Colours of Violence

by Kakar, Sudhir

  20. Sudhir Kakar, Shamans, Mystics and Doctors (New York: A.Knopf, 1982), chap. 3.

  20. Moses, ‘The Group Self’, 63.

  21. Emile Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of Religious Life (1912) (New York: Free Press, 1965).

  Chapter Seven

  1. See Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, eds., Fundamentalisms and the State, vol. 3 of The Fundamentalism Project (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), 3. For a review of scholarly discussion of and unhapiness with such terms as ‘fundamentalism’ and ‘revivalism’, see Sadik J. Al-Azm, ‘Islamic Fundamentalism Reconsidered: A Critical Outline of Problems, Ideas and Approaches, Part 1’, South Asia Bulletin 13 (1993), 93–121.

  2. M. S. Agwani, Islamic Fundamentalism in India (Chandigarh: Twenty-first Century India Society, 1986). See also M. Ahmad, ‘Islamic Fundamentalism in South Asia: The Jamaat-i-Islami and the Tablighi Jamaat’, in M. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, eds., Fundamentalisms Observed (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 457–530.

  3. For a discussion of a community or a nation’s inability to mourn—in this case Germany after the Second World War—see A. Mitscherlich and M. Mitscherlich, Die Unfähigkeit zu Trauern (Munich: Piper Verlag, 1968). See also V. Volkan, The Need to Have Enemies and Allies: From Clinical Practice to International Relationships (Northvale, N.J.: Jason Aronson, 1988).

  4. For a psychopathological treatment of fanaticism, see A. Haynal, ed., Fanaticism: A Historical and Psychoanalytical Study (New York: Schocken Books, 1983.

  5. Lewis, The Political Language of Islam, 7.

  6. Marty and Appleby, Fundamentalisms and the State, 631.

  7. Meira Likierman, ‘The function of anger in human conflict’, International Review of Psychoanalysis 14, no. 2 (1987): 143–62.

  8. For a fuller discussion of competition between ethnic groups, see V. D. Volkan, D. A. Julius, and J. V. Montville, The Psychodynamics of International Relationships (Lexington, Ky.: Lexington Books, 1990).

  Chapter Eight

  1. Andrew Samuels, The Political Psyche (London: Routledge, Kegan and Paul, 1993), 11-12.

  2. See Phillipe Wolff, ‘The 1391 Pogrom in Spain: Social Crisis or Not?’ Past and Present 50 (1971), 4–18; George Rudé, The Crowd in History: A Study of Popular Disturbances in France and England, 1848 (New York, 1964); Janine Estebe, Tocsin pour un massacre (Paris, 1968). For the ‘clash of economic inerests’ theory of religious-ethnic conflicts in South Asia see, Veena Das (ed.) Mirrors of Violence (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1990).

  3. Michael Walzer, ‘Nations and minorities’, in C. Fried, ed., Minorities: Community and Identity (Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1982), 219-27.

  4. The leading proponent of the theory that the international environment, especially the ending of colonial rule, is responsible for ethnic conflict is D. Horowitz; see his Ethnic Groups in Conflict (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1985).

  5. Sigmund Freud, ‘Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego’ (1921), Standard Edition, vol. 18.

  6. Erikson, Identity Youth and Crisis, 46. See also Janine Puget, ‘The Social Context: Searching for a Hypothesis’, Free Associations 2, no. 1 (1991).

  7. Davis, 156–60.

  8. D. W. Winnicott, ‘Communicating and Not Communicating Leading to a Study of Certain Opposites,’ in his The Maturational Process and the Facilitating Environment (New York: International Universities Press, 1963), 187. For a succinct discussion of contemporary psychoanalytic thinking on self and relatedness, see Alice R. Soref, ‘The Self, in and out of Relatedness’, The Annual of Psychoanalysis, vol. 20 (1992), 25-48.

  9. Oscar Patterson, ‘The Nature, Causes and Implications of Ethnic Identification’, in Fried, 25–50.

  10. David Rapoport, ‘Comparing Militant Fundamentalist Movements’, in Marty and Appleby, Fundamentalisms Observed, op. cit., 443.

