The Merchant's Tale
Page 39
Lincoln, Abraham, 94
Lindau, Rodolphe, 26–27
liquor, 180–81
London Polytechnic, 128–29
London Times, 129
lumber, trade in, 64
Machida, 13
machinery, imports of, 109, 120, 121, 196
McMaster, John, 237n91
Maebashi, 13, 198
Maejima Hisoka, 176
manufactures and manufacturing: foreign merchants’ importing of, 32; and imported cloth, 179, 195, 212; in Japan, xx, 130; in Kantō region, 209, 210; quality of, 88; of rickshaws, 171–72; Shinohara Chūemon’s importing of, 186; of silkworm egg cards, 103, 104, 147; traveling exhibits of, 127, 129–30
Marxist scholars, 208
Masuda Bunkichi, 61, 108
Masuda Takashi, 110
Mataemon, 64
Matsudaya, 96
Matsui troupe, 112, 247n80
Matsujirō, 18, 34, 103
Matsumae domain, 8, 185–86
Matsuyama domain, 74, 151
measles epidemics, 34–35, 185
mediation, 31
medical practices: East Asian practices, 185–86; medicines imported from China, 53; Western practices, 123, 181, 183, 185, 186. See also diseases; public health
medicines, trade in, 8, 53, 64, 72, 185, 186, 210
Meiji (emperor), 151
Meiji government: and compulsory education, 187, 190; and household registration, 188–89; and land registration and taxation, 188; reformist policies of, xx, 182–83, 187–91, 207, 223; and utility of newspapers, 175; and village administration, 189–91
Meiji Restoration, xxii, 168, 187, 191, 207–8, 210–11, 215, 220, 222
merchant community of Yokohama: and China-based foreign merchant houses, 31–32, 52–53; Chinese employees of foreign merchants, 52, 53, 54; commercial culture of, 105–14; compradors, 52, 53; daily life of, xxi, 117; Dutch merchants, 19, 24, 73; entrepreneurial nature of, xix, 213; foreign merchants, 22–24, 30–32, 50–51, 52, 59–60, 77–78, 119, 176, 177; and information advantages, 175–78; information insurance system of, 75–76; and Japanese employees, 52; and Japanese servants, 57–58, 83; and market risk, 99, 213; merchant houses of Edo establishment, xix–xx, 12, 40; petty merchants, 45, 50; and private couriers, 176; and public health, 185; relationship of Japanese merchants and foreign merchants, 22–24, 30–32, 50, 51, 57, 77–78, 83, 92–93, 96, 138, 140, 156; rise of merchant elite, xix–xx
Merchants’ Association (Shōhō Kaisho), 87, 101
Metzler, Mark, 137
Mexico, 9
Mihara, Aya, 131, 247n80
Mikado (emperor), 76, 80, 158, 160
militaristic oligarchy, 208
militias, 132, 134, 213
Minami Shōzan, 146
missionaries: in Kanagawa, 24–25, 52, 108; in Yokohama, 50–51, 58, 109, 185, 219
mistresses of foreign merchants, 58–61, 193–94
Mitani, Hiroshi, 122
Mito domain, 72–73, 75, 132–33, 134, 156, 179, 218
Mito rebellion, 73–76, 132–34
Mitsui Hachirōemon, 43, 80–81
Mitsui merchant house: and government backing, 198–99; scandal of, 149–51, 153, 155, 156, 162, 198, 208, 213; in Yokohama, 12, 17, 18, 21, 43, 80–81, 93, 110, 213
Miyake Hiizu, 110
Mizuno Tadakuni, 12
Mizuno Taichi, 109
Mogi Sōbei, 198–99
Mokuya, 102
money-lending businesses, 100, 164–65, 190, 223, 245n33
Moss, Michael, 51
Moto, 62
Motoori Norinaga, 72
Mounicou, Pierre, 83
Mount Fuji, view from Kōshū Kaidō highway, 2
Mount Kinpusen, 144
Mount Tsukuba, 132–33
Mount Wayama, 146
moxibustion, 185
mulberry cultivation, 1, 3, 135, 136
