The History of the Renaissance World: From the Rediscovery of Aristotle to the Conquest of Constantinople

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The History of the Renaissance World: From the Rediscovery of Aristotle to the Conquest of Constantinople Page 78

by Bauer, Susan Wise


  William of Puylaurens. The Chronicle of William of Puylaurens: The Albigensian Crusade and Its Aftermath. Translated by W. A. Sibly and M. D. Sibly. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press, 2003.

  William of Tudela. The Song of the Cathar Wars: A History of the Albigensian Crusade. Translated by Janet Shirley. Ashgate, England: Scolar Press, 1996.

  William of Tyre. A History of Deeds Done beyond the Sea. Translated and edited by Emily Atwater Babcock and A. C. Krey. Vol. 2. New York: Octagon Books, 1976.

  Williams, George L. Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 1998.

  Williams, Henry Smith, ed. The Historians’ History of the World. Vol. 14, The Netherlands (Concluded), the Germanic Empires. London: History Association, 1907.

  Wojciehowski, Hannah Chapelle. Group Identity in the Renaissance World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

  Wolff, Robert Lee, and Harry W. Hazard, eds. A History of the Crusades. Vol. 2, The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. 2nd ed. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969.

  Wolpert, Stanley. A New History of India. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.

  Wood, Diana. Clement VI: The Pontificate and Ideas of an Avignon Pope. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

  Wood, Mary Morton. The Spirit of Protest in Old French Literature. New York: Columbia University Press, 1917.

  Woodside, Alexander. Vietnam and the Chinese Model: A Comparative Study of Nguyen and Ch’ing Civil Government in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971.

  Wright, Nicholas. Knights and Peasants: The Hundred Years War in the French Countryside. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press, 1998.

  Wright, Thomas, ed. The Political Songs of England, from the Reign of John to That of Edward II. London: Camden Society, 1839.

  Wyatt, David K. Thailand: A Short History. 2nd ed. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2003.

  Wycliffe, John. Writings of the Reverend and Learned John Wickliff. London: Religious Tract Society, 1831.

  Yamamura, Kozo. The Cambridge History of Japan. Vol. 3, Medieval Japan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

  Yang Xianyi and Gladys Yang, trans. Poetry and Prose of the Tang and Song. Beijing: Panda Books, 1984.

  Yong, Heming, and Jing Peng. Chinese Lexicography: A History from 1046 bc to ad 1911. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.

  Young, George Frederick. The Medici. Vol. 1. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1911.

  Yu, Lu. “To Show to My Sons.” Translated by Burton Watson. In The Shorter Columbia Anthology of Traditional Chinese Literature, ed. Victor H. Mair. New York: Columbia University Press, 2000.

  Ziegler, Philip. The Black Death. Gloucestershire, England: Sutton Publishing, 1997.

  Zurura, Gomes Eanes de. The Chronicle of the Discovery and Conquest of Guinea. Translated by Charles Raymond Beazley and Edgar Prestage. Vol. 1. London: Hakluyt Society, 1896.

  Permissions

  The Lusiads, by Luis Vaz de Camoes, translated by Landeg White (Oxford University Press, 2002). Reprinted with permission of Oxford University Press.

  “The Simonie,” edited by James Dean. From Medieval English Political Writings, edited by James M. Dean. Copyright © 1996 Medieval Institute Publications. Reprinted with permission of the publisher.

  “To Show to My Sons,” by Lu Yu, translated by Burton Watson. From The Shorter Columbia Anthology of Traditional Chinese Literature, edited by Victor H. Mair. Copyright © 2000 Columbia University Press. Reprinted with permission of the publisher.

  Foreign Languages Press: Nine lines from Poetry and Prose of the Tang and Song, translated by Yang Xianyi and Gladys Yang. Copyright 1984 FLP.

  Index

  Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations and maps.

