papal monarchy, absolute, 323, 413
Paphlagonia, 144, 222
Parakrama Bahu, king of Sri Lanka, 108–12, 114, 270
Parakrama Bahu II, rebel king of Sri Lanka, 271, 273
Parihars, 123
Paris, 20, 31, 36, 49, 50, 53, 152, 203, 204, 205, 238, 260, 355, 356, 368, 412, 464, 507, 519, 520–21, 579, 581, 593, 595, 622, 625, 662–63
Paris, Matthew, 322, 354, 359–63
Paris, Treaty of, 260
Parma, 85
Pasak river, 532
Paschal II, pope, 5, 7–11, 16
Paschal III, antipope, 85–86
Pasquerel, Jean, 664
Pastoureaux, 354–57, 462–63, 486, 582
Paul, Saint, 233
Paul the Deacon, 604
Pavia, 571, 645
Peace of Alcalá, 305
Peasants’ Revolt of 1381, 582–85, 591, 613
Pedro (Pedro the Cruel), king of Léon-Castile, 515, 522, 591
Pedro II (Pedro the Catholic), king of Aragon, 242–46
Pedro IV, king of Aragon, 515, 522
Pelagius, 278
Pemba, 97
Pembroke, earl of, 435
Pennine moors, 443
Percy, Henry “Hotspur,” 621
Pereira, Duarte Pacheco, 659
Perfeddwlad, 394–95
Pergamum, 420
Perpignan, 392
Persia, 429, 545
Persian Gulf, 97, 451
Perth, 434
Perugia, 258, 391, 575
Pest, 315
Peter, Saint, 233
Peter (claimant for crown of Constantinople), 220, 221
Peter III, king of Sicily and Aragon, 390–92
Peter of Aragon, 457
Peter of Blois, 78
Peter of Coimbra (son of John I of Portugal), 655, 657–59
Peter of Langtoft, 434
Peter the Venerable, abbot of Cluny, 52
Petit, Jehan, 622
Petrarch, xxiii–xxiv, 488–89, 510, 541
Pha Muong, 300
Philadelphia, siege of, 599
Philip, king of Germany, 176–79, 249
Philip (son of Baldwin II of Constantinople), 368
Philip (son of John II of France), 518
Philip II Augustus, king of France, 152–53, 166–67, 170–71, 173–74, 177, 202–3, 205, 233, 238, 240, 248–51, 254, 259, 303, 398
Philip III “the Bold,” king of France, 391–92, 397, 521
Philip IV “the Fair,” king of France, 398–99, 401, 411–14, 416, 435, 466
Philip V, king of France, 417, 461–63, 466, 499
Philip VI, king of France, 467, 467, 488, 499, 501–3, 507, 515
Philip of Navarre, 517
Philip of Swabia, 360
Philip of Valois, count of Anjou, see Philip VI, king of France
Philippa, queen of Portugal, 654–55
Philippa, queen of Scandinavia, 608
Philippa (mother of Edmund Mortimer), 620
Philippoupolis, 221
Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy, 625, 662–63, 667, 669, 673
Phrygia, 420
Physics (Aristotle), 46
Piacenza, 646
Piast dynasty, in Poland, 283–84, 555
Piazza, Michele da, 506
Piers of Exton, 596
pirates, in Japan, 471
Pir Muhammad, 561, 632
Pisa, 16, 83, 104, 141, 144, 176, 367, 369–70, 415, 416, 573, 575
papacy in, 615, 617
Pisan, Christine de, 521
Pistoia, 415
Pius II, pope, 616
Place of the Moon (Huaca de la Luna), 191–92
Place of the Sun (Huaca del Sol), 191
plague, 505–10, 508–9, 515–16, 523, 525, 579, 645
timelines, 511, 524, 530
Plantagenet dynasty, xxiv, 76–79, 255, 596
Plato, 53
world soul of, 50
Plato of Tivoli, 46
Plymouth, 579
Plzenň, 649
“Poem on the Evil Times of Edward II,” 445
Poitiers, 77, 151, 203, 308, 518
Poitou, 152, 250, 520
Poland, 551–55, 673, 674, 675, 677
timelines, 556, 564, 570, 682
Polans, 283, 315, 316
timelines, 286, 292, 297, 317, 325
Politics (Aristotle), 354
poll taxes, 581
Polo, Marco, 381–82, 386
Polonnaruwa, 108, 270–71
Pontefract Castle, 596
Ponwars, 123
porcelain, 56
porphyria, 577–78
Portchester, 595
