The Merchant's Tale

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The Merchant's Tale Page 39

by Simon Partner


  Lincoln, Abraham, 94

  Lindau, Rodolphe, 26–27

  liquor, 180–81

  London Polytechnic, 128–29

  London Times, 129

  lumber, trade in, 64

  Machida, 13

  machinery, imports of, 109, 120, 121, 196

  McMaster, John, 237n91

  Maebashi, 13, 198

  Maejima Hisoka, 176

  manufactures and manufacturing: foreign merchants’ importing of, 32; and imported cloth, 179, 195, 212; in Japan, xx, 130; in Kantō region, 209, 210; quality of, 88; of rickshaws, 171–72; Shinohara Chūemon’s importing of, 186; of silkworm egg cards, 103, 104, 147; traveling exhibits of, 127, 129–30

  Marxist scholars, 208

  Masuda Bunkichi, 61, 108

  Masuda Takashi, 110

  Mataemon, 64

  Matsudaya, 96

  Matsui troupe, 112, 247n80

  Matsujirō, 18, 34, 103

  Matsumae domain, 8, 185–86

  Matsuyama domain, 74, 151

  measles epidemics, 34–35, 185

  mediation, 31

  medical practices: East Asian practices, 185–86; medicines imported from China, 53; Western practices, 123, 181, 183, 185, 186. See also diseases; public health

  medicines, trade in, 8, 53, 64, 72, 185, 186, 210

  Meiji (emperor), 151

  Meiji government: and compulsory education, 187, 190; and household registration, 188–89; and land registration and taxation, 188; reformist policies of, xx, 182–83, 187–91, 207, 223; and utility of newspapers, 175; and village administration, 189–91

  Meiji Restoration, xxii, 168, 187, 191, 207–8, 210–11, 215, 220, 222

  merchant community of Yokohama: and China-based foreign merchant houses, 31–32, 52–53; Chinese employees of foreign merchants, 52, 53, 54; commercial culture of, 105–14; compradors, 52, 53; daily life of, xxi, 117; Dutch merchants, 19, 24, 73; entrepreneurial nature of, xix, 213; foreign merchants, 22–24, 30–32, 50–51, 52, 59–60, 77–78, 119, 176, 177; and information advantages, 175–78; information insurance system of, 75–76; and Japanese employees, 52; and Japanese servants, 57–58, 83; and market risk, 99, 213; merchant houses of Edo establishment, xix–xx, 12, 40; petty merchants, 45, 50; and private couriers, 176; and public health, 185; relationship of Japanese merchants and foreign merchants, 22–24, 30–32, 50, 51, 57, 77–78, 83, 92–93, 96, 138, 140, 156; rise of merchant elite, xix–xx

  Merchants’ Association (Shōhō Kaisho), 87, 101

  Metzler, Mark, 137

  Mexico, 9

  Mihara, Aya, 131, 247n80

  Mikado (emperor), 76, 80, 158, 160

  militaristic oligarchy, 208

  militias, 132, 134, 213

  Minami Shōzan, 146

  missionaries: in Kanagawa, 24–25, 52, 108; in Yokohama, 50–51, 58, 109, 185, 219

  mistresses of foreign merchants, 58–61, 193–94

  Mitani, Hiroshi, 122

  Mito domain, 72–73, 75, 132–33, 134, 156, 179, 218

  Mito rebellion, 73–76, 132–34

  Mitsui Hachirōemon, 43, 80–81

  Mitsui merchant house: and government backing, 198–99; scandal of, 149–51, 153, 155, 156, 162, 198, 208, 213; in Yokohama, 12, 17, 18, 21, 43, 80–81, 93, 110, 213

  Miyake Hiizu, 110

  Mizuno Tadakuni, 12

  Mizuno Taichi, 109

  Mogi Sōbei, 198–99

  Mokuya, 102

  money-lending businesses, 100, 164–65, 190, 223, 245n33

  Moss, Michael, 51

  Moto, 62

  Motoori Norinaga, 72

  Mounicou, Pierre, 83

  Mount Fuji, view from Kōshū Kaidō highway, 2

  Mount Kinpusen, 144

  Mount Tsukuba, 132–33

  Mount Wayama, 146

  moxibustion, 185

  mulberry cultivation, 1, 3, 135, 136

  municipal affairs, of Yokohama, 27, 180, 183, 184, 224

  mushrooms, trade in, 24

  Nabeya Jinbei, 153

  Nagasaki: Chinese communities in, 52; Chinese merchants in, 8, 10; connections to Chinese ports, 106; foreigners in, 56, 92; houses of entertainment in, 15; and performing arts, 131; representations of, 115; and telegraph, 177–78; trade regulations in, 8, 10, 12

