de Coningh, Cees, 19, 38, 73–74
Dejima, 12, 15
democracy, in Japan, 207, 208, 219
diseases: cholera epidemics, 34–35, 51, 183, 255n129; measles epidemics, 34–35, 185; prevention of, 182–83; scabies in Shinohara Chūemon’s family, 65–67, 68, 89, 185, 224; smallpox, 183, 184, 186; syphilis, 183, 184. See also hygiene; public health
Dresden uprising of 1849, 106
dressmaking services, 108
drunkenness, 15, 51, 53–55, 55, 57, 119, 123, 145
Dutch merchants: and antiforeign sentiment in Yokohama, 73; and Nagasaki trade, 8, 10, 12, 15; and Yokohama trade, 19, 24
Dutch Reformed Church, 24, 25, 52
Echigoya, 18, 43
Echizen domain, 74, 157
Edo: administration of, 44; and alternate-attendance system, 5, 81, 139, 165, 213; and antiforeign sentiment, 77, 78, 81, 83, 92, 93, 140; bookshops of, 114; British legation, 77, 78; British preparations for attack on, 84; brothel quarter of Yoshiwara, 15–16; cotton market in, 94, 97; decline of, 81–82, 139–40, 161–62, 213, 214; departure of shogun, 139–40; fall of, 160–61; inflation in, 136–37; licensed wholesalers in, 91–92; map of, 130; merchant houses of, 12, 13, 28, 40; murder of Japanese merchants for dealing with foreigners, 93; and Perry, 9; and political destabilization, 138, 140, 153–54, 156, 157, 159, 165; population of, 5, 139–40, 213; renamed as Tokyo, 161; restrictions on foreigners in, 11; route from Kōshū, 1; samurai in, 5, 44, 139, 153–54, 157, 161; Shinohara Chūemon in, 6, 7, 133, 149–50, 153, 154, 156–57, 165–66; Shinohara Chūemon’s business partners in, 101, 102; silk market in, 102; and Tokugawa shogunate, 5, 10, 11, 72, 133; urban consumer culture of, 5. See also Tokyo
Edo Castle, 70, 154, 161–62
“Ee janaika” (Everything’s good, isn’t it?) movement, 154
Egawa Taroemon, 135
eggs: trade in, 63, 64. See also silkworm egg cards
Egypt, 94
Elmira Gazette, 123
entertainers, 45, 48, 110, 112
expositions: Exposition universelle d’art et d’industrie, Paris (1867), 127, 129–30; Great International Exposition of 1862, Crystal Palace, London, 114, 127–28, 129
Exposition universelle d’art et d’industrie, Paris (1867), 127, 129–30
Ezo region, 8
farmers: commercial crops of, 3, 208; dried sardines used as fertilizer, 63; economic opportunities for, 135, 136; and global markets, 137; and gōnō class, 5, 100; and land-tax system, 190–91; and loans, 100; as merchants, 7, 45, 100, 198; prohibitions on owning weapons, 132, 203; and quartz mining, 144; and rickshaws, 171–72; samurai as, 188; Shinohara Chūemon as, 3, 5, 6; and silkworm cultivation, 5–6; small-scale farmers, xix, 136, 208, 210; Steele on, 211; and technological advances, 121; tenant farmers, 100, 136; and Tokugawa shogunate, 139; and trade disputes, 30; trading networks of, 208–9; and transformation of local marketplace, 210; and transportation networks, 98–99; use of suffix “-emon,” 2; work of, 1; of Yokohama, 24
Favre-Brandt, Charles, 109
Favre-Brandt, James, 109
ferry service, 46, 115–16, 161, 170
feudal domains, 121–22, 187, 188. See also specific domains
financial distress, 139, 190–91
fires: fire of January 3, 1860, 73–74; fire of May 7, 1862, 75; fire of November 26, 1866, 62, 144–45, 147, 167
fish: dried fish, 63, 64; salted fish, 64; trade in, 30, 64, 148
five-household groups (goningumi), 44
