All the Things We Never Knew

by Sheila Hamilton

  Dr. Bruce Perry, M.D., Ph.D., is an American psychiatrist, currently the senior fellow at the Child Trauma Academy in Houston, Texas.

  Cavanagh JT, Carson AJ, Sharpe M, et al. Psychological autopsy studies of suicide: a systematic review. Psychological Medicine. 2003; 33:395–405.

  See also: https://www.afsp.org/understanding-suicide/frequently-asked-questions.

  Neurosequential model of therapeutics

  Bruce D. Perry and Erin P. Hambrick. “Going Beyond the Medical Model.” Reclaiming Children and Youth 17, no. 3 (Fall 2008) (www.reclaiming.com), pp. 38–43. Accessed via the Child Trauma Academy. http://childtrauma.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/NMT_Article_08.pdf.

  Caplis, Catherine F. “Feasibility and Perceived Efficacy of the Neurosequential Model of Therapeutics.” Antioch University, Psy.D. dissertation, 2014, pp. 2–6.

  Collaborative problem-solving method developed by Dr. Ross Greene

  Greene, R. W. “Collaborative Problem Solving.” In R. Murrihy, A. Kidman, and T. Ollendick, eds., A Clinician’s Handbook of Assessing and Treating Conduct Problems in Youth. New York: Springer Publishing, 2010, pp. 193–220.

  The Flawless Foundation

  “The Flawless Foundation takes a stand for children living with brain-based, behavioral challenges by promoting educated awareness about neurodevelopment, providing evidence-based, holistic treatment programs and by advancing environmental prevention focused research.” http://flawlessfoundation.org/mission-and-vision. Accessed March 17, 2015.

  Dr. Elisabeth Kübler-Ross was a Swiss-American psychiatrist, a pioneer in near-death studies, and the author of the groundbreaking book On Death and Dying. See ekrfoundation.org. Elisabeth Kubler-Ross. “Bio.” A&E Television Networks, 2015. Accessed March 28, 2015.

  STIGMA

  Nearly one in five American adults (18.5 percent), or 43.8 million adults, had a mental illness in 2013

  Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Results from the 2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Mental Health Findings, NSDUH Series H-49, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 14-4887. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2014.

  The profound reluctance to be a mental health patient

  Thornicroft, Graham, et al. “Stigma: Ignorance, Prejudice or Discrimination?” British Journal of Psychiatry (March 2007): pp. 115–190.

  “Stigma ‘Key Deterrent’ in Accessing Mental Health Care.” Science Daily, February 25, 2015. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/02/140225193406.htm. Original study by Sarah Clement et al. “What Is the Impact of Mental Health–Related Stigma on Help-Seeking? A Systematic Review of Quantitative and Qualitative Studies.” Psychological Medicine (2014).

  Wahl, Otto F. “Mental Health Consumers’ Experience of Stigma.” Schizophrenia Bulletin 25 (1999): 467–478.

  EARLY TREATMENT

  The National Institute of Mental Health reports that “unlike most disabling physical diseases . . .”

  National Institute of Mental Health. “Mental Illness Exacts Heavy Toll, Beginning in Youth.” Press release, June 6, 2005. http://www.nimh.nih.gov/news/science-news/2005/mental-illness-exacts-heavy-toll-beginning-in-youth.shtml. Accessed March 2015.

  Early Assessment and Support Alliance (EASA)

  “About EASA.” Early Assessment and Support Alliance. www.easacommunity.org/home/ec1/smartlist_61/smartlist_61/. Accessed March 17, 2015.

  McGorry, Patrick D., and Henry J. Jackson. The Recognition and Management of Early Psychosis: A Preventive Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 3–7.

  The current system of mental health care . . . is broken

  Tamara Sale, director, EASA Center for Excellence at Portland State University Regional Research Institute. Quoted in Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, “Oregon’s Approach to Early Intervention and Prevention of Psychosis.” Case study, Early Detection and Intervention for the Prevention of Psychosis Program, March 2013. www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/reports/2013/rwjf405619.

  All other quotes by Sale and/or the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation come from the case study cited above.

  Tamara Sale interview with Sheila Hamilton, KINK radio https://soundcloud.com/kink-fm/extraordinary-hope-for-people-suffering-from-psychosisearly-intervention-works.

  SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

  One in five Americans

  Mayo Clinic. “Mental Illness—Risk Factors.” mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mental-illness/basics/risk-factors/con-20033813. Accessed March 13, 2015.

