The China-Pakistan Axis: Asia's New Geopolitics

by Andrew Small

  60. Author interviews in Beijing, Mar. 2010.

  61. Myra MacDonald, “Attack in Rawalpindi: are Pakistan’s militant groups uniting?”, Reuters, 10 Oct. 2009, http://blogs.reuters.com/pakistan/2009/10/10/attack-in-rawalpindi-are-pakistans-militant-groups-uniting/, last accessed 23 Jan. 2014.

  62. “Pakistan: Troops end attack on Karachi naval air base”, BBC, 23 May 2011, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13495127, last accessed 2 Feb. 2014.

  63. Asad Kharal and Salman Siddiqui, “PNS Mehran investigation: former navy commander arrested in Lahore”, Express Tribune, 31 May 2011, http:// tribune.com.pk/story/178747/pns-mehran-investigation-former-navy-commander-arrested-in-lahore/, last accessed 23 Jan. 2014.

  64. “Taliban claim attack on Minhas base; nine militants killed”, Dawn, 16 Aug. 2012, http://www.dawn.com/news/742608/militants-attack-pakistani-air-base-at-kamra, last accessed 23 Jan. 2014.

  65. Declan Walsh, “Militants attack Pakistani Air Force base”, New York Times, 16 Aug. 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/17/world/asia/pakistani-air-force-base-with-nuclear-ties-is-attacked.html, last accessed 24 Jan. 2014.

  66. Author interview in Beijing, Mar. 2009.

  67. Jeffrey Goldberg and Marc Ambinder, “The ally from hell”, The Atlantic, 28 Oct. 2011, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2011/12/the-ally-from-hell/308730/, last accessed 24 Jan. 2014.

  68. Author interviews in Washington, DC, Nov. 2012.

  69. Author interviews in Beijing, Feb. 2014.

  70. “China, Pakistan joint military exercise concludes”, People’s Daily, 19 Dec. 2006, http://english.people.com.cn/200612/19/eng20061219_333837.html, last accessed 24 Jan. 2014.

  71. Mathieu Duchâtel, “The Old Friend and the Three Evils: China’s Policy towards Pakistan”, paper prepared for 23rd Conference of the Association of Chinese Political Studies, Endicott College, Boston, 30 Jul.—1 Aug. 2010, p. 11.

  72. “Pak-China joint exercise Friendship 2006 continues”, Pak Tribune, 14 Dec. 2006, http://www.paktribune.com/news/print.php?id=163082, last accessed 24 Jan. 2014.

  73. Declan Walsh, “In hiding, Bin Laden had four children and five houses”, New York Times, 29 Mar. 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/30/world/asia/on-run-bin-laden-had-4-children-and-5-houses-a-wife-says.html?pagewanted=all, last accessed 2 Feb. 2014.

  74. Mark Mazzetti, “How a single spy helped turn Pakistan against United States”, New York Times, 14 Apr. 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/14/magazine/raymond-davis-pakistan.html?pagewanted=all&gwh=64CB3FDF640B3A8A39C770D7521FFBCF&gwt=pay, last accessed 2 Feb. 2014.

  75. Alex Spillius, “CIA suicide bomber ‘worked with bin Laden allies’”, Telegraph, 7 Jan. 2010, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/6944280/CIA-suicide-bomber-worked-with-bin-Laden-allies.html, last accessed 2 Feb. 2014.

  76. Jane Perlez, “Pakistan’s chief of army fights to keep his job”, New York Times, 15 Jun. 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/16/world/asia/16pakistan.html?pagewanted=all, last accessed 24 Jan. 2014.

  77. Jane Perlez, “China gives Pakistan 50 fighter jets”, New York Times, 19 May 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/20/world/asia/20pakistan.html,last accessed 24 Jan. 2014.

  78. Farhan Bokhari, “Pakistan turns to China for naval base”, Financial Times, 30 June 2011, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/3914bd36–8467–11e0-afcb-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2rbXPHMKc, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

  79. “Pakistani PM hails China as his country’s best friend”, BBC News, 17 May 2011, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13418957, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

  80. James Lamont and Farhan Bokhari, “China and Pakistan: an alliance is built”, Financial Times, 30 Jun. 2011, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/417a48c4-a34d-11e0–8d6d-00144feabdc0.html, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014; Sebastien Blanc, “China-Pakistan alliance strengthened post bin Laden”, AFP, 15 May 2011, http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gg3VbghEVKFnXDP7NJbT7L2O9QMg?docId=CNG.dd035276a74a1dfc4910aded0e7a6b3b.b71, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

  81. Author interviews in Islamabad and Beijing, Jun. 2011.

  82. Author interviews in Beijing, May 2011.

  83. Markey, Daniel, No Exit from Pakistan: America’s Tortured Relationship with Islamabad, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013, loc. 5465 of 7903 [IPAD 3rd Generation; MD366LL/A version].