Five Products Edo Circulation Law (Gohin Edo Mawashi Rei), 91–92, 101–2
food culture: changes in, 179, 180–81, 186; meat consumption, 25, 64, 83, 119, 123, 179, 181, 182, 241n82
foods for foreigners, trade in, 64
foreign merchants in Yokohama: banquet at foreign mercantile house, 119; and brothel quarter, 59–60; Chinese employees of, 54; Japanese employees of, 52; and market information, 176; proposed expulsion of, 79; relationship with Japanese merchants, 22–24, 30–32, 50, 51, 57, 77–78, 83, 92–93, 96, 138, 140, 156; and steamship services, 177. See also lifestyles of foreigners
foreign military community in Yokohama: British military forces, 55–56; and military parades, 85, 120; population of, 56; sailors, 15, 50, 53–55, 55, 56, 60, 71, 74, 119, 180; and threat of war with Japan, 79, 81–86, 123, 140
Fortune, Robert, 80
France, 9, 11, 56
Franco-Prussian War, 194
fruit, trade in, 210
fruit cultivation, 1, 3, 205
Fujino Shōzaburō, 237n91
Fujisawa, 171
Fukuchi Gen’ichirō, 77–78
Furushima Toshio, 209
Fuzhou, 27
gambling, 53
Gankirō brothel, 26–27, 58–59, 59, 60, 61
Genshichi, 172
Genzaemon (business associate of Chūemon), 18
Goble, Jonathan, 51, 171
goji berries, 144
gold: trade in, 105; world market rate for, 137
gold rush: in California, 9, 106; in Yokohama, 35–39, 63
gold-silver ratio, 36
gōnō class, 5, 100, 209
Gorōemon (business associate of Chūemon), 2, 7–8, 17, 70, 148
Goseda Yoshimatsu, 110
Gotō Sanemon, 6
Gower, Samuel J., 31, 92–93
grain production, and Kōshū province, 3
grape cultivation, Kōshū grapes, 3, 5, 8, 246n50
grapes: dried grapes, 3, 18, 30; trade in, 25, 63
Great Britain: and disputes between Japanese merchants and British merchants, 31; and effect of American Civil War on cotton market, 94; imperial expansion into East and Southeast Asia, 9; Japanese trade relations with, 11, 39; soldiers and sailors in Yokohama, 54–56; and telegraph, 177
Great International Exposition of 1862, Crystal Palace, London, 114, 127–28, 129
grog shops, 56, 180
Guangzhou, 27
guidebooks of Yokohama: on customs house, 21–22; on foreign merchants, 50; on life in Yokohama, 105; on mistresses of foreigners, 60–61; on neighborhoods of Yokohama, 21; on photography, 112; on population of Yokohama, 45–46; portrayal of “Japaneseness,” 123, 219; and representations of foreigners, 114, 116–20, 121, 123; and “walking tour,” 115–16; and Western technology, 117–18, 120, 121, 212, 215; on Yokohama streets, 48
gunboat diplomacy, in Yokohama, xviii, 85
Gunma prefecture, 172, 182, 196, 198
Gunnai region, 18
Gunnaiya Kōemon, 17
guns, 51, 79, 109, 125, 132, 133, 134
Hachiōji: as commercial center, 13; protest of, 134–35; Shinohara Chūemon settling in, 200; silk market in, 6, 171
hairstyles, 2, 108, 182, 201, 203, 204
Hakodate: foreigners in, 92, 106; as port, 15; trade regulations in, 10
Hall, Francis: on antiforeign sentiment, 76, 77, 83; on children’s theatrical troupes, 112; on clothing changes, 178; on farming and fishing community of Yokohama, 24; on impressions of Japan, 123; on inflation, 138; on Japanese servants, 58; on kobangs, 38; on leather workers, 47; on missionaries, 58; on peddlers, 48; on professional couriers, 98; tourism, 105; on villages in Edo hinterland, 4; on Yokohama brothel district, 26; on Yokohama festival, 41–42; on Yokohama porters, 46; on Yokohama shops, 20
