Jassim the Leader: Founder of Qatar
Page 22
migration of the Al Khalifa to Zubara 143
Mubarak Al Sabah takes power 147
Muhammad bin Khalifa’s exile 94
and pearl trade 31, 32
secret treaty between British and Mubarak (1899) 152–53, 180
Kuwait, Qayamaqam of 138
Kyushu, Japan 166
Laqta, Qatar 45
Lawrence, HMS 156
Lawrence of Arabia (film) 25
Le Père, Jacques-Marie 97, 98
Leete, Alfred 149
Lingeh 41, 63
Liwa, Dhafra, Abu Dhabi 128
Lorimer, David 17, 22, 42
Lorimer, Emily 17
Lorimer, John: Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf xviii, 160–62
Louis XIV, King of France 57, 125
Lousa, Counts of 7
Lowe, Captain William 66–67
Lowther, Sir Gerald 177
Lusail, Qatar 49, 140, 150, 151, 156, 160, 168, 170, 176, 182
Lynch Company 99
Ma’adid tribe 17, 48, 59, 64, 71
McMahon, Sir Arthur 180
Magan (later Oman) 2
Mahandah tribe 48, 94
Mahir Pasha, Mutasarrif of Hasa 174, 176
Mahmudiye (warship) 144
Malacca 7
Manai tribe 71
Manama, Bahrain 64, 145, 163, 167
Manasir tribe 48, 49, 114, 119
Battle of Wajba 134
maps xvi–xviii
Margharita of Savoy, Queen of Italy 30
Maria Fiodorovna, Empress 30
Maria Theresa, Empress 40
Marie Antoinette 30
Marja, Helmand province 113
Markhiya, Qatar 45
Martini, Friedrich von 113
Martini-Henry rifle 113, 114, 128
Mashabiyya, Qatar xiv
al-Masudi, Abu al-Hasan 4, 5
Muruj al-dhahab 4
Mecca, Saudi Arabia 99
sacked by Qarmatians (930) 6
Medina, Saudi Arabia 99
sacked by Qarmatians (930) 6
Mehmed Hafiz Pasha, Wali of Basra 124, 125, 133–39
Menasir clan 27
Merih (a corvette) 116
Merrikh (warship) 135, 138, 139
Merwab, Joghbi region 3
Mesaieed, Qatar 27
Mesaimeer 72, 135
Battle of (1849) 28
Mi’daad bin Mushrarraf 82
Midhat Pasha
and British Bahrain 108
career of 100–101
claims that Jassim and his father invited invasion 102–3
death 101
Jassim expects to benefit from the alliance 105
plans invasion of eastern Arabia 100, 101
plans for the region 106–7
sends spies to Doha 101–2
Minangkabau 166
Mindarus, Admiral 75–76
Mirza Abed Kasim 81
Mise, Tatsuhei 31
Money, Sir Leo Chiozza 149
Mongols 6
mother-of-pearl 36, 38
Mubarak Al Sabah, Sheikh 135, 138, 147, 152, 162, 163, 176
Mubarak bin Abdullah 67, 69, 72, 74, 76
Muhammad, Prophet 4, 17
Muhammad, Sheikh 23
Muhammad Al Sabah 147
Muhammad Ali (later Muhammad Ali Pasha) 21, 54, 64, 98
Muhammad bin Hamad (Jassim’s great-great-great-grandson) 28
Muhammad bin Khalifa, Sheikh 71
asks the Naim for protection 91
attacks Wakra, Bida and Doha (1867) 90–91
and Battle of Fuwairit 68, 69
bin Turaif helps him defeat Sheikh Abdullah 63, 64
blockade of Qais 75
and Captain Lowe 66, 67
co-rule with Sheikh Abdullah 50
exile 94
flees to Khor Hasan (1868) 91
and Jassim’s imprisonment 87, 89
meeting with bin Turaif 65
meeting with Major Smith 103–4
naval blockade of Doha 74
orders army to be landed at Zubara 68
Pelly demands his apprehension 92
plots against brother Ali 94, 110
relationship with the British 84–85
supported by Muhammad bin Thani 64
tribute issue 77, 82, 83, 84
Muhammad bin Said Al bu Kuwara, Sheikh of Wakra 64–65, 84
Muhammad bin Thani, Sheikh (Jassim’s father) 12, 19, 20
and agreement of 1868 92, 93
Ali agrees not to harass his people and business 76
anger at Naim payment 93–94
appearance 62
and the Battle of Fuwairit 68
character 24, 62
and constant threat of Ottoman domination 39
