239 With refreshments in hand: McCoy, ESCAPE, 41; Shofner, “Guerrilla Diary,” 84–87; Clyde Childress, author’s interview; e-mail correspondence from Clyde Childress to the author, December 9, 2004; Thomas Mitsos, AGOM: American Guerrillas of Mindanao (Self-published, date unknown), Chapter 4, 1–6; GUERRILLA ORGANIZATION OF THE 110th DIVISION, TENTH MILITARY DISTRICT, NARA, RG 407, BOX 481, 1–8; ANALYSIS OF STRENGTH AND EQUIPMENT 10th MILITARY DISTRICT, NARA, RG 407, BOX 481, 13–16; Dyess, EXPERIENCES, 20–21; Paul Marshall, author’s interview; Robert Spielman, author’s interview; Paul Marshall, Smallwood interview; Robert Spielman, Smallwood interview; Grashio, Return to Freedom, 150–52.
243 Just past noon: McCoy, “Yankee Guerrillas,” 40–44; Shofner, “Guerrilla Diary,” 89–91; Shofner, “Diary: 1941–1943,” 87–90; Austin Shofner, Smallwood interview; Mitsos, AGOM, Chapters 1, 3; McCoy, ESCAPE, 42, 45–46.
16. LITTLE TIME TO REST
PAGE
246 “I find my way”: Lee, “Awakening,” Nothing but Praise, 38.
246 It was 0520 when: Mellnik, Philippine Diary, 252–53; Gerald Chapman, author’s interview; Jack Hawkins, author’s interview; Hawkins, Never Say Die, 155–56; Shofner, “Guerrilla Diary,” 91–93; Shofner, “Diary: 1941–1943,” 91; Austin Shofner, Smallwood interview; Paul Marshall, author’s interview; Grashio, Return to Freedom, 153–54; McCoy, “Yankee Guerrillas,” 48–49; McCoy, ESCAPE, 43.
247 McCoy knew that: McCoy, ESCAPE, 43–44; McCoy, “Yankee Guerrillas,” 49–51; Mellnik, Philippine Diary, 255–58.
249 The message reached: Edward Haggerty, Guerrilla Padre in Mindanao, (New York: Longmans, Green, 1946), 113–15; McCoy, ESCAPE, 45; Mellnik, Philippine Diary, 259–60; Edward Dissette and H. C. Adamson, Guerrilla Submarines (New York: Ballantine, 1972) 32–37; Wise, Secret Mission to the Philippines, 56–70; Peter Parsons, author’s interview.
251 In Medina, it was hard to tell: Boelens, “Diary,” 49; Hawkins, Never Say Die, 156–57; Jack Hawkins, author’s interview; Hawkins, film treatment, 352–54; Paul Marshall, author’s interview.
252 Dawn had just broken: Mellnik, Philippine Diary, 261–62; McCoy, ESCAPE, 45–46; Message from General Wendell Fertig to GHQ, MacArthur Memorial and Archives, Norfolk, VA, RG 16, Box 17, Folder Fertig Select Messages,
Feb.–May 1944; Fertig diary entry, May 30, 1943, Fertig Diary, 1943, MAC, RG 53, Box 8, Folder 2, 81; Fertig manuscript (unpublished), MacArthur Archives, RG 53, Box 10, Folder 4, 201–2; Clyde Childress, author’s interview.
256 The bolt of lightning: Mellnik, Philippine Diary, 263–65; Clyde Childress, author’s interview; Fertig diary entry, June 10, 1943, Fertig Diary, MAC, RG 53, Box 8, Folder 2, 86; Individual files, Ball, Robert V, MAC, RG 53, Box 9, Folder 98; Ind, Allied Intelligence Bureau, 174–75; Boelens, “Diary,” 51; Miscellaneous messages, Fertig to GHQ, June 10–20, 1943, Fertig Messages, Feb.–
Aug., 1943, MAC, RG 16, Box 29, Folder 11; McCoy, “Yankee Guerrillas,” 55–57.