Hamaikari Umekichi “Little All Right,” 131–32
Hamaikari troupe, 112, 131–32, 247n80
Hanjirō (business associate of Chūemon), 103
Hara Zenzaburō, 198–99
Harris, Townsend, 9, 11–12, 15, 24
Hatsukiku (Yokohama prostitute), 60
Hayami Akira, 209
Hayashi Tadasu, 109, 180
Hayashi Yūteki, 109
Hayashi village, 139
Heco, Joseph (Hamada Hikozō), 106–7, 109, 174
Heiei (business associate of Chūemon), 103
Heijiemon (business associate of Chūemon), 139
Heine, Wilhelm, 106–7
Hepburn, Cl
ara, 24–25, 52, 109, 180
Hepburn, James, 24–25, 52, 109
Heusken, Henry, 15
Higashi-Aburakawa: agriculture in, 3, 4–5; population of, 4; as Shinohara Chūemon’s home, 18, 49, 121, 122, 200, 205–6, 223; and silkworm egg cards, 103, 104, 147
highways: Kaidō highway, 1; Kōshū Kaidō highway, 1–2, 84, 215; Nakasendō highway, 1, 134; Ōshu Kaidō highway, 1; post stations on, 3, 11, 98; Tōkaidō highway, 1, 11, 16, 47, 49, 74, 78, 171, 172, 178; woodblock prints of major highways, 1–2
hikyaku (professional couriers), 95, 98–99, 162, 163–64, 169, 176, 177, 216
Hillsborough, Romulus, 211
Hitotsubashi, Lord (Tokugawa Yoshinobu, last shogun of Japan), 161
Hizen domain, 130
Hockley, Alan, 249n109
Hodogaya, 17, 44, 79, 138, 161
Holmes, Henry, 19
Hong Kong, 51, 108, 170, 177, 178, 237n91
Honjo, Yuki, 31, 236n72
Hori Shōsuke, 101
Hori Toshihiro, 138
horse-drawn carriage services, 112, 170–71, 186, 215
horse riding, 21, 51–52, 170
Hotaru (Firefly), 169
Hotta Masayoshi, 9–10
household registration, 188–89
housepainters, 108–9
housing: housepainters, 108–9; housing changes in Yokohama, 178, 179, 186; Japanese-style one-story houses, 180; of leather workers, 47; and Paris exposition of 1867, 130; residential development of Yokohama for foreigners, 11, 19; shortage of housing for foreigners, 24; Western-style houses, 21, 49–50, 53, 80, 116, 117, 118
Howell, David, 209
hunting, 51
hygiene, xx, 53, 178, 180, 182–83, 184, 186. See also public health
Hyōgo, 156
identity of Japanese people: local identities, 7, 121, 122, 141, 218, 223; national identity, xx, 82–83, 90, 121, 122–23, 130, 141, 181, 208, 216, 217, 218–19, 220; regional identities, 121–22, 141, 218
Iemochi: death of, 140, 151; promise to expel foreigners, 79
Ii Naosuke, 11–12, 39, 73
Illustrated London News, 84–85, 110, 111, 124, 129
imperial dynasty: and Japanese political ideology, 72–73, 76, 79, 80, 81, 83, 141, 157, 158, 208, 217–18. See also Meiji government
“Imperial Japanese Troupe,” 131–32
imported goods, 8, 109, 120, 121, 139, 179, 187, 196, 227
indemnity payments, 79, 82, 83, 84, 86, 91
India, 94, 101, 177
individual freedom, 44, 238n9
Inegawa-maru (steamship), 169
inflation, in Japan, 136, 137, 138, 250n135
inn of Shinohara Chūemon, 35, 165, 191, 192, 196, 197, 223, 224
insurance networks, 45
interest rates, 33, 65, 100, 173
Isawa, 189, 200
Ise, shrine of, 154
Ishii Kanji, 53
Ishikawaya Heiemon, 198
Itakura Katsukiyo, 151
Itō Chōgorō, 109
Itō Jihei, 169
Itō Kametarō, 109
Itō Kōtarō, 109
Iwakura, Lord, 160
Iwase Tadanao, 10, 11
Izumi Yōsuke, 171