  11. Sigmund Freud ‘New Introductory Lectures’ (1933), Standard Edition 22, 104.

  12. See Heinrich von Stietencorn, ‘Angst und Gewalt: Ihre Funktionen und ihre Bewältigung in den Religionen’, in Stietencorn (hrsg.) Angst und Gewalt: Ihre Praesenz und ihre Bewältigung in den Religionen (Düsseldorf: Patmos Verlag, 1979), 311-37.

  13. John W. Bowker, ‘The Burning Fuse: The Unacceptable Face of Religion’, Zygon 21, no. 4 (1986), 415–38; see also Elise Boulding, ‘Two Cultures of Religion as Obstacles to Peace’, Zygon 21, no. 4 (1986), 501-18.

  14. Rapoport, op. cit.

  15. Davis, 165.

  16. Hans Bertram, ‘Germany—One Country with Two Youth Generations?’ Paper presented at the Seminar on Childhood and Adolescence, Goethe Institut, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 17–21 February 1994.

  17. Cited in Kanan Makiya, ‘From Cruelty to Toleration’, unpublished paper read at the conference on Religion and Politics Today, organized by the Rajiv Gandhi Foundation, New Delhi, January 30–February 2 1994.

  Acknowledgements

  I gratefully acknowledge the support of the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation which made long periods of fieldwork in Hyderabad and other cities possible. A National Fellowship of the Indian Council of Social Science Research enabled me to work on the preliminary aspects of the study. Most of all, I am grateful to my friend Vikram Lal for his support when it mattered the most.

  I am thankful to Sujata Patil for her assistance in collecting the materials on the Pardis and for the many discussions on the project. I owe a special debt of gratitude to Sahba Hussain for her interviews with the Muslims of Karwan. Without her deep involvement and courage in locating and arranging interviews with the ‘killers’, this study would have lost an essential intimacy with the violence of the conflict. I am also grateful for the assistance of my dear friend Ali Baquer and the help given by Mehdi Arslam and Javed Alam.

  Institutionally, the Committee on Human Development and the Divinity School at the University of Chicago have been generous hosts for an academic quarter each year for many years, and that is where the plans for this work first took shape. I also owe a debt of gratitude to the Institute of Advanced Study in Berlin where a fellowship allowed me to complete the writing of the book. Colleagues at the Institute, especially George Lowenstein and Aziz al-Azmeh, were generous with their time and helpful with their comments and criticisms. Chapter Six was first prepared for K. Basu and S. Subhramanyan (eds.) Nationalism and Communalism and is reprinted with the permission of the publishers, Penguin, India.

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  INDIRA GANDHI: A BIOGRAPHY

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  Indira Gandhi’s life spanned over two-thirds of a century; and by the time of her brutal assassination in 1984, she had established herself as the most significant political leader India had seen since the death of her father, Jawaharlal Nehru. Hitherto accounts of her life have seen her only as a political leader. Pupul Jayakar, however, seeks to uncover the many personalities that lay hidden within her, on view only to her closest friends and confidants. Written with the close cooperation of Indira Gandhi, Mrs Jayakar’s book uncovers and reveals the complex personality of her subject —her thoughts and feelings, her hates and prejudices, her insights and her faults, her loves and emotional entanglements.... And even though the author did not set out to write a political biography, as she explains, “Indira Gandhi’s life was part of the unfolding history of India, intricately woven with India’s past and future. It (became) inevitable, therefore, that politics (formed) a backdrop to her public and often private actions.”

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  Witness to centuries of eventful history, the Kaveri has been called ‘the river of life’. Over the ages the river has been glorified in Tamil culture, music, religious liturgy and literature. P. Janakiraman and P.G. Sundararjan (Chitti) journeyed down the Kaveri in 1967, exploring the creativity that has blossomed on its banks and uncovering the river’s rich heritage. The result of their journeying was the travelogue Eternal Kaveri, described by renowned novelist R.K. Narayan as one of the finest contemporary books in Tamil. Published for the first time in English, the book brings one of the world’s mightiest rivers gloriously and vividly alive.

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  First published in Viking by Penguin Books India 1995

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  Copyright © Sudhir Kakar 1995

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  ISBN 978-01-4025-164-7

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