death 112
decides to end Bahraini intimidation 73–74
and departure of Al bu Kuwara 55
diplomatic skills 62
dress style 28, 62, 82
enduring fortunes 46
escapes from Muhammad bin Khalifa’s attack (1867) 91
established as the foremost leader in Qatar 78
favours alliance with the British 80
first mentioned in a British source 59
freed of Bahraini harassment 78
increasing dependence on Jassim 79
and Jassim’s education 20
moves to Doha 70
and pearl industry 19, 30, 40
power shifts to Jassim 95, 109
raised at Fuwairit 19
realises that Faisal is preparing to invade Bahrain 71
recognised as ruler of Qatar 92–93
refuses to pay tribute to Rashid bin Jabir 86
relationship with Jassim 80–82, 89, 184
supports Muhammad bin Khalifa’s claim 64
and Zubara 111
Muhammad Effendi 54, 55
Muhammad ibn Abd ul-Wahhab, Sheikh 9–10, 118–22, 139, 154–55
Muhammad ibn Rashid 102
Muharraq 52, 63, 68, 76, 87, 145, 146
Muhurrem Pasha, Wali of Basra 174
Mukenis, Qatar xviii
Mundhir bin Sawa al-Tamimi 3–4
Muqrin ibn Zamil, King 7
Murair, fort of 18
Murray, ‘Hippopotamus’ 161
Musa’id 28, 72
al-Musallam tribe 22
Muscat 8, 9, 33
Sultan of 52, 55
Mushairib, Qatar 45
al-Mu’tamid, Caliph 5
al-Mutanabbi, Abu Tayyib Ahmad ibn al-Husayn 87–88
Nadir Shah 8–9
Nafiz Pasha 102, 104
Naim tribe 48, 49, 70, 79–80, 85, 86, 89, 91, 109–12, 147, 184
Najd, Saudi Arabia 54, 63, 69, 71, 82, 83, 84, 91, 106, 124, 172, 185
Al bu Sumayt’s strong links 19
Banu Tamim controls 18
Faisal bin Turki controls 70
harassed by Abdullah bin Faisal’s confederates 105
Midhat Pasha’s invasion of 100, 102
and potential settlement in Zubara 125
as a refuge to tribes 100
and tribute issue 85, 86, 93–94
Wahhabi state 48
Najd Mutasarrifiyya (governate) 106
Napoleon Bonaparte 9, 11, 97, 98
Nasir bin Mubarak 110, 111, 133, 142, 144, 145
Navarino, Battle of (1827) 144
Necho II 98
Nemit Effendi, Major 169, 170
Newton, Sir Isaac 165
Nezih Bey 117, 119, 120–21, 122
Nicholas I, Tsar of Russia 100
Nicholas II, Tsar of Russia 100
Niebuhr, Karsten, Voyage en Arabie xvii
Niebuhr, Karsten xvii
Nishikawa, Tokishi 31
Nott, Captain A.H. 57
Nu’aijah, Qatar 45
oil
discovery of (1940) xix
first oil wells drilled at Dukhan ridge xiii
international oil companies es
tablished 12
Oman 2
Abdullah bin Faisal plans to send troops to 95
keen to see Bahrain’s destruction 51
pearl trade 31
successes of 8, 9
support of Rahma 22
Trucial Oman 19, 31, 48
Omani army 51
Omani navy 9, 10
Omer Bey 107
‘Operations for the Maritime Truce’ (1835) 53
Ottoman army 100, 102, 105, 107, 126, 128, 150, 159, 169, 184
11th Marksmen Battalion 134, 135–36
Ottoman Council of Ministers 129–30, 133
Ottoman embassy, London 147
Ottoman Empire 75, 99, 100, 101, 108, 122, 124, 147, 150, 153, 157, 168, 174, 177
Ottoman navy 144
Ottomans
Anglo-Ottoman relations 108, 109
attempts to subdue the Wahhabi movement 10
British efforts to keep them away from eastern Arabia 83
driven out of eastern Arabia by Banu Khalid 18
Jassim given freedom to control his own affairs 132
leave Qatar 15, 180, 181
and Martini-Henry rifle 113, 114
Ministry for War 137
outnumbered by Russian forces 114
and the Portuguese 7–8
reinvasion by (1870) 45
relationship with Jassim 103, 104, 105, 112, 114–15, 116, 123, 124, 185
Supreme Council 120, 121
tribesmen paid for safe passage 47