  Mental Health America. “Mental Illness and the Family: Recognizing Warning Signs and How to Cope.” mentalhealthamerica.net/recognizing-warning-signs. Accessed March 19, 2015.

  HYPERSEXUALITY

  57 percent of people with bipolar disorder

  National Alliance on Mental Illness, “Opening the Door on Hypersexuality.” Excerpt from the spring 2009 issue of BP magazine. www2.nami.org/Template.cfm?Section=Cleansweep&template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=77393. Accessed April 2, 2015.

  Schneider, Jennifer P. “Rebuilding the Marriage During Recovery from Compulsive Sexual Behavior.” Family Relations (National Council on Family Relations) 38, no. 3 (July 1989): pp. 288–294.

  Dr. Barbara Geller, M.D., is professor emerita of psychiatry at Washington University in St. Louis.

  43 percent of children

  Balanced Mind Parent Network. “Hypersexuality in Children with Bipolar Disorder.” November 29, 2001, updated January 6, 2010. www.thebalancedmind.org/learn/library/hypersexuality-in-children-with-bipolar-disorder. Accessed March 17, 2015.

  Geller, Barbara, et al. “Phenomenology of Prepubertal and Early Adolescent Bipolar Disorder: Examples of Elated Mood, Grandiose Behaviors, Decreased Need for Sleep, Racing Thoughts and Hypersexuality.” Abstract. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 12, no. 1 (2002): pp. 3–9.

  Fristad, M. A., E. B. Weller, and R. A. Weller. “The Mania Rating Scale: Can It Be Used in Children? A Preliminary Report.” Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 31 (1992): pp. 252–257.

  Jamison reported that women with bipolar disorder

  NAMI. “Opening the Door on Hypersexuality.”

  MENTAL ILLNESS AND DRUG USE

  Nearly one-third of people with mental illness

  National Alliance on Mental Illness. “Dual Diagnosis: Substance Abuse and Mental Illness.” Reviewed by Ken Duckworth, M.D., and Jacob L. Freedman, M.D., January 2013. www2.nami.org/Content/NavigationMenu/Inform_Yourself/About_Mental_Illness/By_Illness/Dual_Diagnosis_Substance_Abuse_and_Mental_Illness.htm.

  Kessler, Ronald C., et al. “Lifetime Co-occurrence of DSM-III-R Alcohol Abuse and Dependence with Other Psychiatric Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry 54 (1997):pp. 313–321.

  Regier, D. A. “Co-morbidity of Mental Disorders with Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse Results from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Study.” Journal of the American Medical Association 264 (1990): 2511–2518.

  Sheehan, M. F. “Dual Diagnosis.” Psychiatry Quarterly 64, no. 2 (Summer 1993): 107–134. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF01065865. Accessed April 2, 2015.

  NAMI reports: “Abuse of drugs and alcohol . . .”

  NAMI. “Dual Diagnosis.”

  ANOSOGNOSIA

  Frontal lobes organize information

  National Alliance on Mental Illness. “Anosognosia.” www2.nami.org/Content/NavigationMenu/Mental_Illnesses/Schizophrenia9/Anosognosia_Fact_Sheet.htm. Accessed March 17, 2015.

  Treatment Advocacy Center. “Anosognosia.” www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/problem/anosognosia. Accessed April 2, 2015.

  Amador, Xavier F., and D. H. Strauss. “Poor Insight in Schizophrenia.” Psychiatric Quarterly 64 (1994): pp. 305–318.

  Amador, Xavier. F., et al. “Awareness of Illness in Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective and Mood Disorders.” Archives of General Psychiatry 51 (1994): pp. 826–836.

  Arango, Celso, a
nd Xavier Amador. “Lessons Learned About Poor Insight.” Schizophrenia Bulletin (2010). December 16, 2010 online. http://schizophreniabulletin.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2010/12/15/schbul.sbq143.full.

  In Oregon, intervention is allowed

  Treatment Advocacy Center. “State Standards Charts for Assisted Treatment: Civil Commitment Criteria and Initiation Procedures by State.” www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/storage/documents/State_Standards_Charts_for_Assisted_Treatment_-_Civil_Commitment_Criteria_and_Initiation_Procedures.pdf, p. 9.

  Treatment Advocacy Center. “Involuntary Treatment Civil Commitment Standards,” p. 2. Accessed March 21, 2015.