Portsmouth, 304
Portugal, 45–46, 46, 88, 89, 90, 242–43, 515, 591–93, 654
Cortes of, 656–57
explorers from, xxiv, 656, 657, 658
slave trade and, xxv, 654, 658–60
timelines, 597, 603, 661, 672, 682
Posilge, Johann von, 608
pottery:
Nazca, 189
Song, 97
Powys, 394
Poyang, Lake, 527
Pradyumnesvara, 120
Prague, 552, 615, 618, 646–47, 649
First Defenestration of, 618
Prague, archbishop of, 612, 615
Prague, University of, 613, 615
Pratapa Rudra, king of Kakatiya, 478–79
Prester John, 279
Prignano, Bartolomeo, see Urban VI, pope
Priscillian, 234n
Prithvi Raj, king of the Chauhans, 123
Privilege of Košice, 553
Prokop the Shaven, 647, 649
Proslogion (Anselm), 6
Provisions of Oxford, 361–62
Provisions of Westminster, 362
Prussia, 284–85, 552, 554, 608
Ptolemy, xxiii
Punjab, 226, 228, 431, 478
P’yongyang, 73
Pyrenees, 233, 236, 245, 392
Qadi al-Fadil, 156
Qalawun, sultan of Egypt, 376, 449
Qara Yusu, 632
qi, 57
Qila Mubarak, 327
Qinzong, emperor of China, 25
Quantum praedecessores, 36
Quanzhou, 56
Qur’an, 46, 458
Qutb-ud-din, sultan of north India, 228–29
Qutb ud-Din Mubarak Shah, sultan of Delhi, 429–30
Qutuz, sultan of Egypt, 347–49
Rabat, 243
Rajput Parama clan, 428
Rajputs, 123, 230, 329, 427–28, 427
Ralph of Diceto, 151, 166
Ramadan, 155
Ramapala, king of Pala empire, 117, 119
Ramathibodi (U Thong), 531–33
Rambouillet, 663
Ramesuan, king of Syam, 532–33
Ramiro II, king of Aragon, 44, 242
Ramla, 172
Rano, 588
Ranthambhore, 228, 428
Ranulf de Broc, archdeacon of Canterbury, 130–31
Raphael, xxiv
Raska, 137–39
Raspe, Henry, 323
Ravenna, 319
Ravenspur, 595
rawk, 450
Raymond, prince of Antioch, 35, 40, 135
Raymond, ruler of Tripoli, 156–57
Raymond VI, count of Toulouse, 237, 240, 242–43, 245–46, 249, 257–59
Raymond VII, count of Toulouse, 259–60
Raymond of Burgundy, 44n
Raynald of Chatillon, 135–37, 156–59
Raziyya, sultan of Delhi, 230–31, 326–27
Red Sea, 97, 105, 287, 451
Red Turban rebellions, 526–28, 565
Reformation, Protestant, xxiv
Reiche, Maria, 191
Reims, 53, 665
Rhine river, 321
Rhodes, 420, 422
Rhone river, 233, 258, 541
Riazan’, 313, 560
Richard I (Lionheart), king of England, 150–52, 166–68,
171–74, 177, 202, 203, 399
Richard II, king of England, 578–85, 580, 594–96, 620
Richard of Cornwall, 360
Robert, duke of Normandy, 3–4
Robert, king of Naples, 416
Robert (illegitimate son of Robert the Bruce), 498
Robert (Louis IX’s brother), 333, 335–36
Robert II “the Pious,” king of France, 235n
Robert III, count of Flanders, 462
Robert Guiscard, 13
Robert of Artois, 412
Robert of Courtenay, ruler of Constantinople, 221–22
Robert of Geneva, see Clement VII, pope
Robert of Ketton, 46
Rogerius of Apulia, 315
Roger of Hoveden, 166, 172, 202
Roger of Lauria, 391
Roger of Wendover, 78, 168, 174, 203, 204–5, 248, 250–55, 257–58, 275, 294–95, 304
Roman Catholic Church, 179, 219, 240, 539, 542, 555
absence of pope in, 375
anticlericalism and, 354–55, 357
antipopes of, 83, 85–86
Cathar opposition to, 236
Hussites as part of, 649
Louis IX’s devotion to, 357
Orthodox beliefs vs., 376n, 651–52
Papal Schism and, 413, 486–87, 579, 601, 612–18, 645
slavery supported by, xxv, 659–60
Wycliffe’s defiance of, 582
Roman empire, 144, 443
Romanus Pontifex, xxv, 660
