14 Jan-Jan Joubert, ‘He Could See the Essential Core’, City Press, 8 December 2013.
15 Walter Sisulu, interview by Sahm Venter, Cape Town, October 1994.
16 Trevor Manuel, interview by Tony Trew, Johannesburg, 10 September 2014.
17 Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, interview by Tony Trew, Durban, 26 February 2016.
18 Mary Mxadana, interview by Sahm Venter, Cape Town, October 1994.
19 NM, interview by Charlayne Hunter-Gault, MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour, PBS, 6 May 1994, from ‘South Africa: Pres Elect Interview’, AP Archive, story no. W066632.
20 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, pp. 4–5.
21 Neal Chapman and Peter Wrighton, ‘Civil society: The Role of Business and the Churches in Facilitating Transition’, in South Africa at 10: Perspectives by Political, Business and Civil Leaders (Cape Town: Human & Rousseau, 2004), p. 29.
22 Tito Mboweni, interview by Tony Trew, Johannesburg, 12 September 2014.
23 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, pp. 17–18.
24 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, p. 18.
25 Thabo Mbeki, interview by Tony Trew and Joel Netshitenzhe, Johannesburg, 17 December 2014.
26 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, p. 18.
27 F. W. de Klerk, The Last Trek, in NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, p. 238.
28 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, pp. 18–19.
29 Trevor Manuel, interview by Tony Trew, Johannesburg, 10 September 2014.
30 Ibid.
31 Ibid.
32 Ibid.
33 F.W. de Klerk, email interview by Tony Trew, 13 March 2015.
34 Valli Moosa, interview by Tony Trew, Cape Town, 8 September 2014; Jessie Duarte, interview by Tony Trew, Johannesburg, 15 July 2014; Trevor Manuel, interview with Tony Trew, Johannesburg, 10 September 2014.
35 F.W. de Klerk, The Last Trek, pp. 342–4; David Welsh, ‘Coalition Government, An Unwilling Marriage’, in State of the Nation, 1997/98, Bertus De Villiers (editor) (Pretoria: HSRC), pp. 37.
36 Tim Cohen, ‘Mandela’s Saintly Reign a Case of Hit or Myth’, Business Day, 11 May 1994.
37 Kader Asmal and Adrian Hadland with Moira Levy, Politics in my Blood: A Memoir (Johannesburg: Jacana Media, 2011), p.193.
38 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, p. 23.
CHAPTER FIVE: NATIONAL UNITY
1 Andries Nel, notes made on the day, 9 May 1994, private collection.
2 Trevor Manuel, interview by Tony Trew, Johannesburg, 10 September 2014.
3 Ibid.
4 Tito Mboweni, interview by Tony Trew, Johannesburg, 12 September 2014.
5 Rapport, 31 July 1994, in David Welsh, ‘Coalition Government’, in State of the Nation, p. 46.
6 Nelson Mandela, interview by BBC, October 1993, NMF tapes, BBC Tape M8, NMF, Johannesburg.
7 Padraig O’Malley, Shades of Difference: Mac Maharaj and the Struggle for South Africa (New York: Viking Penguin, 2007), pp. 400–402.
8 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, chapter six: The National Executive, clause 89 (2).
9 Jakes Gerwel, interview by Padraig O’Malley, 8 November 1994, O’Malley Archive.
10 Kader Asmal and Adrian Hadland with Moira Levy, Politics in my Blood, p. 197.
11 Mangosuthu Buthelezi, interview by Padraig O’Malley, 3 October 1995, O’Malley Archive.
12 NM, interview by Patti Waldmeier, Union Buildings, Pretoria, 1 July 1994, Patti Waldmeier interviews, Historical Papers Research Archive, William Cullen Library, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.
