The History of the Renaissance World: From the Rediscovery of Aristotle to the Conquest of Constantinople

by Bauer, Susan Wise

  19. Prutz, p. 160.

  20. Schaff and Schaff, pp. 380–382; Hus, p. 279.

  21. Emmerson and Clayton-Emmerson, p. 664.

  Chapter Eighty-Eight The Taking of France

  1. Froissart (1901), vol. 2, p. 211.

  2. Ramsay, p. 43; Usk, p. 145.

  3. Jams Grant, British Battles on Land and Sea, vol. 1 (1897), pp. 76ff.

  4. Usk, p. 243.

  5. Enguerrand de Monstrelet, The Chronicles of Enguerrand de Monstrelet, trans. Thomas Johnes, vol. 1 (1877), p. 34.

  6. Ibid., pp. 53–54.

  7. Ibid., pp. 53, 56.

  8. Richard Vaughan, John the Fearless (2002), p. 70.

  9. Moreton-Macdonald, p. 271; Vaughan, pp. 80–82.

  10. Usk, p. 243; Walsingham, p. 389.

  11. Moreton-Macdonald, pp. 272–273; Walsingham, p. 397.

  12. Jervis, p. 238; Walsingham, p. 397.

  13. Walsingham, pp. 407–409.

  14. Jervis, p. 239.

  15. Walsingham, p. 410.

  16. Ibid., p. 412; Monstrelet, vol. 1, p. 342; Usk, p. 257.

  17. Monstrelet, vol. 1, p. 343.

  18. Moreton-Macdonald, p. 276; Ramsay, pp. 243–244.

  19. Ramsay, pp. 267–270.

  20. Moreton-Macdonald, pp. 280–281.

  Chapter Eighty-Nine After Timurlane

  1. Brian M. Fagan, From Stonehenge to Samarkand (2006), p. 244; Ruy González de Clavijo, Embassy to Tamerlane, 1403–1406, trans. Guy Le Strange (1928), pp. 146–152.