  Nagayo Sensai, 183

  Nakahagiwara village, 139

  Nakaminato battle, 133

  Nakasendō highway, 1, 134

  Nakaya Tōsuke, 150

  nakedness, 23, 46, 98, 124–25, 179

  Namamugi village, 171–72

  Nanbu domain, 143–44, 146

  Napoléon III, 194

  Narikomaya, 171

  nationalism, Japanese: “brand” image, xx, 104, 131, 148, 219; and food culture, 181; meanings of, 123, 140–41; and Meiji Restoration, 208; and Shinohara Chūemon, 82–83, 90, 121, 122–23, 141, 216–17, 218, 219

  Neale (British envoy), 77, 82, 84–85

  Nenzi, Laura, 211

  Netherlands: accounts of Japan, 249n109; Japanese trade relations with, 11, 92; military forces in Yokohama, 56. See also Dutch merchants

  newspapers, 109, 174, 175–76, 178. See also Illustrated London News

  Nijō Castle, 151, 152

  Ningbo, 27

  Nipponjin (Japanese people), 122, 123

  nuts, 3, 25

  Ochiai Yoshiiku, Five Nations: Merrymaking at the Gankirō Tea House, 59

  Oda Nobunaga, 4

  Odawara, 13, 171

  Ogura Torakichi, 108

  oil, price of, 136

  Ōiso, 171

  Okada family, 100

  Okamura Kanemon, 149

  Okamura Kanpei, 5, 34

  Okamura Yasuke, 197

  Okamura family, 4–5, 87, 149, 186, 224

  Okinawan straw, 101

  Oliphant, Laurence, 44, 238n9

  Oliver, Samuel, 45

  Ōmama town, 198

  Opium Wars, 9, 39

  oranges, 25

  Osaka, 10, 92, 93

  Osaka Castle, 151, 158

  Ōshū: Shinohara Chūemon’s business interests in, 143–44, 164; and silk production, 13, 103, 104–5, 148

  Ōshu Kaidō highway, 1

  Ōtaya Sahei, 136

  outcasts, 45, 46–47, 74

  Owari domain, 157

  P&O Company, 170

  Pacific Mail Steamship Company, 170

  packhorses, 33, 95, 169, 237n79

  paper: and Paris exposition of 1867, 130; price of, 136; trade in, 64

  peaches, 3, 205

  pears, 3

  peasant producers, and global markets, xx

  peasant protests, 132, 135, 190–91

  peddlers, 48

  performing artists, 110, 112–14, 131–32, 141, 219, 220

  Perry, Matthew, 8, 9–10, 72, 106, 172

  persimmons, 3, 25

  Phipps, Catherine, 260n12

  photography, xx, 110–12, 114, 117–18, 125–28, 141, 204–5, 215, 219

  pilgrimage destinations, 154

  pocket watches, 117, 181, 204, 215

  Polesbroek, Dirk de Graeff van, 61

  pomegranates, 3

  porcelain: and Paris exposition of 1867, 130; trade in, 20, 30, 219

  porters, 45, 46, 179

  postal services, 168, 176–77

  pottery, trade in, 21, 30

  Poyntz, W. H., 58–59

  Pratt, Edward, 209

  prostitutes: brothel quarter of Edo, 15–16; brothel quarter of Yokohama, xx, 12, 15–16, 17, 26, 39, 42, 45, 58–63, 116, 144, 145, 167, 184; classes of, 62–63; health of, 184; as mistresses of foreigners (rashamen), 58–61; registration of, 60; suicides of, 62; as teahouse girls (meshimori onna), 61–62; and Yokohama fire of November 26, 1866, 145