  84. Zia Khan, “Eastern Alliance: Pakistan lobbying for defence pact with China”, Express Tribune, 27 Sep. 2011, http://tribune.com.pk/story/261311/eastern-alliance-pakistan-lobbying-for-defence-pact-with-china/,last accessed 24 Jan. 2014.

  85. Author interviews in Beijing, Feb. 2014.

  86. Sergei DeSilva-Ranasinghe, “China refutes Gwadar naval base conjecture”, Jakarta Post, 13 Jun. 2011, http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/06/13/china-refutes-gwadar-naval-base-conjecture.html, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

  87. Author interviews in Paris, May 2011.

  88. “Bin Laden raid: China ‘viewed US helicopter wreckage’”, BBC News, 15 Aug. 2011, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-14527170,last accessed 24 Jan. 2014; Sanger, David E., Confront and Conceal: Obama’s Secret Wars and Surprising Use of American Power, New York: Crown Publishing, 2012, 2012, p. 102.

  89. Author interviews in Washington, Nov. 2010.

  90. Author interviews in Washington, Jun. 2010.

  91. “Karl Eikenberry, Obama’s man in Afghanistan”, CNN, 12 Nov. 2009, http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/11/12/eikenberry.profile/index.html?eref=rss_latest, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

  92. Author interviews in Kabul, Aug. 2010.

  93. Ibid.

  94. Author interviews in London, Brussels, Washington and Beijing, Sep. 2008—Dec. 2010.

  95. “Full text of Chinese FM’s remarks at London Conference on Afghanistan”, Global Times, 28 Jan. 2010, http://www.globaltimes.cn/china/diplomacy/2010–01/502104.html, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

  96. Author interviews in Beijing and Washington, Jun. 2009.

  97. Aubrey Carlson, “SRAP Holbrooke’s April 15 dinner with Chinese foreign minister Yang Jiechi”, U.S. State Department Cable, 20 Apr. 2009, https://www.wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/09BEIJING1046_a.html, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

  98. See previous chapter for additional details.

  99. “The Enhanced Partnership with Pakistan Act”, USAID, 16 Dec. 2013, http://www.usaid.gov/pk/about/klb.html, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

  100. Aubrey Carlson, “China standing by on Afghanistan and Pakistan”, U.S. State Department Cable, 9 Mar. 2009, https://www.wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/09beijing606_a.html2009, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

  101. See Woodward, Bob, Obama’s Wars, New York: Simon & Schuster, 2010 for the blow-by-blow account.

  102. “Remarks by the President in Address to the Nation on the Way Forward in Afghanistan and Pakistan”, The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, 1 Dec. 2009, http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-address-nation-way-forward-afghanistan-and-pakistan,last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

  103. Author interviews in Kabul, Aug. 2010; Beijing, Jul. 2010 and Dec. 2009. 104. Author interviews in Beijing, Nov. 2011.

  105. “Action Request On U.S.-China Joint Assistance To Afghanistan”, U.S. State Department Cable, 22 Jan. 2010, https://www.wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/10STATE6320_a.html, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

  106. Author interviews in Beijing, Nov. 2011; “U.S.-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue 2011 Outcomes of the Strategic Track”, U.S. State Department, Office of the Spokesman, 10 May 2011, http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2011/05/162967.htm, last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

  107. “List of U.S.-China Cooperative Projects”, U.S. State Department Media Note, Office of the Spokesperson, 22 Jan. 2014, http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2014/01/220530.htm, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

  108. Richard Weitz, “Global Insights: China Ponders U.S. Withdrawal from Afghanistan”, World Politics Review, 6 Sep. 2011, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/9910/global-insights-china-ponders-u-s-with-drawal-fr
om-afghanistan, last accessed 26 Jan. 2014. 109. Author interviews in Beijing, Nov. 2011.

  110. Jonathon Burch and Myra MacDonald, “China takes higher-profile role in Afghan diplomacy—diplomats”, Reuters, 3 Nov. 2011, http://in.reuters.com/article/2011/11/02/idINIndia-60281020111102, last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

  111. Author interviews in Washington, DC, Jan. 2012.

  112. Iftikhar Firdous, “24 soldiers killed in NATO attack on Pakistan check post”, Express Tribune, 26 Nov. 2011, http://tribune.com.pk/story/297979/nato-jets-attack-checkpost-on-pak-afghan-border/, last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

  113. Author interviews in Washington, DC, Jan. 2012.

  114. “SCO admits Afghanistan as observer”, Dawn, 7 Jun. 2012, http://www.dawn.com/news/724732/sco-admits-afghanistan-as-observe, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

  115. “China, Afghanistan in strategic partnership”, China Daily, 8 Jun. 2012, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2012–06/08/content_15489241.htm, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