Rome, 7, 10, 77, 82–83, 128, 172, 180, 204, 235, 238, 242, 244, 249, 257, 258, 283, 296, 320, 321, 322, 339, 359, 364, 365, 375, 376, 389, 391, 413, 416, 461, 486, 488–89, 541, 571–74, 615, 650, 659–60, 669, 673, 677
Senate of, 541
Rome, ancient, 488–89, 633
Christianity in, 3
ideas and thinkers of, xxiii–xxiv
Romulus, 489
Rory O’Connor, high king of Ireland, 148–49
Rothelin Continuation, 369
Rouen, 174, 203, 625, 667–68, 669
Rouen Castle, 517
Rousillon, 391
Royal Chronicles of U Thong, 531–32
Rudolf of Hapsburg, king of Germany, 365, 388–89, 410
Ruhuna, 108
ruins, Nazca, 189
Rum, Turkish sultanate of, 17, 34, 135, 222, 340, 419, 599
Runnymede, 253–54
Rupert, king of Germany, 613, 616
Rus’ people, 266, 283, 284, 315, 341, 349, 506, 509, 555, 560–61, 627
timelines, 269, 274, 317, 325
Russia, 560
Rye, 579
Sabbah, Hasan, 227–28
Sabea, 288
Sahara Desert, 94–95, 457, 587
Saifawa dynasty, 288
St. Denis, 665
St. Denis abbey, 50
St. Edmonds, 251
St. John Lateran, 416
Saint-Leu-d’Esserent, 520
Saint-Malo, 304
St. Mary’s of the Germans, 282
St. Peter’s Basilica, 486, 649
St. Romanus gate, 678, 680
Sajo river, 315
Saladin, 89, 105–6, 155–59, 166, 168, 170–73, 275, 282, 449, 628
conquests of, 158
Saleph river, 170
Salian dynasty, 20
Salic Law, 417, 463, 467, 499, 515
Salih Ismail, as-, 333
Salimbene, 24, 324
Salisbury, earl of, 335
Salmama I, king of Kanem, 97
salt, 95
Salt Range mountains, 230
Salvatierra, 243–44
Salzburg, 445
Samana, 404
Samarkand, 264, 558, 561, 563, 627, 632
Samguk Sagi, 71
samurai, 62, 66, 161, 163, 211, 382–83, 470, 473, 475
Sancho, king of Castile, 88
Sancho I, king of Portugal, 242–44
Sancho the Strong, king of Navarre, 242–44
Sanctus, Louis, 507
Sandwich, rumored French landing at, 593
Sankama, king of Kalachuri, 115
Saracens, 239
Sarai, 316, 561
Sardinia, 321–22
Sargon, 102
Sarrasin, John, 335
Sartaq, 310–11
satin weave, 56
Savelli, Giacomo (Pope Honorius IV), 391, 392
Savoy, 574
Savoy Palace, 521, 583
Saxony, 82
Count Palatine of, 316
Scandinavia, 604–9, 606, 607
Scania, 608
Schiltberger, Johann, 601–2
Schweppermann, Siegfried, 484
Scipio Africanus, 488
Scone Abbey, 398, 399, 498
Scotland, 22, 394, 396, 463, 466, 574, 583, 621
England at war with, 397–401, 433–38, 497–99
France and, 433, 501, 663
timelines, 24, 402, 409, 439, 448, 454, 469, 477, 483, 504, 511, 524, 536, 586, 597, 603
scutage, 203–4, 252, 361
Sea of Parakrama (reservoir), 109
Second Barons’ War, 361–63
Second Council of Lyons, 375
Second Crusade, 39–41, 76, 81, 135
Secret History of the Mongols, The, 195–97
Secrets (Galen), 46
Seine, 249
Semlin, 139
Sena empire, 117, 119–24, 225
Senegal, 459
Senegal river, 455
Sens, bishop of, 52
Seoul, 568
Sephoria, 157–58
Serbia, 137–39, 144, 168, 170, 424, 424, 537, 539, 542, 598, 599, 600, 630, 632, 673–76
timelines, 140, 147, 426, 432, 543, 550, 556, 603, 610
Serbia, archbishop of, 222
sessho, 61n
Setton, Kenneth, 285
Seuna, 112, 115
Seven Summits, 189n
Seventh Crusade, 333–37, 334, 353–55, 364
Seville, 45, 306–7
Shahnameh (Firdausi), 121
Shah Rukh, 632
Shams-i-Siraj, 482, 548–49
Shams-ud-Din, sultan (Malik Haji Ilyas), 480–81, 544–45
Shang-ching, 58
Shangdong Peninsula, 526
Shangdu, 380, 386
Shaoxing Treaty, 27, 53
Shawar, Fatimid vizier, 104–5
sheep, 445
shepherds, 582
Shewa, 288