  Aachen, 250, 388

  Abaqa Khan, 374, 376, 379, 405

  Abbasid caliphate, 134, 156, 230, 306, 342, 346, 349

  ‘Abd al-Mu’min, caliph, 90

  Abelard, Peter, 49–52, 53, 57, 81, 235, 354

  Abraham, 95

  Abraham, Cresques, 457

  Abru, Hafiz-i, 451–52

  Abu Abdulluh al-Bakri, 99–100

  Abu al-Abbas, 134n

  Abubakari II, king of Mali, 455, 457

  Abu Bakr, 226n

  Abu’l-Faraj, 342

  Abu Sa’id Bahadur Khan, 450–52

  Abu Salih, 288

  Abu Ya’qub Yusuf, 90–91, 243

  Acamapichtli, king of Tenochtitlán, 494–95

  Acominatus, Michael, 222

  Aconcagua, 189n

  Acre, 158, 170, 171, 173, 174, 257, 275, 277, 293, 296, 336, 348, 351, 353–54, 369–70, 373–77

  Kingdom of, see Jerusalem, Kingdom of

  Acts, Book of, 233

  Adafa, 287

  Adamuz, 243

  Adele of Champagne, queen of France, 152

  Ad Extirpanda, 359

  Adrian IV, pope, 83

  Adrianople, 220, 221, 421, 537, 538, 540

  Adriatic Sea, 15, 16, 316, 673

  Aegean islands

  Aegean Sea, 368, 538

  Afghanapur, 479

  Afonso V, king of Portugal, 657, 659–60

  Africa, 88, 94–100, 96, 244, 287–91, 372, 456, 587–89, 638, 654, 658

  Christianity in, 287–88

  Islam in, 288, 290

  oral tradition in, 95, 98

  slavery and, xxv, 654, 656–60

  West, 98, 451, 456, 658–60

  Agau people, 287

  Aghata, 230

  Agincourt, Battle of, 624–25, 624, 662, 671

  Agnolo di Tura, 416

  Agricultural Treatise (Chen Fu), 56

  Ahmed Sanjar, Great Seljuk of the Turks, 121–22, 134, 262

  Ahsan Shah, 480

  Aigues-Mortes, 333, 463

  Aiguillon, 501

  Aimery of Limoges, 135–36

  Ain Jalut, 348

  Aizong, Jin emperor, 312–13

  Akibatsu, 566

  Akropolites, George, 221, 369–70, 375–76

  Akuta, Jin emperor, 25, 57

  akuto, 471

  Ala ad-Din Muhammad ibn Tekish, shah, 262–63

  Al-Adid, Fatimid caliph, 106

  al-Adil, Ayyubid caliph, 273–74, 275–76

  Alamut, 226–27, 227

  Alaric, 240

  al-Arish, 104

  al-Ashraf, al-Malik, sultan of Egypt, 347

  ‘Ala’-ud-Din, sultan of Delhi, 404–8, 427–31, 478

  Ala-ud-Din Bahman, sultan of the Deccan (Hasan Gangu), 481

  Al-Bakri, 97

  Alba Regia, 673

  Alberic of Trois Fontaines, 53

  Albert, king of Germany, 410, 414

  Albert, king of Sweden, 605–7

  Albert II, king of Hungary and Germany, 650, 673–75, 677

  Albi, 462

  Albigensian Crusade, 238–40, 239, 242, 244, 258, 259–60, 273, 275, 319

  Al Biruni, 121

  alcohol:

  Islam and, 351

  Mongols and, 339, 340, 341, 405

  al-Din, Ala, 379

  al-Din, Rashid, 341

  al-Din, Rukn, 342

  Aldona, queen of Poland, 554

  al-Durr, Shajar, sultan of Egypt, 337, 346–47

  Aleddin, 676

  Aleppo, 17, 34, 35, 39–40, 137, 156, 342, 347, 348, 450, 628

  Alessandria, 85

  Alexander III, king of Scotland, 397

  Alexander III, pope, 83, 85–86

  Alexander IV, pope, 360–62

  Alexander V, pope, 615

  Alexander the Great, 408

  Alexandria, 105, 335

  Alexius (Mary of Antioch’s advisor), 144–45

  Alexius (son of Isaac Angelus), 176

  Alexius II Comnenus, emperor of Byzantium, 144–45

  Alexius III Angelus, emperor of Byzantium, 176, 179, 217–20, 369

  Alexius IV Angelus, emperor of Byzantium, 176, 177, 179, 217,
219

  Alexius V Ducas (Mourtzouphlus), 179, 219

  Alexius Comnenus, emperor of Constantinople, 13–14, 16, 135, 420, 538

  Alexius Comnenus, emperor of Trebizond, 219

  Alfarrobeira river, Battle of, 659

  Alfonso I (Afonso Henriques), king of Portugal, 45–46, 88, 91, 242

  Alfonso III, king of Aragon, 392

  Alfonso VII, king of León-Castile, 44–46, 88

  Alfonso VIII, king of Castile, 88–89, 91, 242–44

  Alfonso IX, king of Léon, 242–44

  Alfonso X, king of Léon-Castile, 360

  Alfonso XI, king of Léon-Castile, 515

  Alfonso the Battler, king of Aragon, Navarre, León, and Castile, 43–44, 92

  Alghu, 343

  Alhambra palace, 307

  al-Haq, shaikh ‘Ala, 545

  Ali, 226n

  Ali, al-Mansur, sultan of Egypt, 347

  al-Idrisi, 207

  Ali ibn al-Hassan, 97

  Ali ibn Yusuf, king of the Almoravids, 43

  Ali Mardan, 228

  Aljubarrota, Battle of, 592, 592, 654

  al-Kamil, Ayyubid sultan, 276–78, 295–96, 318, 332–33

  Allahabad, 404

  Almagest, xxiii, 46

  al-Maqqari, 306–7

  al-Marrakushi, 9, 44, 88

  Almería, 88, 307

  Almohads, 44, 88–92, 90, 94, 177, 242–44, 306, 372–73, 372, 655

  timelines, 48, 54, 93, 101, 247, 256, 261, 309

  Almoravids, 43–45, 88, 100, 207

  timelines, 48, 54

  al-Mu’azzam, 277, 295–96

  al-Muhallabi, 94

  al-Mu’min, 88

  al-Mustansir, Abu ‘Abdallah, 373–74

  al-Nasawi, Muhammad, 262–63

  al-Nasir, Muhammad, Almohad caliph, 243–44

  al-Nasir Muhammad ibn Qalawun, sultan of Egypt, 449–52

  Alps, 319, 364, 443

  al-Qazwini, 207

  al-Salih Ismail, 156

  Altai mountains, 197, 263

  Altuniah, Malik, 326–27

  al-‘Umari, 456, 458–59, 587

  al-Wardi, Abu Hafs ‘Umar Ibn, 506

  Alys (daughter of Louis VII), 167n

  al-Zaytuna, 373

  Amalric I, king of Jerusalem, 103–5, 293n

  Amaterasu, 476

  Amaury de Montfort, 259

  Amiak, Yekuno, 288

  Amicia (daughter of Simon de Montfort), 243

  Amiens, 502

  Amu Darya river, 310

  Amur river, 640

  An, prince of Dai Viet, 535

  Anagni, 413

  Anarchy, the, 22, 23, 76–79, 126

  Anastasius IV, pope, 83

  Anatolia, 542

  Andean cultures, 189

  Andes, 192

  Andes mountains, 189

  Andrew II, king of Hungary, 275, 281–83, 293, 315

  Andria, cathedral of, 295

  Andronicus, general, 139

  Andronicus Comnenus, emperor of Byzantium, 144–46, 219, 220

  Andronicus II, emperor of Byzantium, 389, 391, 405, 419–22

  Andronicus III, emperor of Byzantium, 422–23

  Angkor, 30

  Angkor Wat, 30–31, 31, 32, 34, 300, 521, 532

  Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 22

  Anglo-Saxons, 4

  Angoulême, count of, 202

  Anjou, 20, 76, 77, 150–51, 202, 498, 304, 579

  Ankara, 629

  Anna Comnena, 13–14

  Annales Paulini, 435

  Annam, 27

  Anne, empress of Byzantium, 423, 425, 541

  Anonimalle Chronicle, 581

  Anselm of Canterbury, 5–8, 50, 354

  anti-Burgundians, 623

  Antioch, 13–14, 15, 17, 36, 40–41, 102–3, 135–37, 156, 166, 170, 182, 351, 373, 376

