart (1901), vol. 1, pp. 134–135.
2. Ibid., p. 135; Alan R. Rushton, Royal Maladies (2008), pp. 188–189.
3. Hooper and Bennett, p. 122.
4. Rushton, p. 87; Froissart (1901), vol. 1, pp. 148–149; Thomas Walsingham, The Chronica Maiora of Thomas Walsingham, 1376–1422, trans. David Preest(2005), pp. 32–33.
5. Walsingham, p. 39.
6. Creighton, vol. 1, pp. 85–89.
7. Duby, p. 286; Froissart (1901), vol. 1, pp. 232–233.
8. George M. Bussey, Thomas Gaspey, and Théodose Burette, A History of France and of the French People (1850), pp. 564–565; Froissart (1901), vol. 1, pp. 258–261.
9. Jervis, p. 226; Froissart (1901), vol. 1, pp. 264–266.
10. J. S. Hamilton, The Plantagenets (2010), p. 184; Walsingham, p. 44.
11. Hamilton, pp. 185–186; Mark O’Brien, When Adam Delved and Eve Span (2004), pp. 30–31.
12. O’Brien, p. 30.
13. Walsingham, p. 29; Ian Christopher Levy, ed., A Companion to John Wyclif, Late Medieval Theologian (2006), pp. 330ff.
14. Leonard W. Cowie, The Black Death and Peasants’ Revolt (1972), pp. 79–80.
15. O’Brien, pp. 36–37; Anthony Goodman, A History of England from Edward II to James I (1977); Charles Oman, The Great Revolt of 1381 (1906), pp. 180–181.
16. Walsingham, p. 124; O’Brien, pp. 36–37.
17. Walsingham, pp. 126–127.
18. O’Brien, pp. 60–61; Goodman, pp. 181–182; Hamilton, p. 189.
19. Adam Usk, The Chronicle of Adam Usk, trans. C. Given-Wilson (1997), p. 5.
20. Walsingham, p. 153.
Chapter Eighty-Three Dislocation
1. Niane and Ki-Zerbo, p. 100.
2. Ibid., pp. 99–100.
3. Mark R. Lipschutz and R. Kent Rasmussen, Dictionary of African Historical Biography, 2nd ed. (1989), p. 240; Roland A. Oliver, ed., The Cambridge History of Africa, vol. 3 (1975), p. 312.
4. Lewis H. Gann and Peter Duignan, African and the World (2000), pp. 216–217.
5. Toyin Falola and Adebayo Oyebade, The Foundations of Nigeria (2003), p. 594.
6. Dierk Lange, Ancient Kingdoms of West Africa (2004), pp. 157–158.
7. Bovill and Hallett (1995), pp. 225–226.
Chapter Eighty-Four Madness and Usurpation
1. Walsingham, p. 63.
2. Froissart (1901), vol. 1, p. 353.
3. Ibid., pp. 364–365; Livermore, pp. 102–103.
4. Froissart (1901), vol. 1, pp. 374–375; Walsingham, pp. 242–244.
5. Walsingham, pp. 278–279.
6. Froissart (1901), vol. 1, pp. 534–535.
7. John Ronald Moreton-Macdonald, A History of France, vol. 1 (1915), p. 268.
8. Walsingham, pp. 298–299.
9. Ibid., pp. 301, 306; John Julius Norwich, Shakespeare’s Kings (1999), pp. 115–116; Usk, p. 49.
10. Norwich, Shakespeare’s Kings, pp. 121–122; Walsingham, pp. 308–309.
11. Walsingham, p. 311.
12. Ibid., p. 317; Usk, pp. 89–91; Froissart (1901), vol. 2, pp. 214–215; Raphael Holinshed, Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland, vol. 3 (1808), p. 14.
Chapter Eighty-Five The Battle of Nicopolis
1. Halil Inalcik, “Ottoman Methods of Conquest,” Studia Islamica, no. 2 (1954): 103.
2. Nicol, The Last Century of Byzantium, pp. 285–289.
3. Ibid., pp. 289–291; Norwich, Byzantium, p. 345.
4. Inalcik, p. 120; Norwich, Byzantium, p. 345.
5. Nicol, The Last Century of Byzantium, pp. 292–293.
6. Norwich, Byzantium, p. 347.
7. Vasiliev, p. 629.
8. Ibid.
9. Norwich, Byzantium, p. 353.
10. France, pp. 276–277.
11. Norwich, Byzantium, p. 355.
12. David Nicolle, Nicopolis (1999), pp. 68–69.
Chapter Eighty-Six The Union and Disunion of Kalmar
1. Franklin Daniel Scott, Sweden, the Nation’s History (1977), p. 81.
2. Vivian Etting, Queen Margrete I, 1353–1412, and the Founding of the Nordic Union (2004) p. 135.
3. Scott, pp. 81–82.
4. Ibid., p. 82; Hjalmar Hjorth Boyesen, A History of Norway from the Earliest Times (1900), p. 468.
5. Boyesen, pp. 468–470.
6. Etting, pp. 135–136.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid., p. 136.
9. Ibid., pp. 142–144.
10. Boyesen, p. 473.
11. Lester B. Orfield, The Growth of Scandinavian Law (2002), p. 143.
Chapter Eighty-Seven The Hussite Uprising
1. Mogens Herman Hansen, ed., A Comparative Study of Thirty City-State Cultures (2000), pp. 22, 296.
2. Henry Smith Williams, ed., The Historians’ History of the World, vol. 14 (1907), pp. 188–189.
3. Ibid., p. 192; Richard K. Emmerson and Sandra Clayton-Emmerson, eds., Key Figures in Medieval Europe (2006), p. 663; Thatcher and McNeal, p. 400.
4. Emmerson and Clayton-Emmerson, p. 663; Francis Dvornik, The Slavs in European History and Civilization (1962), p. 186; Hans Prutz, The Age of the Renaissance, trans. John Henry Wright (1905), pp. 148–149; Michael Jones, pp. 559–560.
5. Niccolò Machiavelli, The History of Florence and of the Affairs of Italy (1891), pp. 438–439.
6. Williams, p. 194.
7. Philip Schaff and David Schley Schaff, History of the Christian Church, vol. 5, pt. 2 (1910), pp. 341–342.
8. Ibid., p. 343.
9. John Wycliffe, Writings of the Reverend and Learned John Wickliff (1831), pp. 156, 162–163; Walsingham, pp. 259, 272; Peters, pp. 257–259.
10. Henry Bettenson and Chris Maunder, eds., Documents of the Christian Church, 4th ed. (2011), pp. 192–193, Walsingham, p. 249.
11. Jan Hus, The Letters of John Hus (1904), p. 26.
12. Ibid., p. 27.
13. Dvornik, p. 193; Schaff and Schaff, p. 366.
14. Creighton, vol. 2, p. 162.
15. Williams, pp. 200–201; Prutz, p. 159.
16. Hus, pp. 144–145.
17. Ibid., pp. 160–161, 167–168.
18. Ibid., p. 179; Schaff and Schaff, pp. 373–374.
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