Shi’ite Muslims, 226–28
shikken, 212–15, 382–83, 470–75
Shimotsuke, 473
Shin Ton, 565–67
Shirakawa, emperor of Japan, 62–63
Shiraz, 97
Shirkuh, 104–6
Shiva, 108, 110, 113–14, 119
Shizong, 58
Short, Jack, 434
Shoshi, 64
Shrewsbury, Battle of, 621
shugo, 471
Siberia, 561
Sibylla, queen of Jerusalem, 156–57
Sic et Non (Abelard), 51
Sicilian Code of 1231, 320
Sicilian Vespers, 390–91, 390
Sicily, 82, 141, 176, 318, 319, 320, 323, 359–61, 363–65, 365, 373, 374, 389, 390, 391, 410, 571
Siena, 415, 573, 574, 575
Sigismund, Holy Roman emperor, 553–54, 600–601, 616–18, 645–50, 648, 673, 675, 677
Sikandar, 545
Silesia, 284
Simeon of Durham, 21
Simon de Montfort, earl of Leicester, 205, 238, 240, 242–43, 245–46, 257–59, 305
Simon de Montfort the Younger, 308, 361–63
“Simonie, The,” 463
Sind, 228, 229, 329
Singh, Jaitra, 230
Sinjong, king of Goryeo, 73
Siraj, Shams-i, 544
Sira-ordu, 339
Sirisamghabodhi, king of Sri Lanka, 271
Sixth Crusade, 295–96
slavery:
in Africa, 95, 97, 100, 208–9, 588, 654, 658–60
in Byzantium, 145
Christianity and, 659–60
Circassian, 628
in Delhi, 327, 330
Egypt and, 349
fall of Antioch and, 351
Islam and, 226, 588
mamluks and, 225–26
Mongols and, 349
Portuguese trade in, xxv, 654, 658–60
Slavic territories, 81, 83
Slavic tribes, 137, 238, 283
Sluys, 593
Sluys, Battle of, 499, 501
Smolensk, 266
Sofia, 598
Sogut, 419
sohei (warrior monks), 62, 63
Soissons, 49, 51, 235n
Solankis, 123
Solomon, king, 288
Solomonid dynasty, 288
Someshvara, king of Kalachuri, 114, 115
Somesvara IV, king of Western Chalukya, 115
Song:
Northern, 526
Southern, 27–29, 28, 55–59, 57, 59, 195, 312–13, 339, 340–43, 379–80, 382–83
timelines, 33, 42, 60, 68, 75, 201, 206, 210, 269, 274, 317
Song Bing, 383
Song of the Cathar Wars, 259
Song Duanzong, 382–84
Song Duzong, emperor, 379, 380, 382–83
Song dynasty, 25–29, 197, 199
laws and institutions of, 299
Song Gaozong, emperor of China, 26–27, 55–58
Song Gong, emperor of the Southern Song, 382
Song Qinzong, 55
Soninke people, 99–100
Sosso clan, 100, 207–9, 209
timelines, 101, 107, 116, 210, 216
South America, 188–93, 189
timelines, 194, 201, 206
Southampton, 501, 579
Southeast Asia, 28, 298–301, 301, 533
Spain, 89, 135, 177, 275, 293, 522, 574
in the Americas, 188, 192
Christian reconquest of, xxiii, 43–47, 88–92, 243–46, 304–7, 515, 655
Crusade in, 244–46
discord between Christian kings of, 242–44
Muslim, xxiii, 43–47, 88–92, 177, 242–46, 306–7, 372, 373, 515, 655
timelines, 48, 54, 93, 101, 107, 246, 247, 261, 309, 317, 378, 393, 402, 418
Spandounes, Theodore, 539–40
Sri Lanka, 108–12, 109, 110, 113, 113, 119, 270–73, 428, 547, 548, 638
timelines, 116, 125, 133, 274, 280
Staines, 253
Statute of Rhuddlan (1284), 397
Stefan Dushan, king of Serbia, 424–25, 537, 539, 542
Stefan Lazarević, king of Serbia, 630
Stefan Nemanja, grand prince of all Serbia, 139, 144, 424
Stephen III, king of Hungary, 139
Stephen of Blois, king of England, 21–22, 76, 78, 127, 149, 254
Stirling, 399
Stirling Bridge, 400–401, 433
Stirling Castle, 433
Stockholm, 607
Stone of Scone, 398, 399–400
Studium Arabicum, 373
Subotai, 263, 264, 310, 312–13, 315–16, 340
The History of the Renaissance World: From the Rediscovery of Aristotle to the Conquest of Constantinople Page 83