259 Shofner knocked on the door: Hawkins, Never Say Die, 160–63; Jack Hawkins, author’s interview; Shofner, “Guerrilla Diary,” 101–2; McCoy “Yankee Guerrillas,” 57, 78–79; Ira Wolfert, American Guerrilla in the Philippines (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1945), 127–32; Ind, Allied Intelligence Bureau, 175.
261 Early on the morning of June 26: Letter from Fertig to General Hugh Casey, July 1, 1943, Individual Files, Wendell Fertig, MAC, RG 16, Box 11, Folder 24; Folder 1, 4; Boelens, “Diary,” 52; Ingham, Rendezvous by Submarine, 102–4; Dyess, EXPERIENCES, 17–18.
17. A STORY THAT SHOULD BE TOLD
PAGE
263 “Westward we came”: Lee, “Under the Southern Cross,” Nothing but Praise, 31.
263 The raindrops pattered: Letter from Ed Dyess to Sam Grashio, July 2, 1943, Dyess archives, Public Affairs, Dyess Air Force Base; Haggerty, Guerrilla Padre, 116.
264 Entering Fertig’s mobile headquarters: John Keats, They Fought Alone: A True Story of a Modern American Hero (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1963), 242; Dyess, EXPERIENCES, 17–18; Ind, Allied Intelligence Bureau, 176.
265 Parsons’s plan: Keats, They Fought Alone, 243–46; Mellnik, Philippine Diary, 271; Wise, Secret Mission to the Philippines, 118; Ingham, Rendezvous by Submarine, 114; MEMORANDUM for Lt. S. Jamelerin from Lt. Commander Chick Parsons, July 8, 1943, Personal Papers of Charles Parsons, Baguio, Philippines.
266 The expedition commenced: McCoy, “Yankee Guerrillas,” 80–81; McCoy, ESCAPE, 47; Wise, Secret Mission to the Philippines, 119–25; Ingham, Rendezvous by Submarine, 115–23; Mellnik, Philippine Diary, 272–73; Peter Parsons, “Special Mission Subs in the Philippines: The Chick Parsons Connection,” Bulletin of the American Historical Collection 31, no. 1 (January–March 2003).
269 It was the Dinas: Miscellaneous maps, Parsons Papers; Wise, Secret Mission to the Philippines, 126–30; Ingham, Rendezvous by Submarine, 124–25; McCoy, “Yankee Guerrillas,” 82–83; Mellnik, Philippine Diary, 274.
270 It was there that they found: Mellnik, Philippine Diary, 275–76; Wise, Secret Mission to the Philippines, 131–34; Ingham, Guerrilla Submarines, 126–27; McCoy, “Yankee Guerrillas,” 83–84; Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships (Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Defense, 1969), 304; Dissette and Adamson, Guerrilla Submarines, 16–17; A. H. Clark, Annex Able to CTF 71 Operation Order No. 16-43 of May 14, 1943, NARA, RG 38, Records of the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, 1875–1989, Box 1482, 1–2.
273 Squinting through the bright sunlight: Mellnik, Philippine Diary, 279.
274 The rapidly unfolding series of events: Ind, Allied Intelligence Bureau, 180; Minutes of Conference held in Room 803, A.M.P. Building, Brisbane, Australia, approximately 10:00 a.m., July 26th 1943, NARA, RG 407, BOX 478, 1–16; NOTES FOR MEMORANDUM: Conference in G-3 Planning Section 1700K/16, August 1943, Subject: Guerrilla Activities in MINDANAO, NARA, RG 407, Box 478, 1–4; Mellnik, Philippine Diary, 279–80; McCoy, ESCAPE, 65.
18. DUTY
PAGE
277 “You say I’m jesting”: Lee, “An Answer to the Inevitable Question,” Nothing but Praise, 14.
277 A cargo plane had: Mellnik, Philippine Diary, 281.
278 His only outlet: Dyess, EXPERIENCES, 1, 17.
278 Ashford was the perfect place: Louis E. Keefer, Shangri-La for Wounded Soldiers (Reston, VA: COTU, 1995); 1–14; Dr. Robert Conte, author’s interview.