municipal affairs, of Yokohama, 27, 180, 183, 184, 224
mushrooms, trade in, 24
Nabeya Jinbei, 153
Nagasaki: Chinese communities in, 52; Chinese merchants in, 8, 10; connections to Chinese ports, 106; foreigners in, 56, 92; houses of entertainment in, 15; and performing arts, 131; representations of, 115; and telegraph, 177–78; trade regulations in, 8, 10, 12
Nagayo Sensai, 183
Nakahagiwara village, 139
Nakaminato battle, 133
Nakasendō highway, 1, 134
Nakaya Tōsuke, 150
nakedness, 23, 46, 98, 124–25, 179
Namamugi village, 171–72
Nanbu domain, 143–44, 146
Napoléon III, 194
Narikomaya, 171
nationalism, Japanese: “brand” image, xx, 104, 131, 148, 219; and food culture, 181; meanings of, 123, 140–41; and Meiji Restoration, 208; and Shinohara Chūemon, 82–83, 90, 121, 122–23, 141, 216–17, 218, 219
Neale (British envoy), 77, 82, 84–85
Nenzi, Laura, 211
Netherlands: accounts of Japan, 249n109; Japanese trade relations with, 11, 92; military forces in Yokohama, 56. See also Dutch merchants
newspapers, 109, 174, 175–76, 178. See also Illustrated London News
Nijō Castle, 151, 152
Ningbo, 27
Nipponjin (Japanese people), 122, 123
nuts, 3, 25
Ochiai Yoshiiku, Five Nations: Merrymaking at the Gankirō Tea House, 59
Oda Nobunaga, 4
Odawara, 13, 171
Ogura Torakichi, 108
oil, price of, 136
Ōiso, 171
Okada family, 100
Okamura Kanemon, 149
Okamura Kanpei, 5, 34
Okamura Yasuke, 197
Okamura family, 4–5, 87, 149, 186, 224
Okinawan straw, 101
Oliphant, Laurence, 44, 238n9
Oliver, Samuel, 45
Ōmama town, 198
Opium Wars, 9, 39
oranges, 25
Osaka, 10, 92, 93
Osaka Castle, 151, 158
Ōshū: Shinohara Chūemon’s business interests in, 143–44, 164; and silk production, 13, 103, 104–5, 148
Ōshu Kaidō highway, 1
Ōtaya Sahei, 136
outcasts, 45, 46–47, 74
Owari domain, 157
P&O Company, 170
Pacific Mail Steamship Company, 170
packhorses, 33, 95, 169, 237n79
paper: and Paris exposition of 1867, 130; price of, 136; trade in, 64
peaches, 3, 205
pears, 3
peasant producers, and global markets, xx
peasant protests, 132, 135, 190–91
peddlers, 48
performing artists, 110, 112–14, 131–32, 141, 219, 220
Perry, Matthew, 8, 9–10, 72, 106, 172
persimmons, 3, 25
Phipps, Catherine, 260n12
photography, xx, 110–12, 114, 117–18, 125–28, 141, 204–5, 215, 219
pilgrimage destinations, 154
pocket watches, 117, 181, 204, 215
Polesbroek, Dirk de Graeff van, 61
pomegranates, 3
porcelain: and Paris exposition of 1867, 130; trade in, 20, 30, 219
porters, 45, 46, 179
postal services, 168, 176–77
pottery, trade in, 21, 30
Poyntz, W. H., 58–59
Pratt, Edward, 209
prostitutes: brothel quarter of Edo, 15–16; brothel quarter of Yokohama, xx, 12, 15–16, 17, 26, 39, 42, 45, 58–63, 116, 144, 145, 167, 184; classes of, 62–63; health of, 184; as mistresses of foreigners (rashamen), 58–61; registration of, 60; suicides of, 62; as teahouse girls (meshimori onna), 61–62; and Yokohama fire of November 26, 1866, 145
public health, 180, 183, 184–85, 186. See also diseases
Qing dynasty, 9, 211
quartz mining, 144, 146, 224
racial hierarchy, 120, 219
railway lines, 98, 166–67, 171, 172–74, 214, 218
Rangan, William, 170
rashamen, 58–61
Revue des deux mondes, 130
rice: price of, 136, 137; restrictions on export of, 28; shortages of, 137, 139
