by Alan Palmer
55. Ibid., p. 136.
Chapter 16: Sovereignty and Sultanate
1. Ryan, Last of the Dragomans, pp. 122–6; Lewis, pp. 234–5; Davison, Essays, p. 208; Edib, Turkish Ordeal, pp. 7–20.
2. Calthorpe to Curzon, 6 June 1919, FO 406/41/58; Shaws, p. 329.
3. See the biographical entry on Mehmed VI in EI ii.
4. Shaws, p. 333.
5. Quoted in EI ii entry cited above.
6. Kinross, Atatürk, p. 137.
7. Fromkin, Peace to End All Peace, provides the most recent and detailed commentary on these events, which may also be followed in DBF, series 1, vol. 4. For the American side, H.N. Howard, Turkey, the Straits and U.S. Policy, pp. 51–109.
8. M. Llewellyn-Smith, Ionian Vision, gives the best modern account of Greek activities, with Toynbee’s Western Question in Greece and Turkey providing a contemporary attempt to place these events in a historical setting.
9. Ryan, op. cit., pp. 129–31.
10. Kinross, op. cit., p. 158. Kemal described his activities in considerable detail in his thirty-six-hour Speech to the Grand National Assembly of October 1927. The 724-page English-language version covers these events on pp. 24–57.
11. National Pact: Mears, Modern Turkey, pp. 629–31; summarized by Kinross, pp. 531–2; Davison, Essays, pp. 211–12.
12. Chapter 23 of Kinross, op. cit.; Ryan, op. cit., p. 141.
13. Ibid., pp. 142–7; Gilbert, Churchill, vol. 4, chapter 27, notably pp. 476 and 487.
14. See the letters from Robeck to Curzon in DBF, vol. 13, especially nos 17 and 32.
15. Lawrence’s letter of February 1915 is cited by Kedourie, p. 98.
16. See the record of Allied conferences in DBF, vol. 7, nos 36–8, no. 50 and no. 55.
17. Memorandum by Earl Curzon on the future of Constantinople, DBF, vol. 4, no. 646; Nicolson, Curzon, pp. 212–15.
18. Curzon Memorandum (as above).
19. Martin Gilbert, Sir Horace Rumbold, pp. 219–24; Shaws, p. 349; Lewis, p, 246.
20. Kinross, op. cit., p. 222.
21. Robeck to Curzon, 9 March 1920, DBF, vol. 13, no. 17, p. 18.
22. Davison, Essays, p. 215; Anderson, pp. 367–8; Gilbert, Churchill, vol. 4, pp. 485–8.
23. Anderson, p. 368; Kinross, op. cit., p. 233.
24. Nicolson, Curzon, pp. 160–74 may be supplemented by relevant documents in DBF, vol. 12.
25. Kinross, op. cit., chapter 32.
26. Gilbert, Churchill, vol. 4., pp. 600–01.
27. Rumbold to Curzon, 20 January 1921; Gilbert, Rumbold, pp. 228–30.
28. Rumbold to King George V, 13 December 1930, ibid., p. 224.
29. C. Harington, Tim Harington Looks Back, p. 90.
30. A. Hayder, A Prince of Arabia, p. 242.
31. Gilbert, Rumbold, p. 238.
32. Ward Price, Extra Special Correspondent, p. 129 and Kinross, op. cit., chapter 40.
33. D. Walder, The Chanak Affair, pp. 303–18; Gilbert, Churchill, vol. 4, chapter 45; Harington, op. cit., pp. 100–28.
34. On Mudanya: Harington, pp. 117–28; Davison, Essays, p. 224.
35. Kinross, op. cit., p. 344.
36. Ibid., p. 348; Shaws, p. 365.
37. Kemal, Speech, pp. 377–9.
38. A photograph of the document is among the illustrations in Harington’s book.
39. Much of Harington’s vivid account (pp. 129–31) is reproduced in Kinross, op. cit., pp. 349–51. Turkish newspaper reminiscences were used by Alderson, p. 72. See also Hayder, op. cit., pp. 249–50 and Walder, op. cit., pp. 333–5.
Epilogue: Ottomans Moribund
1. Alderson, p. 73.
2. G. Young, Constantinople, pp. 111–12; reprinted in L. Kelly’s Istanbul, pp. 253–4.
3. Lewis, pp. 256–8; Kemal, Speech, p. 668–9.
4. Davison, Essays, pp. 225–31; and compare the classic account of the Conference in Nicolson, Curzon, chapters 10 and 11. See also Gilbert, Rumbold, pp. 280–9, and Ryan, Last of the Dragomans, pp. 174–98.
5. Lewis, p. 350; Yapp, Near East since the First World War, pp. 78–9, 147, 156–7.
6. Kinross, Atatürk, p. 357.
7. C. Harington, Tim Harington Looks Back, p. 134; Walder, Chanak, pp. 349–52.
8. Kemal, Speech, pp. 657–9; Lewis, pp. 254–6; Shaws, p. 368.
9. Kemal, Speech, p. 683.
10. Lewis, p. 258; A. Hayder, A Prince of Arabia, pp. 268–70.
11. Ryan, op. cit., p. 213.
12. Enver’s fate, Fromkin, Peace to End All Peace, pp. 485–90; Cavit and Nazim’s fate, Kinross, Atatürk, pp. 428–33. For later careers of CUP members, Ahmad, pp. 166–81.
13. Yapp, op. cit., pp. 3–4, 37–8, 227–9.
14. Lewis, p. 437; and see above, chapter 3, p. 32.
15. A. Hayder, op. cit., p. 250 (‘weak-kneed’), p. 266 (‘disintegration’).
16. Pilgrimage, Alderson p. 126; death and burial, ibid., pp. 109 and 111.
17. Alderson, p. 109 and p. 111.
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