278 Although one needed a special pass: Chicago Tribune, 1951; Dyess, The Dyess Story, 18–19.
278 He had the Associated Press: New York Times, July 26, 1942; Dyess, The Dyess Story, 3.
278 Some of his visitors: Chicago Tribune, February 2, 1944; Dyess, The Dyess Story, 3–4.
280 MEMORANDUM FOR: MEMORANDUM FOR: The Secretary of War; The Secretary of the Navy. Subject: Japanese Atrocities Reports of by Escaped Prisoners, NARA, Records of the Office of War Information, RG 208, Box 2.
280 Trohan, in turn, dialed: Transcript of telephone conversation between Trohan and Surles, September 9, 1943, NARA, RG 107, Records of the Office of the Secretary of War, 1791–1948, transcripts of the director’s telephone conversations, compiled 08/1941–12/1945, Box 1–4.
281 On the home front during: Presidential Executive Order No. 9182, NARA, Federal Register page and date: 7 FR 4468, June 16, 1942.
282 The mission of OWI chief: Allan M. Winkler, The Politics of Propaganda: The Office of War Information, 1942–1945 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1978), 1–7, 31–37; Life, September 20, 1943; Breuer, The Air-Raid Warden Was a Spy, 135–36.
282 It was not long after the fall: New York Times, April 13, April 19, April 11, 1942; Bataan, July 1943, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, NY; Dorothy Cave, Beyond Courage (Las Cruces, NM: Yucca Tree, 1992), 266; Chicago
Tribune, January 31, 1944.
283 In a telephone conversation: Transcript of telephone conversation between Major Greenwood and Surles, September 14, 1943, NARA, RG 107, Box 1–4; Kerr, Surrender and Survival, 158; e-mail correspondence fr
om Stanley Falk to the author, May 6, 2004; Morton, Strategy and Command, 537; Thomas B. Buell, Master of Sea Power: A Biography of Fleet Admiral Ernest J. King (Boston: Little, Brown, 1980), 399.
284 MacArthur believed himself to be fighting: SECOND DRAFT, “P.R.S. Admin, March–July 1943,” MacArthur Archives, RG 16, Box 63, Folder 4, 4; MacArthur, Reminiscences, 146–47.
285 War correspondent Raymond Clapper: Winkler, The Politics of Propaganda, 53.
285 No matter what their government: Iris Chang, The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II (New York: Penguin, 1997), 144–45; Dower, War Without Mercy, 49–50.
285 Why was Dyess encountering: Michael S. Sweeney, Secrets of Victory: The Office of Censorship and the American Press and Radio in World War II (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), 79–81.
286 The fact that it was: Transcript of telephone conversation between General Strong and General Surles, September 13, 1943, NARA, RG 107, Box 1–4, 4–8.
286 McCoy’s situation: Letter from Fertig to Gen. Hugh Casey, 1 July 1943, Individual Files, Wendell Fertig, MAC, RG 16, Box 11, Folder 24, 6; Jack Hawkins, author’s interview.
287 Mellnik, too, was obsessed: Miscellaneous newspaper reports, 1944; Mellnik, Philippine Diary, 282.
287 By mid-September: Dyess, The Dyess Story, 11, 12, 17; Chicago Tribune, February 2, 1944.
288 At last, Sam Grashio’s hands: Grashio, Return to Freedom, 162–66, 168–69, 239; McCoy, “Yankee Guerrillas,” 107–8.
19. GREATER LOVE HATH NO MAN
PAGE
291 “I kneel to thee”: Lee, “Prayer Before Battle (To Mars) (December 8, 1941),” Nothing but Praise, 14.
291 The arrival of autumn: New York Times, October 6, 1943; Larry I. Bland and Sharon Ritenour Stevens, eds., The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, Volume 4, “Aggressive and Determined Leadership,” June 1, 1943–December 31, 1944 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), 149.
292 That policy greeted Sam Grashio: Grashio, Return to Freedom, 177–82; Grashio, EXPERIENCES, MacArthur Archives, RG 53, Box 9, Folder 14, 12; Los Angeles Evening Herald-Express, January 28, 1944.
293 Dyess, however, was temporarily placated: Grashio, Return to Freedom, 183.
293 Ed Dyess no sooner rose: Albany News (Texas), November 11, 1943; Fort Worth Star-Telegram, November 6, 1943; Abilene Reporter-News (Texas), November 6, 1943; Dallas Morning News, November 6, 1943; e-mail correspondence from Chad Hill to the author, March 6, 2006.