rice-hulling machines, 121
rice production, and Kōshū province, 1, 3, 5–6, 101, 121
Richardson, Charles, attack and murder of, 78–79, 81, 82, 83, 97, 156
rickshaws (jinrikisha), 125, 168, 171–72, 215
Rinnōjinomiya, Prince, 159–60
Rinzō (employee of Chūemon), death sentence of, 192–94
Risley, Richard, 113–14, 131
road building, 13, 14, 15, 86, 167, 168, 170
rōjū (shogunal ministers), 9
rōnin (masterless samurai), 61, 73, 75, 76, 133, 134, 140, 149, 153, 157
rural capitalist system, 100
Russia: and antiforeign sentiment, 71, 73; development of Siberia, 106; imperial expansion of, 8–9, 39; Japanese trade relations with, 11; military forces in Yokohama, 56; and telegraph, 177
ryō: value of, 6, 95. See also currency
Ryukyu Islands, 8
Saigō Takamori, 160
Saijo Matsuemon, 155
sailors, 15, 50, 53–55, 55, 56, 60, 71, 74, 119, 180
Saitō, Osamu, 209
sake, drinking practices, 48
sake shops, 45
samurai class: abolition of, 187, 188, 203–4; antiforeign sentiment among, 61, 71–73, 76, 77–79, 83, 84, 92, 132–34, 140, 158, 208; and Edo, 5, 44, 139, 153–54, 157, 161; and food culture, 180; guarding of Yokohama, 74, 92; life-size models of samurai warriors, 130; masterless samurai, 61, 73, 75, 76, 133, 134, 140, 149, 153, 157; as proimperial loyalists, 76–77; Shinohara Chūemon’s attitude toward, 160; as Yokohama officials, 44, 49, 51
San Francisco, California, 170, 194
Satō Momotarō, 109
Satō Sakichi, 16, 26, 60
Satow, Ernest: on Japanese merchant class, 29, 32; and relationship with Japanese female partner of, 59–60; on sailors, 54; on samurai, 180; on Charles Wirgman, 110; on Yokohama fire of November 26, 1866, 145; on Yokohama Hotel, 107
Satsuma domain: and antiforeign sentiment, 76; and Exposition universelle d’art et d’industrie in Paris, 130; and forces defeating shogunate, 109, 151–54, 157–58, 160, 175; imports from Ryukyu Islands, 8; and Richardson, 78–79, 82; Shinohara Chūemon’s attitude toward, 217; and western coalition, 151–52, 160, 175, 217
Sawano Tatsugorō, 108
Schoyer, Anna, 111
Schoyer, Raphael, 111, 180
seals (fur seals as medicine), 185–86
seaweed (kajime), trade in, 24, 64
Sekigahara, Battle of, 158
Sekiguchi family, 171–72
Sekino (mistress of foreign merchant), 61
Sendagaya, 133
servants, xx, 25, 45, 50, 52, 57–58, 60, 83
Shanghai, 27–28, 30, 37, 106, 177, 178, 237n91
Shibau, 17
Shibaya store, 44
Shibusawa Eiichi, 77
shichifukujin (seven deities of wealth), 42
Shigenoi Kinhisa, 190–91
Shigesaku (peasant who sold his wife), 62
Shikoku Island, 76
Shimazu Hisamitsu (Saburō), 76–77, 78, 82
Shimizu, Akira, 104, 246n50
Shimizu Kisuke, 168
Shimizu Seiichi, 61
Shimoda, as port, 15
Shimonoseki, 124
Shimooka Renjō, 111–12, 126–29, 171, 204; Woman with Pipe, 128
Shimosone, 103
Shimura Jizaemon, 34, 99
Shinagawa, 16, 17, 76
Shinohara Asa (granddaughter of Chūemon), 89, 201, 202, 203