  Antoku, emperor of Japan, 161

  Aoife, 149

  Apulia, 321, 324, 364

  Apulia and Calabria, Dukedom of, 13, 15, 135, 141

  Aqtay, Faris al-Din, 347–48

  Aquinas, Thomas, 356–57, 359, 375, 647n

  Aquitaine, 77–78, 174, 203, 304, 398–99, 401, 520

  Arabia, 429, 456

  Arabic language, xxiii–xxiv, 46–47

  Arabs, 16, 94, 95, 98, 276, 288, 289, 291, 295, 456, 463, 587

  empire of Cairo of, 348

  numbering system of, 46

  Aragon, 43, 89, 242–46, 305–6, 307, 372, 391, 392, 398, 420, 463, 515, 522, 612, 617

  Aral Sea, 263, 310, 313

  Aram Shah, as sultan of north India, 228–29

  Argenteuil, convent of, 50

  Arik-Boke Khan, 342–43

  Aristotelian logic, xxiv, 53

  Aristotle, xxiii, 5–6, 46, 47, 52, 53, 489, 615

  Christianity and, 6–7, 53, 356

  dialectic of, 5–7, 49, 53, 57

  Arjona, 307

  Ark of the Covenant, 288

  Arles, 517

  Armagnac, count of, 622–23, 625

  Armagnacs, 623, 624, 662–63

  Armenia, 170

  Arnold, Abbot of Cisteaux, 238–40

  Arsuf, 172

  Arthur (grandson of Henry II), 202–3

  Arundel, earl of, 595

  Ascalon, 158

  Asen, 220

  Ashikaga clan, 473

  Ashikaga Shogunate, 475, 566, 568

  Ashikaga Takauji, 473–75

  Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, 566, 568–69

  Asia, 506, 638

  Asia Minor, 17, 135, 170, 217, 367, 368, 420, 421, 538, 599

  Christians in, 13

  Assassins (fidaiyan), 226–28, 342

  Assisi, 575

  Assize of Clarendon, 129, 132

  Assyria, Assyrians, 102, 558

  astronomy, xxiii, 46

  atabegs, 34

  Atacama Desert, 189, 191

  Athareb, 35

  Atlantic Ocean, 187, 455, 456, 654

  atman, 119n

  Augustine, Saint, 234

  Austria, 16, 275, 316

  Averrhoes, 615

  Avignon, 258

  papacy in, 413, 414, 461–62, 484–85, 487–88, 507, 510, 539–41, 571–74, 579, 601, 612, 615, 617

  Axum, 287

  Aybek, sultan of Egypt, 346–47

  Ayushiridara, 527

  Ayutthaya, 532–33

  Ayyub, as-Salih, 332–37, 346, 449

  Ayyubid caliphate, 275–76, 332–37, 342, 346–48, 628

  Azcapotzalco, 494–95

  Azores, 658

  Aztecs (Mexica people), 491–95, 493

  Aztlan, 491

  Babylon, 335

  Babylonian Captivity, papal, 413

  Bach Dang river, 27, 385

  Badajoz, 91

  Baeza, 88

  Baghdad, 34, 40, 44, 56, 134n, 156, 273, 279, 339, 450, 452, 560, 588, 629, 632, 641