  Copeland, D. A., and M. V. Heilemann. “Getting ‘to the Point’: The Experience of Mothers Getting Assistance for Their Adult Children Who Are Violent and Mentally Ill.” Nursing Research 57, no. 3 (2008): pp. 136–143.

  Treatment Advocacy Center. “Oregon: Getting Your Loved One Help.” www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=233&Itemid=168. Accessed March 17, 2015.

  CARE FOR CAREGIVERS

  In 1979, families frustrated with the lack of services

  National Alliance on Mental Illness. “Supporting Recovery.” www.nami.org/Find-Support/A-Family-Member-or-Caregiver/Supporting-Recovery. Accessed March 21, 2015.

  National Alliance on Mental Illness. “Teens: CIT for Youth.” www2.nami.org/template.cfm?section=CIT_for_Youth. Accessed March 21, 2015.

  Markey, Dana, et al. Responding to Youth with Mental Health Needs: A CIT for Youth Implementation Manual. National Alliance on Mental Illness. July 2011. www2.nami.org/Content/NavigationMenu/Find_Support/Child_and_Teen_Support/CIT_for_Youth/CITYouthWorkbook_Web.pdf.

  Steadman, H., et al. (2001). “Comparing Outcomes of Major Models of Police Responses to Mental Health Emergencies.” Psychiatric Services 51: pp. 645–649.

  CAREGIVER DENIAL

  Depression is a painfully slow, crashing death

  Lovelace, David. Scattershot: My Bipolar Family. New York: Dutton, 2008, p. 107.

  GUILT

  Nearly all relatives . . . feel guilty

  Woolis, Rebecca. When Someone You Love Has a Mental Illness. New York: Penguin, 1992, pp. 58–70.

  MENTAL ILLNESS, THEN AND NOW

  Shorter, Edward. A History of Psychiatry: From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1997, p. iii.

  See also: Shorter, quoted in Frances, Allen. “Is This the Worst Time Ever to Have a Severe Mental Illness?” Excerpted August 20, 2014. http://historypsychiatry.com/2014/08/20/is-this-the-worst-time-ever-to-have-a-severe-mental-illness.

  More than 50 percent

  “Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities.” Mental Health, United States, 2010. Prepared by RTI International. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services/SAMHSA, 2010, pp. 123–124.

  “Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities” (2004) and “Survey of Inmates in Local Jails” (2002), Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), Washington, DC. Unpublished data delivered upon special request by Lauren E. Glaze, BJS Statistician, and verified by Tracy L. Snell, BJS Statistician, March 2, 2009.

  James, D. J., & Glaze, L. E. Mental Health Problems of Prison and Jail Inmates (NCJ-213600). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2006. Retrieved from http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/mhppji.p.

  HEALING THE MIND

  A large percentage of survivors

  Author interview with Brian Goff.

  Dialectical behavioral therapy

  Linehan, M. M., et al. “Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Chronically Parasuicidal Borderline Patients.” Archives of General Psychiatry 48, no. 12 (December 1991): pp. 1060–1064.

  Cognitive behavioral therapy

  Slee, N., et al. “Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention for Self Harm: Randomized Controlled Trial.” British Journal of Psychiatry 192, no. 3 (March 2008): pp. 202–211.

  E. Evans, et al. “The Prevalence of Suicidal Phenomena in Adolescents: A Systematic Review of Population-Based Studies.” Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 35, no. 3 (June 2005): pp. 239–250.

  Brandon A. Gaudiano, James D. Herbert, and Steven C. Hayes. “Is It the Symptom or the Relation to It? Investigating Potential Mediators of Change in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Psychosis.” Behavioral Therapy 41, no. 4 (December 2010): pp. 543–554. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3673289/.

  “Western medicine moves the locus of control”

  Interview with Sheila Hamilton, June 20, 2014.

  MINDFULNESS

  Two controlled clinical trials

  Ma, S. Helen, and John Teasdale. “Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Depression: Exploration of Differential Relapse Prevention Effects.” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 72, no. 1 (2004): pp. 31–40.

  Teasdale, John D., et al. “Prevention of Relapse/Recurrence in Major Depression by Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy.” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 68, no. 4 (August 2000): pp. 615–623.

  Frank, E., et al. “Three-Year Outcomes for Maintenance Therapies in Recurrent Depression.” Archives of General Psychiatry 47, no. 12 (December 1990): pp. 1093–1099.