  116. “China’s security chief makes surprise visit to Afghan capital”, Bloomberg, 23 Sep. 2012, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012–09–23/china-s-security-chief-makes-surprise-visit-to-afghanistan-1-.html, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

  117. “China, Russia and India hold talks on Afghanistan”, Xinhua, 16 Jan. 2014, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2014–01/16/c_126017891.htm, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

  118. “India, China to hold first dialogue on Afghanistan”, Times of India, 17 Apr. 2013, http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013–04–17/india/38615480_1_first-ever-dialogue-close-ally-pakistan-xinjiang, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

  119. Author interviews in Beijing, Kabul and Washington, DC, 2012–13.

  120. Author interviews in Washington, DC, Feb. 2012.

  121. Author interviews in Beijing, Feb. 2014.

  122. Ibid.

  123. Author interviews in Beijing and Washington, DC, 2012–13.

  124. Matthew Rosenberg, “Karzai told to dump U.S.”, Wall Street Journal, 27 Apr. 2011, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052748704729304576287041094035816, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

  125. Ibid.

  126. Chidanand Rajghatta, “Pak tries to outflank US and India in Kabul with China card”, Times of India, 28 Apr. 2011, http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011–04–28/us/29482082_1_yousuf-raza-gilani-afghanpresident-hamid-karzai-shuja-pasha, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

  127. Author interviews in Islamabad, Jun. 2013.

  128. Author interviews in Beijing, Oct. 2012; Zhao Huasheng, “China and Afghanistan”, p. 4.

  129. Author interviews in Kabul, Feb. 2012.

  130. Author interviews in Beijing, Feb. 2014.

  131. Kenneth Lieberthal, “The American Pivot to Asia”, Foreign Policy, 21 Dec. 2011, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/12/21/the_american_pivot_to_asia, last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

  132. Hillary Clinton, “America’s Pacific Century”, Foreign Policy, 11 Oct. 2011, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/10/11/americas_pacific_century, last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

  133. Ryan Lizza, “The consequentialist”, New Yorker, 2 May 2011, http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/05/02/110502fa_fact_lizza?currentPage=all, last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

  134. Zhou Jinghao, “US containment frays China’s nerves”, Global Times, 25 Nov. 2013, http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/827508.shtml, last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

  135. Author interviews in Beijing, Jan. 2012–Dec. 2012.

  136. Wang Jisi, “Westward: China’s Rebalancing Geopolitical Strategy”, International and Strategic Studies Report 73, Center for International and Strategic Studies at Peking University, 2012, pp. 6–7.

  137. Ibid. p. 6.

  138. Author interviews in Beijing, Dec. 2012.

  139. Author interviews in Beijing, Dec. 2012, and Washington, DC, Sept. 2013.

  EPILOGUE: THE DRAGON MEETS THE LION

  1. Tariq Fatemi, “Chinese prime minister’s visit”, The Express Tribune, 21 May 2013, http://tribune.com.pk/story/552398/chinese-prime-ministers-visit/,last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

  2. Author interviews in Beijing and Islamabad, 2008–13.

  3. Author interviews in Islamabad, May 2013.

  4. “PML-N dominates Punjab, PTI rule K-P, PPP hold Sindh”, The Express Tribune, 12 May 2013, http://tribune.com.pk/story/548201/pml-n-dominates-punjab-pti-rule-k-p-ppp-hold-sindh/, last accessed 30 Nov. 2013.

  5. Bruce Riedel, “Nawaz Sharif, Pakistan’s comeback kid”, The Daily Beast, 14 May 2013, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/05/14/nawaz-sharif-pakistan-s-comeback-kid.html, last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

  6. Nawaz Sharif and Shahbaz Sharif, “Victory Speech, Election 2013”, Lahore, 11 May 2013.

  7. Faran Bokhari and Victor Mallet, “Nawaz Sharif takes steps to revive Pakistan’s economy”, Financial Times, 13 May 2013, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/374bc1a6-bbe8–11e2-a4b4–00144feab7de.html#axzz2lr7lLTWA, last accessed 27 Nov. 2013.

  8. Author interviews in Beijing, 2008–13.

  9. Paul Bonnicelli, “Pakistan’s Third Chance with Sharif ”, Foreign Policy, 20 May 2013, http://shadow.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/05/20/pakistans_third_chance_with_sharif, last accessed 26 Jan. 2013; Mira Sethi, “Watch the Throne”, The Caravan, 1 Apr. 2013, http://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/watch-throne, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

  10. “Nawaz Sharif ’s PML-N leads, Imran Khan’s PTI 2nd” Ibnlive.in.com, http://ibnlive.in.com/news/pakistan-polls-live-nawaz-sharifs-pmln-leadsimran-khans-pti-2nd/391076–56.html, last accessed 27 Nov. 2013.