13 Thabo Mbeki, interview by Joel Netshitenzhe and Tony Trew, Johannesburg, 17 December 2014.
14 SAPA, ‘NP to Fare Worse than in 1994 Poll, Says Mandela’, The Citizen, 26 June 1995.
15 F. W. de Klerk, The Last Trek, p. 357.
16 F. W. de Klerk, email interview by Tony Trew, 13 March 2015.
17 Tony Leon, Opposite Mandela: Encounters with South Africa’s Icon (Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball Publishers, 2014), p. 97.
18 AP Archive, ‘South Africa – de Klerk and Mandela Make Up’, story no. W019071, 20 January 1995.
19 AP Archive, ‘Mandela Denies Rumours of de Klerk’s Resignation’, story no. 15992, 13 October 1995.
20 F. W. de Klerk, The Last Trek, p. 353.
21 NM to F. W. de Klerk, 26 September 1995, Gerwel Papers (private collection).
22 Graça Machel, interview by Mandla Langa, Johannesburg, 22 September 2016.
23 F. W. de Klerk, The Last Trek, p. 353.
24 F. W. de Klerk, email interview by Tony Trew, 13 March 2015.
25 Thabo Mbeki, interview by Joel Netshitenzhe and Tony Trew, Johannesburg, 17 December 2014.
26 NM, address on the occasion of the President’s Budget Debate in the Senate, Houses of Parliament, Cape Town, 18 June 1996.
27 Jeremy Seekings, ‘Partisan Realignment in Cape Town, 1994–2004’, CSIR Working Paper, no. 111, December 2005.
28 Mangosuthu Buthelezi, interview by Tony Trew, Durban, 28 November 2014.
29 Jakes Gerwel, interview by Jan-Jan Joubert drawing on a 2010 interview, ‘Jakes Gerwel: Mandela Could See the Essential Core’, City Press, 10 December 2013.
30 Mangosuthu Buthelezi, interview by Padraig O’Malley, 3 October 1995, O’Malley Archive.
31 Mangosuthu Buthelezi, interview by Tony Trew, Durban, 28 November 2014.
32 Mangosuthu Buthelezi, interview with Tony Trew, Durban, 28 November 2014; NM to Irene Buthelezi, 3 August 1979, in NM, Conversations with Myself, pp. 170–2; NM to Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi, 3 February 1989, in NM, Conversations with Myself, p. 255.
33 Anthony Lewis, ‘Mandela the Pol’, New York Times Magazine, 23 March 1997.
34 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, p. 36.
35 Mangosuthu Buthelezi, interview by Padraig O’Malley, 3 October 1995, O’Malley Archive.
36 Statement by President Nelson Mandela on the NP’s withdrawal from the Government of National Unity (GNU), 9 May 1996.
37 SAPA, ‘Government Failed SA Says Winnie’, Citizen, 6 February 1995.
38 Statement on Deputy Minister Winnie Mandela’s apology, issued by the President’s Office, 14 February 1995.
39 Statement by President Nelson Mandela on changes in the Ministry of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology, 27 March 1995.
40 AP Archive, ‘South Africa: Winnie Mandela Resigns From Government’, story no. 6108, APTV, 17 April 1995.
41 Statement on the reinstatement of Mrs Winnie Mandela, issued by the acting president, 12 April 1995.
42 Statement by President Nelson Mandela on changes in the Ministry of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology, 14 April 1995.
43 Bob Drogin, ‘Winnie Mandela Quits Post, Criticizes Estranged Husband’, Los Angeles Times, 18 April 1995.
44 Sunday Telegraph, 1 May 1994.
45 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, pp. 23–4.
46 Khulu Sibiya, ‘Truly, Truly Unforgettable’, City Press, 15 May 1994, in NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, p. 24.
47 Ibid.
48 Jerry Zremski, ‘Mandela Inauguration, Spirit of Reconciliation Thrills Houghton’, Buffalo News, 11 May 1994.
49 Marga Ley, ‘Wit, Swart Neem Mekaar as Gesinslede aan’ [Wh
ite and Black Accept Each Other as Family], Beeld, 11 May 1994, in NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, p. 31.