  public health, 180, 183, 184–85, 186. See also diseases

  Qing dynasty, 9, 211

  quartz mining, 144, 146, 224

  racial hierarchy, 120, 219

  railway lines, 98, 166–67, 171, 172–74, 214, 218 />
  Rangan, William, 170

  rashamen, 58–61

  Revue des deux mondes, 130

  rice: price of, 136, 137; restrictions on export of, 28; shortages of, 137, 139

  rice-hulling machines, 121

  rice production, and Kōshū province, 1, 3, 5–6, 101, 121

  Richardson, Charles, attack and murder of, 78–79, 81, 82, 83, 97, 156

  rickshaws (jinrikisha), 125, 168, 171–72, 215

  Rinnōjinomiya, Prince, 159–60

  Rinzō (employee of Chūemon), death sentence of, 192–94

  Risley, Richard, 113–14, 131

  road building, 13, 14, 15, 86, 167, 168, 170

  rōjū (shogunal ministers), 9

  rōnin (masterless samurai), 61, 73, 75, 76, 133, 134, 140, 149, 153, 157

  rural capitalist system, 100

  Russia: and antiforeign sentiment, 71, 73; development of Siberia, 106; imperial expansion of, 8–9, 39; Japanese trade relations with, 11; military forces in Yokohama, 56; and telegraph, 177

  ryō: value of, 6, 95. See also currency

  Ryukyu Islands, 8

  Saigō Takamori, 160

  Saijo Matsuemon, 155

  sailors, 15, 50, 53–55, 55, 56, 60, 71, 74, 119, 180

  Saitō, Osamu, 209

  sake, drinking practices, 48

  sake shops, 45

  samurai class: abolition of, 187, 188, 203–4; antiforeign sentiment among, 61, 71–73, 76, 77–79, 83, 84, 92, 132–34, 140, 158, 208; and Edo, 5, 44, 139, 153–54, 157, 161; and food culture, 180; guarding of Yokohama, 74, 92; life-size models of samurai warriors, 130; masterless samurai, 61, 73, 75, 76, 133, 134, 140, 149, 153, 157; as proimperial loyalists, 76–77; Shinohara Chūemon’s attitude toward, 160; as Yokohama officials, 44, 49, 51

  San Francisco, California, 170, 194

  Satō Momotarō, 109

  Satō Sakichi, 16, 26, 60

  Satow, Ernest: on Japanese merchant class, 29, 32; and relationship with Japanese female partner of, 59–60; on sailors, 54; on samurai, 180; on Charles Wirgman, 110; on Yokohama fire of November 26, 1866, 145; on Yokohama Hotel, 107

  Satsuma domain: and antiforeign sentiment, 76; and Exposition universelle d’art et d’industrie in Paris, 130; and forces defeating shogunate, 109, 151–54, 157–58, 160, 175; imports from Ryukyu Islands, 8; and Richardson, 78–79, 82; Shinohara Chūemon’s attitude toward, 217; and western coalition, 151–52, 160, 175, 217