Shinohara Chūemon (Yasutarō): and accommodation of visitors from Kōshū, 35, 45, 49; alliance capital model of, 96–97, 99, 144; annual family income of, 6; and antiforeign sentiments, 74–75, 76, 79, 80–81, 82; application for building lot in Yokohama, xvii, 3, 12–13, 17; application for license to trade with foreigners, xvii, 3, 8; and Benten festival in Yokohama, 42–43, 65; business partners of, 29–30, 32–33, 34, 63, 64, 75–76, 86, 87–88, 96, 97, 99, 101, 102, 104, 134, 162, 178, 197, 221; capital shortages of, 32–33, 34, 40, 54, 64–65, 67, 68, 89, 97, 148, 149, 166, 236n72; and competitive advantages, 197; correspondence of, xxi, 32, 34–35, 67–68, 76, 78, 223, 224–25; and cotton market, 94–98, 101; debts of, 32–33, 34, 39, 64–65, 67, 70, 71, 99–101, 146, 149–50, 153, 155–56, 166, 200, 224; and demand for gold, 38–39, 63; disputes with foreign merchants, 30, 31, 32, 39; in Edo bureaucracy as young man, 6, 7; entrepreneurial spirit of, 8, 166, 198, 213, 221, 223; as farmer, 3, 5, 6; fireproof storage building of, 65, 75, 145; global awareness of, 94–96, 98, 141, 214–15; grave of, 200, 201, 206, 223, 225; as hereditary headman, xvii, 5, 7, 45; and household registration, 188–89; on illnesses, 34–35, 65–67, 68, 185–86, 196; and imported Western products, 121; and information advantages, 97–98, 103, 104–5, 163–64, 168–69, 175–76, 178, 197, 215; inn of, 35, 165, 191, 192, 196, 197, 223, 224; as international trader, 105; and Japanese government’s restriction on trade volume, 32; and Japanese nationalism, 82–83, 90, 121–22, 141, 216–17, 218, 219; leveraged transactions of, 99; levy imposed on landholdings of, 152, 155; market risks of, 99, 166, 199, 213, 223, 225; and Meiji government, 187–89, 208, 215, 220; as merchant, 6, 7, 29, 40, 146–47, 166, 206, 207, 208, 220–21; money-exchange shop and lending shop of, 164–65, 190, 223; motivations of, 7, 29, 40, 168–69, 221–22, 223, 225; and newspapers, 175–76, 178; and opportunities in Yokohama, xviii, xix, xxii, 7, 39, 40, 80–81, 93, 105, 107, 121, 136, 141, 221; optimism of, 8, 39, 42, 68, 81, 85–86, 89, 101, 147, 149, 159, 166, 192, 216, 223, 225; pawning wife’s kimonos, 65–66, 96, 224; perceptions of time, 94, 163–64, 191, 215; photograph of, 112, 182, 201, 202, 203, 204–5, 215; physical appearance of, 2–3; on political destabilization, 133, 134–35; products traded by, 35–36, 63–64, 67–71, 86, 88, 102–3, 144, 148–49, 181–82, 186, 196, 197, 198–200, 210, 212, 221, 223–24; professional couriers (hikyaku) used by, 95, 98–99, 162, 163–64, 169, 176, 216; on railway line, 166–67, 174; relationship with foreign merchants, 50, 57, 96, 102; role in changes in Japan, 114; security concerns of, 162; silk business investment of, 87–88; and silk market, 101–3; and silkworm egg cards, 103–4, 134, 147–48, 149, 162–64, 191, 192, 194–96, 197, 214–15, 219, 223, 224; social class of, 4–5, 7, 65, 209; subletting of Yokohama shop, 65, 71; support network of, 86–88; on Toba-Fushimi battle, 157–59; trade in cash-based commodities, 6; on trade regulations, 93; trading Japanese products to local Japanese community, 63–64; and up-front payments, 236n72; Western-style tailor shop of, 108, 121, 182, 199, 224; wife of, xvii, 7, 34, 42, 65–66, 68, 70, 84, 87, 88, 96, 149, 165, 224; and Yokohama administration, 45; Yokohama shop of, 17–18, 21, 28–35, 29, 43, 49, 65, 68, 71, 84, 197, 200, 221
Shinohara Fuki (daughter of Chūemon), 149
Shinohara Katsusuke (son of Chūemon), 42, 49, 123, 149, 197, 201, 202, 224