  2. Kulke and Rothermund, p. 170.

  3. Rabbat, pp. 16–17, 136–137; Nezar AlSayyad, Cairo (2011), pp. 122–123, 127.

  4. Marozzi, pp. 291–292.

  5. Levi and Sela, pp. 171–175.

  6. Nicol, The Last Centuries of Byzantium, p. 314.

  7. Finkel, pp. 28–29.

  8. Jackson, The Mongols and the West, p. 314; Finkel, p. 29.

  9. Finkel, p. 31.

  10. Grousset, p. 434.

  11. Jackson, The Mongols and the West, p. 314.

  12. Jackson and Lockhart, pp. 81–82.

  13. Spuler, pp. 74–75; Ana Serrano et al., Ibn Khaldun (2006), pp. 110–111.

  14. Norwich, Byzantium, p. 375.

  15. Ibid., pp. 376–377; Finkel, pp. 35–36.

  16. Norwich, Byzantium, pp. 376–377.

  Chapter Ninety The Withdrawal of the Ming

  1. Kenneth Chase, Firearms (2003), p. 41.

  2. Timothy Brook, The Troubled Empire (2010), pp. 90–91.

  3. Ibid., pp. 91–92; Timothy Brook, Jérôme Bourgon, and Gregory Blue, Death by a Thousand Cuts (2008), pp. 117–118.

  4. Ma-Huan, Ying-yai Sheng-lan, trans. and ed. J. V. G. Mills (1970), pp. 6ff.; Brook, pp. 92–93; Chase, pp. 50–51.

  5. Wang, pp. 153–154.

  6. Ibid., pp. 155–156.

  7. Gernet, p. 398; Denis Sinor, Inner Asia (1969), p. 205; Chase, pp. 46–47.

  8. Chapuis, p. 101.

  9. Julia Lovell, The Great Wall (2006), pp. 190–191.

  10. Wang, p. 154.

  11. Chase, p. 51.

  12. Gernet, pp. 403–405; Chase, pp. 52–53.

  13. Lovell, pp. 192–193.

  14. Ibid., pp. 198–199.

  15. Gernet, p. 405.

  Chapter Ninety-One Failure

  1. Sismondi, p. 203.

  2. John Addington Symonds, Renaissance in Italy (1883), pp. 152–153; Machiavelli, pp. 44–45.

  3. Sismondi, pp. 210–211; Symonds, p. 152; Machiavelli, p. 159.

  4. Creighton, vol. 2, pp. 40ff.

  5. Robert Bideleux and Ian Jeffries, A History of Eastern Europe, 2nd ed. (2007), pp. 147–148; Emil Reich, Select Documents Illustrating Medieval and Modern History (1905), p. 630.

  6. Bideleux and Jeffries, p. 150; Craig D. Atwood, The Theology of the Czech Brethren from Hus to Comenius (2009), p. 115.

  7. Creighton, vol. 2, p. 69; Hans Ferdinand Helmolt, The World’s History (1901), p. 199.

  8. Creighton, vol. 2, pp. 81–82.

  9. George Frederick Young, The Medici, vol. 1 (1911), p. 36.

  10. Helmolt, p. 198; Creighton, vol. 2, pp. 105ff.

  11. Hugh L. Agnew, The Czechs and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown (2004), pp. 49–59.

  12. Creighton, vol. 2, p. 162.

  13. Ibid., p. 176.

  14. Ibid., pp. 179ff.

  15. Kenneth Meyer Setton, The Papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571, vol. 2 (1978), pp. 65–66.

  Chapter Ninety-Two Perpetual Slavery

  1. Pierre Bontier, Jean Le Verrier, and Richard Henry Major, The Canarian, or Book of the Conquest and Conversion of the Canarians in the Year 1402 (1872), pp. 4, 41–44.

  2. Felipe Fernández-Armesto, Before Columbus (1994), pp. 181–182.

  3. C. Raymond Beazley, Prince Henry the Navigator (1911), pp. 149–150.

  4. Malyn Newitt, The Portuguese in West Africa (2010), pp. 26–27.

  5. Bailey W. Diffie and George D. Vinius, Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415–1580 (1977), p. 55.

  6. Gomes Eanes de Zurara, The Chronicle of the Discovery and Conquest of Guinea, trans. Charles Raymond Beazley and Edgar Prestage, vol. 1 (1896), p. 27; Malyn Newitt, A History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion, 1400–1668 (2005), p. 19.

  7. Zurara, pp. 30–31.

  8. Ibid., pp. 33.

  9. W. A. Salisbury Portugal and Its People (1893), pp. 98–99.

  10. Zurara, pp. 40ff.; Newitt, A History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion, p. 24.

  11. Diffie and Vinius, p. 79; Newitt, The Portuguese in West Africa, pp. 49–50.

  12. Diffie and Vinius, pp. 80–81.

  13. Arthur Helps, The Conquerors of the New World and Their Bondsmen, vol. 1 (1848), pp. 33–36.

  14. Diffie and Vinius, p. 82; Newitt, The Portuguese in West Africa, p. 151.

  15. Newitt, The Portuguese in West Africa, p. 44.

  16. Salisbury, p. 105.

  17. Stefan Goodwin, Africa in Europe (2009), p. 128; A. J. R. Russell-Wood, “Iberian Expansion and the Issue of Black Slavery,” American Historical Review 83, no. 1 (Feb. 1978): 27–28.

  18. Francis Gardiner Davenport, ed., European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies to 1648 (1917): 22–23.

  Chapter Ninety-Three The Loss of France

  1. Walsingham, pp. 442–443.

  2. Holinshed, p. 136; Rushton, p. 80; Enguerrand de Monstrelet, The Chronicles of Enguerrand de Monstrelet, vol. 6, trans. Thomas Johnes (1810), pp. 3–4.