  Frank, E., et al. “Efficacy of Interpersonal Therapy as a Maintenance Treatment of Recurrent Depression.” Archives of General Psychiatry 48, no. 12 (December 1991): pp. 1053–1059.

  SUICIDE AND PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS

  In a study of thirty-eight bipolar patients treated with an antidepressant . . . Researchers find that “there are significant risks”

  El-Mallakh, R. S., and A. Karippot. “Use of Antidepressants to Treat Depression in Bipolar Disorder.” Psychiatric Services 53, no. 2 (May 2002): 580–584.

  Use of antidepressants may “destabilize the illness . . .”

  Koukopoulos, A., et al. “Duration and Stability of the Rapid-Cycling Course.” Journal of Affective Disorders 73, nos. 1–2 (January 2003): 75–85.

  Forty percent of patients

  El-Mallakh, R. S., and A. Karippot. “Antidepressant-Associated Chronic Irritable Dysphoria (ACID) in Bipolar Disorder,” Journal of Affective Disorders 84, nos. 2–3 (February 2005): 267–272.

  Antidepressants can induce a “chronic, dysphoric, irritable state”

  Schneck, C., et al. “The Prospective Course of Rapid-Cycling Bipolar Disorder.” American Journal of Psychiatry 165, no. 3 (March 2008): 370–377.

  INVOLUNTARY HOSPITALIZATION

  When a loved one needs immediate psychiatric intervention or help

  Amador, Xavier. I Am Not Sick, I Don’t Need Help! Peconic, NY: Vida Press, 2001, p. 56.

  NEW BREAKTHROUGHS IN THE UNDERSTANDING OF PSYCHOSIS

  Keller, William R., et al. “A Review of Anti-Inflammatory Agents for Symptoms of Schizophrenia.” Journal of Psychopharmacology 27, no. 4 (2013): pp. 337–342.

  Ibid., pp. 2–5.

  Dr. Tyrone Cannon says markers of proinflammatory cytokines

  “Development of Psychosis: Gray Matter Loss and the Inflamed Brain.” Science Daily, January 13, 2015, www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/01/150113090458.htm, citing Cannon, Tyrone D., et al. “Progressive Reduction in Cortical Thickness as Psychosis Develops: A Multisite Longitudinal Neuroimaging Study of Youth at Elevated Clinical Risk.” Biological Psychiatry 77, no. 2 (January 2015), pp. 147–157.

  Dantzer, R., and K. W. Kelley. “Twenty Years of Research on Cytokine-Induced Sickness Behavior.” Brain, Behavior and Immunity 21, no. 2 (February 2007): pp. 153–160.

  Dantzer, R., and K. W. Kelley. “Stress and Immunity: An Integrated View of Relationships Between the Brain and the Immune System. Life Sciences 44, no. 26 (1989): pp. 1995–2008.

  Dantzer, R. “Cytokine-Induced Sickness Behavior: Where Do We Stand?” Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 15, no. 1 (March 2001): pp. 7–24.

  The research suggests that activation of microglia . . . is involved in tissue loss.r />
  Hart, B. L. “Biological Basis of the Behavior of Sick Animals.” Neuroscience Biobehavior Review 12, no. 2 (Summer 1988): pp. 123–127.

  The authors of a 2010 review of the literature

  Smieskova, R., et al. “Neuroimaging Predictors of Transition to Psychosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Neuroscience Biobehavior Review 34, no. 8 (July 2010): pp. 2–12.

  Benros, Michael E., William W. Eaton, and Preben B. Mortensen. “The Epidemiologic Evidence Linking Autoimmune Diseases and Psychosis.” Biological Psychiatry 75, no. 4 (February 2014): pp. 300–306.

  A study reported in March 2015

  Dantzer, R. “Cytokine-Induced Sickness Behavior: Where Do We Stand?” Brain, Behavior, and Immununity 15, no. 1 (March 2001): pp. 7–24.

  Scientists hope to develop anti-inflammatory drugs

  “Anti-Inflammatory Treatment of Schizophrenia.” Clinical Trials: A Service of the U.S. National Institutes of Health. www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01514682.

  Nitta, Masahiro, et al. “Adjunctive Use of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs for Schizophrenia: A Meta-Analytic Investigation of Randomized Controlled Trials.” Schizophrenia Bulletin (2013): sbt070.

  CHAPTER SEVENTEEN

  Suicide is the third leading cause

  Author interview with Ross Szabo, Director of Youth Outreach for the National Mental

  Health Awareness Campaign.