Shinohara Kinzaemon (brother of Chūemon), 7
Shinohara Kinzaemon (father of Chūemon), 7
Shinohara Kōshirō (grandson of Chūemon), 89, 201, 202, 203
Shinohara Naotarō (son of Chūemon): and amulets and talismans of Shinto and Buddhist deities, 155; and Benten festival in Yokohama, 42–43; charcoal venture of, 68–69, 70, 87, 89; and consolation money for fire of November 26, 1866, 145; and cotton market, 96, 99; desire to join father in Yokohama, 35, 42, 71; and Ebisu Shrine festival, 195; family of, 201; illness of, 66, 68; and imported Western products, 121; and Japanese nationalism, 123; living in front of Yokohama shop, 65; management of business, 84, 87–89, 101, 144, 145–46, 149, 192–94, 196–97, 200, 224; and Merchants’ Association position, 87, 101; optimism of, 196; photograph of, 182, 201, 202, 203, 204–5, 215; products traded by, 182, 196–97; and railway line, 167; and silkworm egg cards, 148, 192, 194, 195; Take as wife of, 71, 84, 88–89, 101, 149
Shinohara Seitarō (son of Chūemon), 42, 65,
70, 149, 185–86, 190
Shinohara Shōjirō (son of Chūemon): and capital for Shinohara Chūemon, 32, 34, 64–65, 67, 68, 149; correspondence of, xxi, 34–35, 67–68, 76, 78, 87, 223; and cotton market, 94, 95, 96, 99; family responsibilities of, 86, 144; and household registration, 188–89; in Kantō region, xxii; management of family farm, xxii, 3, 34, 86, 149, 190, 224; negotiations on charcoal shipment, 69–70; and newspapers, 175; participation in business, 86–88; photograph of, 182, 201, 202, 203, 204–5; and secrecy of information from Shinohara Chūemon, 97, 103, 178; and silk market, 102; and silkworm egg cards, 104, 147, 163, 192, 195; as village official, 86–87, 164–65, 190, 203; wife of, 149
Shinohara Yukio (great-great-grandson of Chūemon), 4, 200–201, 203, 205–6, 225
Shinohara family, 5–7, 188–89, 200, 224
Shinshū province: and commerce, 209; and Mito rebels, 134; and silk production, 13, 103, 104, 162
Shinto deities, amulets and talismans bearing images of, 154–55
Shirobei, 65
Shiroemon, 199
Siebold, Alexander von, 106
Siebold, Phillip Franz von, 106
silk: demand for, 102, 137; as export commodity, 33; foreign merchants’ demand for, 63; global market for, 137, 219; Japanese agents buying, 52; and Kantō region, xix, 139; paintings on, 130; price of, 137; smuggling of, 93; trade in, 6, 18, 20, 21, 24, 39, 45, 63, 93, 101, 102, 105, 135, 136, 137, 208–9, 210, 219; wholesalers of, 6, 91, 102
silk by-products, 102–3, 148, 196
silk cloth, 6, 64
silk production: in Europe, 103; Japanese displays of, 130; and Kōshū province, 3, 5–6, 135–36, 210; in Nanbu domain, 144; and Ōshū, 13, 103, 104–5, 148; and Shinshū province, 13, 103, 104, 162
silk-reeling factories, 136, 196
silk-spinning equipment, 120, 196, 212
silk thread: by-products of, 102; demand for, 63, 89, 91, 139; price of, 33, 103; reeling of, 6; trade in, xx, 30, 64, 136, 148, 198, 199, 208–9, 210
silkworm cultivation, 3, 5
silkworm egg cards: collapse of market, 194–95, 214–15; global market for, 219; in Nanbu domain, 144; price of, 162–63, 191, 195; trade in, 103–4, 105, 134, 136, 147–48, 149, 162–64, 192, 194, 196, 197, 210, 223, 224
silkworm eggs, trade in, 64