  3. Malcolm G. A. Vale, Charles VII (1974), pp. 27, 35.

  4. Holinshed, p. 137.

  5. Ibid., p. 143; Vale, p. 33; Monstrelet, vol. 6, pp. 49–51;

  6. Prutz, pp. 215–216; Monstrelet, vol. 6, p. 248.

  7. Monstrelet, vol. 6, p. 254.

  8. Régine Pernoud and Marie-Véronique Clin, Joan of Arc, trans. Jeremy duQuesnay Adams (1998), p. 23.

  9. Monstrelet, vol. 6, p. 255.

  10. Clayton J. Drees, The Late Medieval Age of Crisis and Renewal, 1300–1500 (2001), p. 252.

  11. Donald Spoto, Joan (2007), p. 111.

  12. Ibid., p. 118; Holinshed, p. 170.

  13. Spoto, pp. 121ff.

  14. Daniel Hobbins, trans., The Trial of Joan of Arc (2007), p. 20.

  15. Pernoud and Clin, p. 135.

  16. Ibid., pp. 136–137.

  17. Jervis, pp. 251–252; Enguerrand de Monstrelet, The Chronicles of Enguerrand de Monstrelet, vol. 2, trans. Thomas Johnes (1853), p. 24.

  18. Monstrelet, vol. 2, pp. 3–4, 6.

  19. Ibid., pp. 28–29.

  20. Jervis, pp. 253–254.

  21. Vale, pp. 116–117; Holinshed, p. 229.

  22. Holinshed, pp. 235–236; Hooper and Bennett, pp. 134–135.

  23. Vale, pp. 173–175; Rushton, pp. 78–80.

  Chapter Ninety-Four The Fall

  1. Finkel, pp. 41–42.

  2. Pero Tafur, Travels and Adventures, 1435–1439, trans. Malcom H. I. Letts (1926), pp. 217–219.


  3. Thomas Henry Dyer, The History of Modern Europe, vol. 1 (1861), pp. 14–15.

  4. Tafur, p. 222.

  5. Dyer, pp. 15–16.

  6. Bertrandon de la Brocquière, The Travels of Bertandon de la Brocquière, trans. Thomas Johnes (1807), pp. 281–282; Peter Purton, A History of the Late Medieval Siege, 1200–1500 (2010),

  p. 245.

  7. Stephen R. Turnbull, The Ottoman Empire, 1326–1699 (2003), pp. 32–33; Finkel, pp. 44–45; Theoharis Stavrides, The Sultan of Vezirs (2001), pp. 53–54.

  8. Hazard, pp. 655–656.

  9. Turnbull, The Ottoman Empire, pp. 31–32.

  10. Nicol, The Last Century of Byzantium, p. 363; Stavrides, p. 53; Dyer, pp. 17–18.

  11. Norwich, Byzantium, pp. 414–415; Donald M. Nicol, The Immortal Emperor (1992), p. 52; Hazard, p. 657.

  12. Norwich, Byzantium, p. 414.

  13. Finkel, p. 49; Norwich, Byzantium, p. 415.

  14. Nicol, The Immortal Emperor, p. 56; Norwich, Byzantium, p. 415.

  15. Setton, p. 114.

  16. Monstrelet, vol. 2, p. 229; Setton, p. 114; Nicol, The Immortal Emperor, pp. 64–65.

  17. Monstrelet, vol. 2, p. 229; Setton, p. 116.

  18. Nicol, The Immortal Emperor, p. 65.

  19. Hazard, p. 659; Setton, p. 130.

  20. Stavrides, p. 54.

  21. Finkel, p. 49.

  22. Ibid., p. 51.

  Works Cited

  Abelard, Peter. Historia Calamitatum. In The Letters of Abelard and Heloise, translated by Betty Radice. New York: Penguin Books, 1974.

  Aberth, John. The Black Death: The Great Mortality of 1348–1350. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2005.

  ———. From the Brink of the Apocalypse: Confronting Famine, War, Plague, and Death in the Later Middle Ages. London: Routledge, 2001.

  Abulafia, David. Frederick II: A Medieval Emperor. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.

  ———, ed. The New Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. 5, C. 1198–c. 1300. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

  Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

  ———. Muslim Communities of Grace: The Sufi Brotherhoods in Islamic Religious Life. New York: Columbia University Press, 2007.