P&O (Peninsula and Oriental) company 98
Palgrave, Sir Francis 62
Palgrave, William Gifford 24, 30–31, 61, 62, 81
A Year’s Journey through Central and Eastern Arabia 61
pearl trade 29–43
Bahrain at centre of the Gulf’s pearl market 20
Banyan middlemen 115, 122
confiscation of Jassim’s pearls 123
crash of pearl market 32, 186
debt 32–33
declining numbers of pearls 38
in Doha 71
effect of depressions on 31, 173
‘fish-eyes’ 2
and health effects 30–31, 35–36, 37
and Japanese pearl farms 31–32
Jassim’s father’s and grandfather’s connections 19
a main source of Qatari income 6
money values 38–39
pearl divers 34–38
pearling fleets 29, 95, 141, 143, 146, 147, 184
pearls help to provide for Qatar’s independence 31
Qatar’s pearl banks xvii, 4, 22
the season 37
taxation 40–41, 173
and tribute payment 94
the West’s fascination with pearls 29–30
Pelly, Captain 142, 143, 144, 145, 146
Pelly, Colonel Lewis 80, 85, 86, 91–95, 103–4, 109
Perpetual Maritime Truce (1853) 13
Perpetual Truce of Peace and Friendship (1861) 78, 82, 90
Persepolis 2
Persia: relations with Qatar 2–3
Persia, Shah of 74
Philby, Harry St John (‘Sheikh Abdullah’) 61
Phoenician merchants 2
Pigeon, HMS 144, 145
piracy 12, 13, 20, 21, 58, 59, 65, 71, 78, 111, 126, 131–32
Pirates of the Caribbean (film) 40
Plassey, HMS 144
Portugal
forced to withdraw 7, 8
violent domination of the Gulf 7
Prideaux, Captain Francis Beville 16–17, 93, 160, 163, 171–72, 175–76, 178, 181
primogeniture 79
Psyche, HMS (survey vessel) xviii, 23, 49
Pyramus, HMS 181
Qais Island 56–57, 63, 66, 69, 72, 74, 75, 76
Qarmatians 5–6
Qasim, canonical judges 107
Qasimi navy 10, 11
Qasimi tribal confederacy 10–11
Qasimi-British War 10
Qasr al-Subaih 176
Qatar
achieves autonomy 179–82
Administrative Council 118
agreement of 1868 93, 106, 139, 185
and Bahraini dynastic disputes 62
British survey of (1822–5) xviii, 49
camels in 4, 42–43, 112, 114
canonical judges 107
clan conflict 19
coastal settlement 167
destruction of villages xii
early references to xvi
economic conditions 172–73
fails to become part of Trucial system 12
first roads and schools 41
gas reserves 186
geography xiii–xiv
horse breeding 4, 28
imports 43
Jassim’s achievement as founder of the modern state xii, 181–82, 186
lack of agriculture 45
loss of strategic importance 3
the name xvii
Ottoman flags in 103, 104, 112, 141–42, 158, 177
Ottomans leave 15, 107
payment to Naim officially removed (1880) 94
pearls help to provide for Qatar’s independence 31
politicised youth 50–57
problems of passing power in 166
relations with Persia 2–3
rich and influential xi
and slavery 33–34
treaty acknowledges her sovereignty (1916) 15, 33
tribes and political structure 46–50
unification of xii, xix
vulnerable to raids by Saud bin Faisal’s troops 105
world’s highest GDP per capita xix
Qatari Peninsula 50, 70, 143, 174, 175, 180
Qatif, Saudi Arabia 7, 23, 50, 51, 68, 100, 106, 172
blockade of 75, 76
canonical judges 107
Muhammad bin Khalifa’s exile 94
Ottoman occupation of 102, 139
Qazvin, Persia 8
Quisling, Vidkun 109
Quran 20, 29, 88, 150
Ragragi, Jassim 53, 57, 58, 59
Rahma bin Jabir 21–24, 50, 51, 76, 144
Rahman, Habibur 50
Rais, Admiral Salman 7–8
Rakan, Qatar xvii
Ras Abu Abboud, Qatar 50
Ras al-Barr 145
Ras al-Khaimah 10, 11, 23, 58, 151