  11. Ananth Krishnan, “China reaches out to Imran Khan amid stability fears”, The Hindu, 2 Nov. 2011, http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/china-reaches-out-to-imran-khan-amid-stability-fears/article2591996.ece,last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

  12. Zahir Shah Sherazi, “No enmity with the Taliban, says PTI CM-designate”, Dawn, 17 Mar. 2013, http://www.dawn.com/news/1027360/no-enmity-with-the-taliban-says-pti-cm-designate, last accessed 7 Nov. 2013.

  13. “A landmark decision for Balochistan and the monumental challenges ahead”, The Balochhal, 3 Jun. 2013, http://thebalochhal.com/2013/06/03/editorial-a-landmark-decision-for-balochistan-and-the-monumental-challenges-ahead/, last accessed 27 Nov. 2013.

  14. One of the more striking examples of Pakistan’s proliferation of new media outlets is the increased number and independence of television channels. In the year 2000, Pakistan had only three television channels, all of which were state-owned. By 2012, that number had increased to 89. See Huma Yusuf and Enrys Schoemaker, “The media of Pakistan: Fostering inclusion in a fragile democracy?”, BBC Media Action, Policy Briefing #9, September 2013.

  15. Declan Walsh, “Pakistani court widens role, atirring fears for stability”, New York Times, 22 Jan. 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/23/world/asia/pakistan-high-court-widens-role-and-stirs-fears.html?pagewanted=all,last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

  16. Author interview in Washington, DC, Jun. 2013.

  17. “China’s ‘princelings’ wield sway to shape politics”, New York Times, 13 Nov. 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/14/world/asia/chinas-princelings-wield-influence-to-shape-politics.html?pagewanted=all, last accessed 20 Jan. 2014.

  18. “Shadow of former president looms over China’s new leaders”, CNN, 16 Nov. 2012, http://edition.cnn.com/2012/11/15/world/asia/china-lead-ership-reaction-cheng-li/, last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

  19. “Everybody who loves Mr [sic] Xi, say yes”, The Economist, 16 Nov. 2013, http://www.economist.com/news/china/21589869-communist-party-calls-wide-ranging-economic-reforms-and-gives-itself-new-tools-implement, last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

  20. “Accumulated Regional Domestic Product”, Chinese National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), data collected in 2012.

  21. “China president opens Turkmenistan gas pipeline”, BBC, 14 Dec. 2009, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8411204.stm, last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

  22. “China-Kazakhstan pipeline starts to pump oil”, China
Daily, 15 Dec. 2005, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005–12/15/content_503709.htm, last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

  23. Keith Bradsher, “Hauling new treasure along the Silk Road”, New York Times, 20 Jul. 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/21/business/global/hauling-new-treasure-along-the-silk-road.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1&,last accessed 21 Jul. 2013.

  24. “Promote Friendship Between Our People and Work Together to Build a Bright Future”, Speech by Xi Jinping, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan, 7 September 2013, http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjb_663304/zzjg_663340/dozys_664276/gjlb_664280/3180_664322/3182_664326/t1078088.shtml, last accessed 25 May 2014.

  25. Ding Qingfen, Xue Chaohua and Chen Jia, “Western program new engine for growth”, China Daily, 20 Aug. 2013, http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2013–08/20/content_16905696.htm, last accessed 27 Nov. 2013.

  26. “PLA banner in Ladakh says ‘You are in China’ but Govt insists no intrusion”, India Today, 29 Apr. 2013, http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/chinese-troops-put-up-another-tent-in-ladakh/1/268364.html, last accessed 3 Feb. 2014.

  27. Manoj Joshi, “Making sense of the Depsang incursion”, The Hindu, 7 May 2013, http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/making-sense-of-the-depsang-incursion/article4689838.ece, last accessed 27 Nov. 2013.

  28. Li Keqiang, Written Address at New Delhi Airport, 19 May 2013, http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/topics/lkqipsg/t1043366.shtml, last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

  29. “BRICS and Africa: Partnership for Development, Integration and Industrialisation”, eTHekwini Declaration, Fifth BRICS Summit, 27 Mar. 2013, http://www.brics5.co.za/fifth-brics-summit-declaration-and-action-plan/, last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

  30. Ananth Krishnan, “BCIM corridor gets push after first official-level talks in China”, The Hindu, 21 Dec. 2013, http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/bcim-corridor-gets-push-after-first-officiallevel-talks-in-china/article5483848.ece, last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

  31. Harun ur Rashid, “BCIM Economic Corridor: A Giant Step Towards Integration,” Institute for Peace and Conflict Studies, Article #4172, 12 Nov. 2013, http://www.ipcs.org/article/india/bcim-economic-corridora-giant-step-towards-integration-4172.html, last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.