  Adams, Richard E. W. Prehistoric Mesoamerica. Rev. ed. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991.

  Agnew, Hugh L. The Czechs and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown. Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 2004.

  Ahmed, Salahuddin. Bangladesh: Past and Present. New Delhi: APH Publishing, 2004.

  Akropolites, George. The History. Translated and edited by Ruth Macrides. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.

  Alexander, Michael Van Cleave. Three Crises in Early English History: Personalities and Politics during the Norman Conquest, the Reign of King John, and the Wars of the Roses. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1998.

  Allsen, Thomas T. Mongol Imperialism: The Policies of the Grand Qan Mongke. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987.

  al-Maqqari, Ahmad Ibn-Muhammad. The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain. Translated by Pascual de Gayangos. Vol. 2. London: Oriental Translation Fund, 1843.

  AlSayyad, Nezar. Cairo: Histories of a City. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2011.

  Ambraseys, Nicholas N. “The 12th Century Seismic Paroxysm in the Middle East: A Historical Perspective.” Annals of Geophysics 47, no. 2/3 (April/June 2004): 733–758.

  Anderson, James. The Rebel Den of Nùng Trí Cao: Loyalty and Identity along the Sino-Vietnamese Frontier. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2007.

  Andrea, Alfred J., and Brett E. Whale. Contemporary Sources for the Fourth Crusade. Rev. ed. Leiden: Brill, 2008.

  Anesaki, Masaharu. Nichiren, the Buddhist Prophet. Gloucester, Mass.: P. Smith, 1966.

  Anselm, Saint. Proslogion. In A Scholastic Miscellany: Anselm to Ockham, edited and translated by Eugene R. Fairweather. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1956.

  Aquinas, Saint Thomas. De Regimine Principum. In Main Currents of Western Thought: Readings in Western European Intellectual History from the Middle Ages to the Present, edited by Franklin Le Van Baumer. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1978.

  Arberry, Arthur John. Classical Persian Literature. London: G. Allen & Unwin, 1958.

  Archer, Thomas Andrew. The Crusade of Richard I, 1189–1192: Extracts from the Itinerarium Ricardi, Bohadin, Ernoul, Roger of Howden, Richard of Devizes, Rigord, Ibn Alathir, Li Livres Eracles, &c. London: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1888.

  Archer, Thomas Andrew, and Charles Lethbridge Kingsford. The Crusades: The Story of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1914.

  Armstrong, Karen. Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996.

  Armstrong, Regis J., ed. Francis of Assisi: Early Documents. Vol. 1. Hyde Park, N.Y.: New City Press, 1999.

  Asbridge, Thomas S. The Crusades: The Authoritative History of the War for the Holy Land. New York: Ecco Press, 2010.

  Atwood, Craig D. The Theology of the Czech Brethren from Hus to Comenius. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2009.

  Augustine of Hippo. “The Correction of the Donatists.” In A Select Library of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church. Vol. 4, St. Augustin: The Writings against the Manichaens and against the Donatists, edited by Philip Schaff. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1887.

  Backus, Irena Dorota. Historical Method and Confessional Identity in the Era of the Reformation (1378–1615). Leiden: Brill, 2003.

  Baker, Deker. England in the Early Middle Ages. Rev. ed. Dallas: Academia Press, 1993.

  Baldwin, James Fosdick. The Scutage and Knight Service in England. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1897.

  Baldwin, John W. The Government of Philip Augustus: Foundations of French Royal Power in the Middle Ages. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986.

  Balzani, Ugo. The Popes and the Hohenstaufen. London: Longmans, Green, 1889.

  Barani, Ziauddin. Tarikh-i Firoz Shahi. In The History of India, As Told by Its Own Historians, edited by H. M. Elliot and John Dowson. Vol. 3. London: Trübner, 1871.

  Barber, Malcolm. The Two Cities: Medieval Europe, 1050–1320. New York: Routledge, 1992.

  Barber, Malcolm, and A. K. Bate, trans. and eds. The Templars: Selected Sources. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002.