Ras al-Zaayen 122
Ras Laffan 144
Ras Rakkan 53
Ras Tanura 146
Ras Umm al-Hasa 145
Rashid 155, 184
Rashid bin Abdallah 76
Rashid bin Faddal, chief of Wakra 77
Rashid bin Jabir 86, 93, 94, 105
Rasim Bey, Colonel 138
Red Sea 7–8, 99
Redbreast (warship) 171
Riyadh 54, 82, 86, 102, 107, 181
canonical judges 107
Riza, Ali, Wali of Basra 119, 121, 137
Ross, Colonel Edward Charles 109, 110, 111, 123
Royal Navy 23, 36, 42, 49, 62, 67, 73, 82, 83, 99, 103, 111–12, 122, 144
Rupert, Prince, of the Rhine 28
Ruwais, Qatar 18, 22, 49, 51
al-Saddiq, Khalid 34
Sadler, Major James 140
Safavids 8
Said, Sultan Sayyid 51
Said bin Sultan Al bu Said 9
Said bin Tashnun, Sheikh 73
Said Effendi 137, 138
Said Pasha 98, 133
Sakhama oasis, Qatar 16, 45
Salafi 155
Salah Bey 9
Salama, Sultan bin 52
Salim bin Shaif 121
Salman bin Nasir al-Suwaidi 57, 58–59, 63
Salman bin Yetama 152
Salwa, Qatar xviii, 135, 170
Samarra, Iraq 5
Sao Gabriel 6–7
Saud bin Faisal (son of Faisal bin Turki) 91, 100, 102, 105
Saudi Arabia
House of Saud takes control 10
and rise of Muhammad Ali 21
Saudi civil war 105
/> Second Saudi State 63, 132, 155
slavery 33
Third Saudi State 171
Scott, William 131
Secret Service 162
Selim I, Sultan 7
Sesostris, HMS 58
Seymour, H.D. 74–75
Sharjah 10, 151
1835 agreement 13
Sharjah, Sheikh of 161
Shebaka fortress 135
sheikhs 47, 48, 168
Sheil, Colonel Justin 74–75
Shia sect 5
Siemens, Dr George 179
Sikak, Qatar 18, 45
Sila, Abu Dhabi 129
Silvy, Camille 65
Sind, HMS 91
Sindbad stories 4
Siraf, Iran 6, 56
Siraj al-Dawla 62
Slave (Zanj) Rebellion 5
slavery 5, 33–34, 98
Smith, Major Sidney 94, 95, 103–4
Snellen, Dr Herman 149, 150
Sohar, Oman 5
South Africa: Boer republics 179
South Sea Bubble 165
Sphinx, HMS 142, 148, 158
Strait of Hormuz 56
Sublime Porte 54, 83, 98, 99, 100, 105, 108, 112, 115, 117, 121, 122, 124, 132, 133, 134, 136, 141, 145, 152, 153, 156, 158, 159, 163, 174, 175, 179, 180, 185, 186
al-Sudairi, Ahmad 68, 76, 77
Sudan tribe 48, 57, 58, 59, 63, 94, 171
Suez Canal 98–99
Sulaiman bin Zahar 104
al-Sulaithi tribe 22, 71
Suleiman the Magnificent 7
Sultan, brother of Sheikh Khalifa bin Shakhbout 56
Sultan bin Muhammad 140, 141, 142, 143, 146
Sultan tribe 48, 145
Sumaysma, Qatar 49
Sumer 2
sacred poetry 1
al-Suwaidi, Sultan bin Nasir 171
Taif, Arabia 101
Talas, Battle of, Kyrgyzstan (751) 4
Talbot, Colonel Adelbert Cecil 138, 139
Taqi’l-Din Pasha, governor of Baghdad 118
Teixeira, Pedro xvii
Thani bin Muhammad (Jassim’s grandfather)
leads the Al Thani 19
moves to Fuwairit 19
a prominent pearl trader 19
in Zubara 19, 111
Tigris, HMS 58, 75
Tigris River 99
Timur 8, 52
Tripolitan war 180
Trucial coast xviii, 28, 53, 114, 185
Trucial States 33
Trucial system 12, 151, 152, 153, 163, 182
Turki bin Abdullah, Emir 51
Turkish General Staff 113–14
Turkish government 99
ultimogeniture 166
Umm al-Qaiwain 11, 151
Umm Said oil terminal, Qatar xvii
United Arab Emirates 12
Uqair, Saudi Arabia 51, 70, 102, 176
Uraiq wells 168
Uruk, King of 1
Ushayqir, al-Washm, Najd, Saudi Arabia 18
Uthman, Bahraini governor bin 68
Vandermaelen, Philippe: Universal Atlas xvii–xviii
Vasco da Gama 7
Vermeer, Johannes: Girl with a Pearl Earring 30
Vestal (East India Company ship) 23, 59
Vigilant, HMS 92
Villiers, Alan 36–37
von Marschall von Bieberstein, Baron 179–80