  caliph in, 230, 262, 306, 342, 346

  slave market in, 327

  Baha ad-Din, 200

  Bahmani sultanate, 481–82, 545–46, 627–28

  Bahman Shah (Zafar Khan), 546

  Bahram, king of Delhi, 327

  Bahram Shah, king of the Ghaznavids, 121–22

  Bahri Regiment, 336–37, 346–49, 449

  Bahri sultanate, in Egypt, 349, 350, 373, 376, 377, 420, 456, 628

  Baibars, sultan of Egypt, 337, 348–51, 373–74, 376

  Baladeva, 112

  Balban, sultan of Delhi, 327–30, 328, 403–4

  Baldwin I, emperor of Constantinople, 180, 217–21, 367

  Baldwin II, emperor of Constantinople, 367–68, 370, 389

  Baldwin II, king of Jerusalem, 21

  Baldwin III, king of Jerusalem, 103–4

  Baldwin V, king of Jerusalem, 156

  Balian of Sidon, 296

  Balkans, 675

  Balkh, 264, 557

  Ball, John, 582, 584

  Ballal Sen, king of Sena, 119, 121, 123

  Balliol, Edward, 497–98

 
Balliol, John, 398–400, 497

  Baltic Crusade, 284–85, 285

  Baltic Sea, 266, 283, 284, 445, 552, 604

  Baluze, Etienne, 462

  Bampton, Thomas, 583

  Bang Klang T’ao, king of Syam, 300

  Ban Kulin, king of Bosnia, 168n

  Bannockburn, Battle of, 437, 437, 497

  Banu Umayya, 134n

  Baol, 459

  Baphaeum, 420

  Barani, Ziauddin, 330, 403, 405–6, 429–31, 479–80, 482

  Barbaro, Nicolò, 678–80

  Barnwell Chronicle, 205

  Barons’ War, 254

  Barquq, al-Zahir, 628

  Basava, 113–14

  Basel, 648–49

  Bastille, 669

  Bathinda, 326–27

  Batu, 313, 315–16, 339, 340–43

  Bavaria, 82, 360, 484, 601

  Bavaria, duke of, 364

  Bayajidda, 588–89

  Bayan, 382

  Baybars, sultan of Egypt, 450

  Bayezid I, emperor of the Ottomans, 598–602, 629–30, 632, 678

  Bayonne, 578

  Beatific Vision, 487–88

  Bec Abbey, 5, 6

  Becket, Thomas, archbishop of Canterbury, 127–32, 148, 151

  Bedford, duke of, 663, 665, 668–69

  Beijing, 381, 640–42

  Beisan, 348

  Béla, 139, 282

  Béla III, king of Hungary, 168n

  Béla IV, king of Hungary, 315–16

  Belgrade, 675

  Benedictines, 540

  Benedict XI, pope, 413

  Benedict XII, pope, 488

  Benedict XIII, pope, 612, 617

  Benevento, 364, 390

  Bengal, 117, 121, 124, 229, 328, 403, 479, 480, 544, 545, 549

  Benin, 98–99

  timelines, 101, 107, 116

  Benin City, 99

  Berengar of Poitiers, 52

  Berengar of Tours, 6

  Berke, 343, 349

  Berkeley Castle, 465

  Bernard of Chartres, 52–53, 354

  Bernard of Clairvaux, 36, 40–41, 52–53, 77, 81

  Berry, duke of, 579, 623

  Bertrand, archbishop of Bordeaux, see Clement V, pope

  Bertrand of Toulouse, 14n

  Berwick, 399, 498

  Béthencourt, Jean de, 654

  Bethlehem, 278

  Béziers, 238–39

  Bhongir, 546

  Bianchi (White Guelphs), 411

  Bible, translation of, 613–14

  Bihar, 120, 123

  Bijjala II, king of Kalachuri, 112, 114, 115

  Bilma, 95, 97

  Biram, 588

  Birgham, Treaty of, 397–98

  Birgitta of Vadstena, 572

  bishops, 10

  Black Death, 505n

  Black Sea, 135, 219, 221, 264, 266, 343, 349, 367, 368, 405, 420, 632, 680

 

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