  Sawano Tatsugorō, 108

  Schoyer, Anna, 111

  Schoyer, Raphael, 111, 180

  seals (fur seals as medicine), 185–86

  seaweed (kajime), trade in, 24, 64

  Sekigahara, Battle of, 158

  Sekiguchi family, 171–72

  Sekino (mistress of foreign merchant), 61

  Sendagaya, 133

  servants, xx, 25, 45, 50, 52, 57–58, 60, 83

  Shanghai, 27–28, 30, 37, 106, 177, 178, 237n91

  Shibau, 17

  Shibaya store, 44

  Shibusawa Eiichi, 77

  shichifukujin (seven deities of wealth), 42

  Shigenoi Kinhisa, 190–91

  Shigesaku (peasant who sold his wife), 62

  Shikoku Island, 76

  Shimazu Hisamitsu (Saburō), 76–77, 78, 82

  Shimizu, Akira, 104, 246n50

  Shimizu Kisuke, 168

  Shimizu Seiichi, 61

  Shimoda, as port, 15

  Shimonoseki, 124

  Shimooka Renjō, 111–12, 126–29, 171, 204; Woman with Pipe, 128

  Shimosone, 103

  Shimura Jizaemon, 34, 99

  Shinagawa, 16, 17, 76

  Shinohara Asa (granddaughter of Chūemon), 89, 201, 202, 203

  Shinohara Chūemon (Yasutarō): and accommodation of visitors from Kōshū, 35, 45, 49; alliance capital model of, 96–97, 99, 144; annual family income of, 6; and antiforeign sentiments, 74–75, 76, 79, 80–81, 82; application for building lot in Yokohama, xvii, 3, 12–13, 17; application for license to trade with foreigners, xvii, 3, 8; and Benten festival in Yokohama, 42–43, 65; business partners of, 29–30, 32–33, 34, 63, 64, 75–76, 86, 87–88, 96, 97, 99, 101, 102, 104, 134, 162, 178, 197, 221; capital shortages of, 32–33, 34, 40, 54, 64–65, 67, 68, 89, 97, 148, 149, 166, 236n72; and competitive advantages, 197; correspondence of, xxi, 32, 34–35, 67–68, 76, 78, 223, 224–25; and cotton market, 94–98, 101; debts of, 32–33, 34, 39, 64–65, 67, 70, 71, 99–101, 146, 149–50, 153, 155–56, 166, 200, 224; and demand for gold, 38–39, 63; disputes with foreign merchants, 30, 31, 32, 39; in Edo bureaucracy as young man, 6, 7; entrepreneurial spirit of, 8, 166, 198, 213, 221, 223; as farmer, 3, 5, 6; fireproof storage building of, 65, 75, 145; global awareness of, 94–96, 98, 141, 214–15; grave of, 200, 201, 206, 223, 225; as hereditary headman, xvii, 5, 7, 45; and household registration, 188–89; on illnesses, 34–35, 65–67, 68, 185–86, 196; and imported Western products, 121; and information advantages, 97–98, 103, 104–5, 163–64, 168–69, 175–76, 178, 197, 215; inn of, 35, 165, 191, 192, 196, 197, 223, 224; as international trader, 105; and Japanese government’s restriction on trade volume, 32; and Japanese nationalism, 82–83, 90, 121–22, 141, 216–17, 218, 219; leveraged transactions of, 99; levy imposed on landholdings of, 152, 155; market risks of, 99, 166, 199, 213, 223, 225; and Meiji government, 187–89, 208, 215, 220; as merchant, 6, 7, 29, 40, 146–47, 166, 206, 207, 208, 220–21; money-exchange shop and lending shop of, 164–65, 190, 223; motivations of, 7, 29, 40, 168–69, 221–22, 223, 225; and newspapers, 175–76, 178; and opportunities in Yokohama, xviii, xix, xxii, 7, 39, 40, 80–81, 93, 105, 107, 121, 136, 141, 221; optimism of, 8, 39, 42, 68, 81, 85–86, 89, 101, 147, 149, 159, 166, 192, 216, 223, 225; pawning wife’s kimonos, 65–66, 96, 224; perceptions of time, 94, 163–64, 191, 215; photograph of, 112, 182, 201, 202, 203, 204–5, 215; physical appearance of, 2–3; on political destabilization, 133, 134–35; products traded by, 35–36, 63–64, 67–71, 86, 88, 102–3, 144, 148–49, 181–82, 186, 196, 197, 198–200, 210, 212, 221, 223–24; professional couriers (hikyaku) used by, 95, 98–99, 162, 163–64, 169, 176, 216; on railway line, 166–67, 174; relationship with foreign merchants, 50, 57, 96, 102; role in changes in Japan, 114; security concerns of, 162; silk business investment of, 87–88; and silk market, 101–3; and silkworm egg cards, 103–4, 134, 147–48, 149, 162–64, 191, 192, 194–96, 197, 214–15, 219, 223, 224; social class of, 4–5, 7, 65, 209; subletting of Yokohama shop, 65, 71; support network of, 86–88; on Toba-Fushimi battle, 157–59; trade in cash-based commodities, 6; on trade regulations, 93; trading Japanese products to local Japanese community, 63–64; and up-front payments, 236n72; Western-style tailor shop of, 108, 121, 182, 199, 224; wife of, xvii, 7, 34, 42, 65–66, 68, 70, 84, 87, 88, 96, 149, 165, 224; and Yokohama administration, 45; Yokohama shop of, 17–18, 21, 28–35, 29, 43, 49, 65, 68, 71, 84, 197, 200, 221