50 Sarel van der Walt, ‘Goeie SA “kan kom uit wittebroodstyd”’ [Good South Africa “can emerge from the honeymoon period”], Beeld, 11 May 1994, in NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, p. 31.
51 Themba Khumalo, ‘Madiba’s World Coup: Leaders Flock to Pretoria’, City Press, 15 May 1994, in NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, p. 31.
52 ‘Sowetan Comment’, The Sowetan, 11 May 1994.
53 Ibid.
54 Ken Owen, ‘To Our Rainbow Nation Finally United in Peace’, Sunday Times, 15 May 1994, in NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, p. 32.
55 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, pp. 31–3.
56 NM, note, NMPP 2009/8, Box 7, file 11, p. 48, NMF, Johannesburg.
57 NM, notes for opening remarks at NEC meeting, box 4, folder 38, ANCLH, Johannesburg.
58 Yusuf Mohamed Dadoo, ‘Why the South Africa United Front Failed: Disruptive Role of the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania’, March 1962, in South Africa’s Freedom Struggle: Statements, Speeches and Articles Including Correspondence with Mahatma Gandhi (London: Kliptown Books, 1990).
59 NM, Long Walk to Freedom, p. 580.
60 Graça Machel, interview by Mandla Langa, Johannesburg, 22 September 2016.
61 NM, address at birthday celebration for veterans, Pretoria, 20 July 1996.
62 NM, address to veterans at banquet, State House, Pretoria, 23 July 1994.
63 Jay Naidoo, Fighting for Justice: A Lifetime of Political and Social Activism (Johannesburg: Picador Africa, 2010), p. 227.
64 Sydney Mufamadi, interview by Tony Trew, Johannesburg, 30 April 2015.
65 Jay Naidoo, interview by Padraig O’Malley, 14 April 2003, O’Malley Archive.
66 NM, address to veterans at banquet, State House, Pretoria, 23 July 1994.
67 NM, statement in the National Assembly, Houses of Parliament, Cape Town, 28 March 1996.
68 Ibid.
69 Chris Liebenberg, interview by Tony Trew, Somerset West, 1 December 2015.
70 Alan Hirsch, Season of Hope: Economic Reform Under Mandela and Mbeki (Scottsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press jointly with Ottawa: International Development Research Centre, 2005), p. 93.
71 Trevor Manuel, interview by Tony Trew, Johannesburg, 10 September 2014.
72 Graça Machel, interview by Mandla Langa, 22 September 2016.
73 NM, reply to the NCOP debate on the President’s Budget, Houses of Parliament, Cape Town, 29 August 1997, Hansard, cols. 1551–2.
74 Sue van der Merwe, interview by Tony Trew, Cape Town, 8 April 2015.
75 NM, notes prepared for a meeting of the NEC, 19 February 1996, NMPP 2009/8, box 7, file 11, African Bank 1995, pp. 1–7, NMF, Johannesburg.
76 NM, reply to the NCOP debate on the President’s Budget, 7 August 1998, Debates of the National Council of Provinces, Hansard, 3 March to 12 November 1998, cols. 1807–15.
77 Trevor Manuel, interview by Tony Trew, Johannesburg, 10 September 2014.
78 Ibid.
79 Ibid.
80 Ibid.
81 Ahmed Kathrada in conversation with Joel Netshitenzhe and Tony Trew, Johannesburg, 2 December 2014.
82 Sydney Mufamadi, interview with Tony Trew, Johannesburg, 30 April 2015.
83 John Higgins, ‘Living out our differences: Reflections on Mandela, Marx and My Country: An interview with Jakes Gerwel’, Thesis Eleven, vol. 115, no.1, Sage Publications, 2013.
84 ‘“Unpredictable” Madiba Kept Bodyguards on Their Toes’, City Press, 8 December 2013.