Japan: commercial economy of, 208–9, 210; connection to global markets, xix–xx, 8, 132, 135, 136–38, 209–10; and cultural exports, 131–32; democracy in, 208; domains of, 121–22, 143, 187, 188; financial system of, 35–39, 40, 137; food prices in, 137, 139; historical provinces of, 121–22; inflation in, 136, 137, 138, 250n135; Japanese images of, 127; lack of animal husbandry in, 25; major highways of, 1–2; manufacturing of, xx, 130; modern history of, 207; modern transformation of, xviii–xix, 114, 130, 168, 210; perceptions of, xx, 114–32, 219, 220; and perceptions of time, xx, 99, 123, 124, 214, 215; representations of, xx, 124, 127–30, 131, 132, 220; as unitary state, 40, 122, 130; Western conceptions of, 123–27, 249n109. See also specific cities and villages
Japan Brewing Company, 181
Japanese bodily practice: and clothing changes, 179–81, 186; and food culture, 179, 180–81, 186; and public urination, 180; transformations of, xx, xxi, 186
Japanese clothes makers, 108
Japanese-English dictionary, 109
Japanese foreign policy: and commissioners of foreign affairs (gaikoku bugyō), 11, 12–14, 16; and export of currency, 33, 36–37; and gold-silver ratio, 36; and Perry’s U.S. naval fleet, 9; and sakoku no ryohō (the good policy of isolation), 12; and trade restrictions, 8, 9–10, 81, 101, 135–36
Japaneseness, 123, 131, 141, 218–19
Japanese New Year, 39, 65, 69, 75, 99
Japan Gazette, 174
Japan Herald, 174
Japan Punch, 110
Japan Times, 53, 58, 174
japonisme, xx, 127, 130, 220
Jardine, William, 23
Jardine, Matheson firm, 23, 30, 31, 38, 50, 92, 145, 194, 237n82
jinrikisha (rickshaws), 125, 168, 171–72, 215
Johnston, William, 255n129
Johnstone, Jean, 23
Kagoshima, 86, 124
Kaidō highway, 1
Kaigai shinbun (Overseas news), 109, 174
Kami Tsuruma village, 200
Kanagawa: and Bashamichi, 170; brothel quarter of, 16; foreigners staying in, 19, 24–25; and laws against public urination, 180; and Meiji reforms, 187; merchants from, 17; murder of Japanese silk merchant in, 92; office of commissioners of foreign affairs in, 14, 16; and political destabilization, 138; and rickshaws, 172; road to Yokohama, 15; trade regulations in, 10–12; and village administration system, 189
Kanagawa commissioners: and British military parade, 85; and brothel quarter of Yokohama, 15–16, 60; and building of Yokohama, 12–16; and construction of administrative buildings, 13; headquarters of, 13–14, 168; and installation of drains in streets of foreign settlement, 183–84; management of Yokohama, 39, 44–45; mediation between Japanese merchants and foreign merchants, 31; and merchants’ applications for building lots in Yokohama, 12–13; and plan for opening of Yokohama, 11–12, 14–15, 17; and regulations of Japanese behavior with foreigners, 20–21, 45; and restriction on foreign merchants’ export of staple foods, 138; and Richardson’s murder, 79; and taxation of Yokohama merchants, 152; and threat of attacks, 74
Kanagawa court (saibansho), 31
Kansai region, 139, 210
kanten (agar-agar), xx, 30
Kantō Plain, 5, 6, 63, 132, 160, 162, 198
Kantō region: breakdown of law and order in, 132–35; iron bridge in, 168; relationship with Yokohama, xix, xxi–xxii, 74, 86, 168, 172, 214; and social class, 209; and taxes on Edo merchant houses, 152; and Tōdō, 157
Katsu Kaishū, 159, 161–62, 211
Katsunuma, 3, 160
Kawada village, 189
Kawahara Eikichi, 181
Kawasaki region, 211
Kawasaki Taishi (Buddhist temple), 78