  Shinohara Fuki (daughter of Chūemon), 149

  Shinohara Katsusuke (son of Chūemon), 42, 49, 123, 149, 197, 201, 202, 224

  Shinohara Kinzaemon (brother of Chūemon), 7

  Shinohara Kinzaemon (father of Chūemon), 7

  Shinohara Kōshirō (grandson of Chūemon), 89, 201, 202, 203

  Shinohara Naotarō (son of Chūemon): and amulets and talismans of Shinto and Buddhist deities, 155; and Benten festival in Yokohama, 42–43; charcoal venture of, 68–69, 70, 87, 89; and consolation money for fire of November 26, 1866, 145; and cotton market, 96, 99; desire to join father in Yokohama, 35, 42, 71; and Ebisu Shrine festival, 195; family of, 201; illness of, 66, 68; and imported Western products, 121; and Japanese nationalism, 123; living in front of Yokohama shop, 65; management of business, 84, 87–89, 101, 144, 145–46, 149, 192–94, 196–97, 200, 224; and Merchants’ Association position, 87, 101; optimism of, 196; photograph of, 182, 201, 202, 203, 204–5, 215; products traded by, 182, 196–97; and railway line, 167; and silkworm egg cards, 148, 192, 194, 195; Take as wife of, 71, 84, 88–89, 101, 149

  Shinohara Seitarō (son of Chūemon), 42, 65,
70, 149, 185–86, 190

  Shinohara Shōjirō (son of Chūemon): and capital for Shinohara Chūemon, 32, 34, 64–65, 67, 68, 149; correspondence of, xxi, 34–35, 67–68, 76, 78, 87, 223; and cotton market, 94, 95, 96, 99; family responsibilities of, 86, 144; and household registration, 188–89; in Kantō region, xxii; management of family farm, xxii, 3, 34, 86, 149, 190, 224; negotiations on charcoal shipment, 69–70; and newspapers, 175; participation in business, 86–88; photograph of, 182, 201, 202, 203, 204–5; and secrecy of information from Shinohara Chūemon, 97, 103, 178; and silk market, 102; and silkworm egg cards, 104, 147, 163, 192, 195; as village official, 86–87, 164–65, 190, 203; wife of, 149

  Shinohara Yukio (great-great-grandson of Chūemon), 4, 200–201, 203, 205–6, 225

  Shinohara family, 5–7, 188–89, 200, 224

  Shinshū province: and commerce, 209; and Mito rebels, 134; and silk production, 13, 103, 104, 162

  Shinto deities, amulets and talismans bearing images of, 154–55

  Shirobei, 65

  Shiroemon, 199

  Siebold, Alexander von, 106

  Siebold, Phillip Franz von, 106

  silk: demand for, 102, 137; as export commodity, 33; foreign merchants’ demand for, 63; global market for, 137, 219; Japanese agents buying, 52; and Kantō region, xix, 139; paintings on, 130; price of, 137; smuggling of, 93; trade in, 6, 18, 20, 21, 24, 39, 45, 63, 93, 101, 102, 105, 135, 136, 137, 208–9, 210, 219; wholesalers of, 6, 91, 102

  silk by-products, 102–3, 148, 196

  silk cloth, 6, 64

  silk production: in Europe, 103; Japanese displays of, 130; and Kōshū province, 3, 5–6, 135–36, 210; in Nanbu domain, 144; and Ōshū, 13, 103, 104–5, 148; and Shinshū province, 13, 103, 104, 162

  silk-reeling factories, 136, 196

  silk-spinning equipment, 120, 196, 212

  silk thread: by-products of, 102; demand for, 63, 89, 91, 139; price of, 33, 103; reeling of, 6; trade in, xx, 30, 64, 136, 148, 198, 199, 208–9, 210

  silkworm cultivation, 3, 5

  silkworm egg cards: collapse of market, 194–95, 214–15; global market for, 219; in Nanbu domain, 144; price of, 162–63, 191, 195; trade in, 103–4, 105, 134, 136, 147–48, 149, 162–64, 192, 194, 196, 197, 210, 223, 224

  silkworm eggs, trade in, 64

 

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