  Barber, Richard. The Life and Campaigns of the Black Prince: From Contemporary Letters. Rochester, N.Y.: Boydell Press, 1997.

  Barlow, Frank. Thomas Becket. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986.

  Barton, Simon, and Richard Fletcher, eds. The World of El Cid: Chronicles of Spanish Reconquest. New York: Manchester University Press, 2001.

  Battarbee, Richard W., et al., eds. Past Climate Variability through Europe and Africa., Vol. 6. Dordrecht: Springer, 2004.

  Bauer, Susan Wise. The History of the Ancient World. New York: W. W. Norton, 2007.

  ———. The History of the Medieval World. New York: W. W. Norton, 2010.

  Beazley, C. Raymond. Prince Henry the Navigator: The Hero of Portugal and of Modern Discovery, 1394–1460 A.D. New York: Putnam, 1911.

  Bechert, Heinz. “Theravada Buddhist Sangha: Some General Observations on Historical and Political Factors in its Development.” Journal of Asian Studies 29, no. 4 (Aug. 1970): 761–778.

  Becket, Thomas. “Letter 82.” In The Correspondence of Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, 1162–1170, edited and translated by Anne J. Duggan. Vol. 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2000.

  Beckwith, Christopher I. Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2009.

  Behnke, Alison. The Conquests of Genghis Khan. Minneapolis: Twenty-First Century Books, 2008.

  Behringer, Wolfgang. A Cultural History of Climate. Translated by Patrick Camiller. Cambridge: Polity, 2010.

/>   Beiträge zur “7. Internationalen Konferenz zur Geschichte des Kiever und des Moskauer Reiches”: Gesamtinhaltsverzeichnis Band 1–50. Weisbaden, Germany: Harrassowitz Verlag, 1995.

  Benedictow, Ole Jorgen. The Black Death, 1346–1353: The Complete History. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press, 2004.

  Bendix, Reinhard. Kings or People: Power and the Mandate to Rule. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978.

  Bennett, Matthew. Fighting Techniques of the Medieval World: Equipment, Combat Skills and Tactics. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2006.

  Bernard of Clairvaux. Five Books on Consideration: Advice to a Pope. Translated by John Douglas Anderson and Elizabeth T. Kennan. Kalamazoo, Mich.: Cistercian Publications, 1976.

  Bettenson, Henry, and Chris Maunder, eds. Documents of the Christian Church. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.

  Bideleux, Robert, and Ian Jeffries. A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge, 2007.

  Biow, Douglas. Doctors, Ambassadors, Secretaries: Humanism and Professions in Renaissance Italy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.

  Blench, Roger, and Matthew Spriggs, eds. Archaeology and Language: Artifacts, Languages and Texts. Vol. 3. London: Routledge, 1999.

  Blo-bza-grags-pa, Tso-kha-pa, and Gareth Sparham. The Fulfillment of All Hopes: Guru Devotion in Tibetan Buddhism. Boston: Wisdom, 1999.

  Blumenthal, Uta-Renate. The Investiture Controversy: Church and Monarchy from the Ninth to the Twelfth Century. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1988.

  Boll, Verena, ed. Studia Aethiopica. Wiesbaden, Germany: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2004.

  Bonaventure, Saint. The Life of St. Francis. San Francisco: HarperOne, 2005.

  Bondarenko, Dmitri M., and Peter M. Roese. “Between the Ogiso and Oba Dynasties: An Interpretation of Interregnum in the Benin Kingdom.” History in Africa 31 (2004): 103–115.

  Bontier, Pierre, Jean Le Verrier, and Richard Henry Major. The Canarian, or Book of the Conquest and Conversion of the Canarians in the Year 1402. London: Hakluyt Society, 1872.

  “The Bornu Girgam.” Translated by H. R. Palmer. Journal of the African Society 12, no. 45 (Oct. 1912): 71–83.

  Bosworth, Clifford E., and Muhamed S. Asimov, eds. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. 4, pt. 2. Paris: UNESCO, 2000.

  Bosworth, Clifford E., et al., eds. The Encyclopædia of Islam. Vol. 6. Leiden: Brill, 1986.