Kawauchi, 18
Kazeshima (Yokohama prostitute), 60
Keisan Eisen, Kōnosu, 2
kelp, trade in, xx
Keswick, William, 23–24, 30, 32, 34, 38, 50, 93
Kin (foreign merchant’s mistress), 61
King, Vincent, 58–59
Kirin Beer, 181
Kishida Ginkō, 109
Kiyū, 60
koban coins, 36, 37, 38, 137
kobangs, 38
Kōfu: amulets and talismans of Shinto and Buddhist deities in, 154; and food shortages, 139; jurisdiction of, 4; plan to evacuate shogun’s harem to, 81; quartz industry in, 144; Satsuma occupation of, 160; Shinohara Chūemon buying socks from, 88; silk market in, 3, 5–6, 135–36, 210; and village administration, 189
Kōfu basin, 4
Kōfu plain, 18
Kojikahara Jihei, 96
Kojima Tamemasa, 132
Kokugaku (National Learning) school, 72, 83, 217
Komatsu, Prince, 158
Komazawa Buzaemon, 5, 148
Komazawa family, 5
; Kōmei-maru (steamship), 169
Kōmura Senjirō, 43, 62, 80–81, 149, 198
Korea, and Japanese foreign policy, 8
Kōshū Kaidō highway, 1–2, 84, 215
Kōshū Products Company (Kōshū Sanbutsu Kaisho), 7–8, 63, 221
Kōshū province: agriculture in, 3, 5–6; amulets and talismans of Shinto and Buddhist deities in, 154; cotton market of, 94, 95–96, 97, 99–100, 101, 135–36; economy of, xxii, 3, 5, 135, 136, 149, 212; military service in, 132, 133–34, 139; and political destabilization, 138; products of, 30, 101, 122, 218, 219, 246n50; and profit-seeking dynamic of rural capitalist system, 100; route to Edo and Yokohama, 1, 162; Shinohara Chūemon as representative of, 7, 18, 29, 30, 40, 45, 63, 82, 83, 100–101, 121–22, 141, 218, 219, 223; Shinohara Chūemon’s business network in, 96, 101, 102, 143, 148, 168–69, 197, 216, 217; silk market of, 102, 104, 135–36, 148, 162, 163, 196, 210; and taxation, 190–91; and telegraph, 178; Tokugawa family in, 4; and village administration system, 189–91
Kōshūya (House of Kōshū), 17, 18, 122, 218
Kuper (admiral), 84
Kuroiwa Jubei, 22
Kurokoma village, 18
Kusakabe Kinbei, 111
Kusumoto Ine, 106
Kyoto: imperial dynasty in, 2, 72, 81; Mitsui family headquarters in, 43, 150; rebels advancing on, 133–34; reports of civil war in, 151–52; and samurai proimperial loyalists, 76–77, 79; Shinohara Chūemon on strife in, 86, 175; silk merchants murdered in, 92; textile industries in, 139, 210; and Tokugawa shogunate, 79–80, 83, 140
Kyōya, 162, 176
laborers, 45, 46, 136–38, 179
lacquerware: and bindings of photographic albums, 126; and Paris exposition of 1867, 130; trade in, 20, 21, 22, 30, 64, 219
Lancashire and Cheshire Operatives Relief Fund, 94, 244n14
land reclamation, 168
land reform of 1946, 188
land registration, 188
land survey, 190
land-tax system, 14, 152, 155, 188, 190–91
laundry services, 108
lawsuits, 51
Lay, N. H., 173
leather workers, 47
lending, money-lending businesses, 100, 164–65, 190, 208, 223, 245n33
lifestyles of foreigners: and alcohol consumption, 180–81; and daily routines, 21, 117, 118, 121; foreigners playing billiards, 118; foreigners shopping in Yokohama, 19–20, 21, 22; and meat consumption, 24–25, 61, 64, 72, 118–19, 123, 181, 199–200, 219; and racial hierarchy, 120, 219; and technology, 118–20, 121, 212; and Western-style hairdressers, 108; and Western-style tailors, 107–8, 121, 182, 199, 224; and Yokohama’s first dairy, 113
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