85 Toine Eggenhuizen, interview by Mandla Langa, Johannesburg, 10 February 2017.
CHAPTER SIX: THE PRESIDENCY AND THE CONSTITUTION
1 NM, speech from the dock at the opening of the defence case, Rivonia Trial, Pretoria Supreme Court, Pretoria, 20 April 1964.
2 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, p. 30.
3 Johann Kriegler, interview by Tony Trew, Johannesburg, 2 February 2016; NM interviewed by David Dimbleby, Oxford, 2002, NMF Tapes, NMF, Johannesburg.
4 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, p. 29.
5 Frene Ginwala, interview by Tony Trew, Johannesburg, 12 September 2014.
6 AP Archive, ‘South Africa: Constitutional Court Ruling on Election Boundaries’, story no. 14965, 22 September 1995.
7 Statement by the President’s Office on the Browde Commission into South African Rugby Union, 26 September 1997.
8 AP Archive, ‘South Africa: Mandela Testifies in Court’, 19 March 1998.
9 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, pp. 29–30.
10 Statement by the Office of the President on the SARFU Case, 17 April 1998.
11 NM, opening address in the President’s Budget Debate in the National Assembly, Houses of Parliament, Cape Town, 21 April 1998.
12 Ibid.
13 Andy Capostangno, ‘Black President for Rugby’, Mail & Guardian, 22 May 1988.
14 NM, Bram Fischer Memorial Lecture, 9 June 1995.
15 Kader Asmal and Adrian Hadland with Moira Levy, Politics in my Blood, pp. 108–9.
16 Ibid, pp. 110, 125.
17 George Bizos, Odyssey to Freedom (Houghton: Random House, 2007), p. 487.
18 Nicholas Haysom, ‘Negotiating a Sustainable Political Settlement: Part 2 Legitimation – Lessons from the South African Transition’ (paper presented at Toward Inclusive and Participatory Constitution Making, 3–5 August, 2004, Kathmandu (Nagarkot)), p.9; Hassen Ebrahim, The Soul of a Nation: Constitution-making in South Africa (Cape Town: Oxford University Press, 1998), pp. 134ff.
19 Valli Moosa, interview by Tony Trew, Cape Town, 8 September 2014.
20 Thabo Mbeki, interview by Joel Netshitenzhe and Tony Trew, Johannesburg, 17 December 2014.
21 Cyril Ramaphosa, interview by Tony Trew, Johannesburg, 6 October 2014.
22 George Bizos, Odyssey to Freedom, p. 508.
23 NM, notes for an address to the NEC, 23 February 1995, box 3, folder 29, ANCLH, Johannesburg.
24 NM, reply to the debate on the State of the Nation Address, 24 February 1995.
25 Hassen Ebrahim, The Soul of a Nation, p. 132; Cape Times, 29 April 1996; Mail & Guardian, 4 April 1996 and 10 May 1996.
26 NM, address to the Constitutional Assembly on the adoption of the new Constitution, Houses of Parliament, Cape Town, 8 May 1996, Hansard, cols. 452–62.
27 George Bizos, Odyssey to Freedom, p. 518.
28 Langston Hughes, ‘Justice’, The Panther and the Lash (New York: Knopf, 1967).
29 George Bizos, Odyssey to Freedom, p. 518.
30 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, chapter 8: Courts and the Administration of Justice, clause 174 (2).
31 George Bizos, Odyssey to Freedom, p. 519.
32 NM, speech at the inauguration of the Constitutional Court, 14 February 1995.
33 NM, speech at a state banquet in honour of Chief Justice Corbett, 11 December 1996.
34 NM, speech delivered on his behalf by the minister of justice at the Johannesburg Bar Council dinner in honour of Chief Justice Mohamed, 25 June 1997.
35 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, p. 29.
36 NM, speech at a banquet of the General Council of the Bar of South Africa, 2
8 July 2000.
37 Albie Sachs, We, the People: Insights of an Activist Judge (Johannesburg: Wits University Press, 2016), p. 303.
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