296 It was almost 1600 hours: Hawkins, Never Say Die, 190–96; Hawkins, film treatment, 355–64; Jack Hawkins, author’s interview; Shofner, “Guerrilla Diary,” 137–44; Shofner, “Diary: 1941–1945” 143; McCoy, “Yankee Guerrillas,” 123–26; Paul Marshall, author’s interview; Robert Spielman, author’s interview; Lucy Spielman, author’s interview; Saturday Evening Post, June 23, 1945.
299 The Pan Am Clipper: Jack Hawkins, author’s interview; Hawkins, film treatment, 368–70.
300 No one could accuse Ed Dyess: Fort Worth Star Telegram, February 6, 1944; Chicago Tribune, February 2, 1944; letter from Dyess to Grashio, December 21, 1943, Dyess Air Force Base.
302 Just before Dyess’s arrival: Robin Olds, author’s interview.
302 After Olds hopped down: USAAF investigative board report no. 44-12-22-22, Air Force Historical Research Agency, Maxwell Air Force Base, AL; Olds, author’s interview.
303 Dyess must have arrived: Olds, author’s interview; USAAF investigative board report no. 44-12-22-22, Air Force Historical Research Agency.
304 By the time an ambulance: World War II, July 2002, 8; Bert Bank, author’s interview; Austin Shofner, Smallwood interview; Chicago Tribune, February 1944.
305 Sam Grashio recognized: Grashio, Return to Freedom, 183–84, Spokane Spokesman-Review, December 28, 1943; Fort Worth Star-Telegram, December 23, December 27, December 28, 1943; Abilene Reporter-News (Texas), December 23, December 28, 1943; Dallas Morning News, December 28, 1943; Elizabeth Nell Denman, author’s interview.
20. LEGACIES
PAGE
308 “We want no unearned plaudits”: Lee, “Letters from Home (February, 1944),” Nothing but Praise, 41.
308 Ed Dyess had been laid to rest: Spokane Spokesman-Review, December 28,
1943.
309 So skillfully, however, had the story: Memorandum on telephone call from War Department to Jack Lockhart, November 17, 1943, NARA, RG 216, Office of Censorship—Press Division, Day File, Jan. 19, 1942–Dec. 31, 1944, Box 1414; Memorandum of telephone call to Jack Lockhart from W. H. Mylander, December 24, 1943, NARA, RG 216, Box 1414.
309 To OWI chief Elmer Davis: Letter from Elmer Davis to Admiral William D. Leahy, December 24, 1943, NARA, RG 208, Box 2, 1–3.
310 A carbon copy: Letter from Palmer Hoyt to Bert Andrews (Chief, New York Herald Tribune Bureau), January 31, 1944, Hoyt Papers, Denver Public Library, WH 1226, Box 2. In its February 7, 1944, issue, Newsweek credited “Owen Lattimore, authority on Oriental psychology now in charge of OWI Pacific operations,” with helping his bosses sway the Joints Chiefs and the Oval Office. Lattimore “argued that exposure and warning impress the Japs, while continued suppression of the atrocity stories might give them a feeling of impunity. To this dominant motive was added a desire to stiffen home-front morale, boost War Bond sales, blood bank donations, etc.”
310 Gen. George Strong of the Secret: Letter from General George Strong to Elmer Davis, December 24, 1943, NARA, RG 208, Box 2; Letter from Elmer Davis to General Strong, December 27, 1943, NARA, RG 208, Box 2; Chicago Tribune, February 2, 1944.
311 Strong must have thought: Transcript of telephone conversation between General Surles and General Strong, December 29, 1943, NARA, RG 107, Box 1–4; Transcript of telephone conversation between General Surles and Byron Price, December 29, 1943, NARA, RG 107, Box 1–4.
313 Nineteen forty-four was slightly less than a week old: Letter from Cordell Hull to Elmer Davis, January 8, 1944, NARA, RG 208, Box 2.
313 “Two things,” Price began: Transcript of telephone conversation between General Surles and Byron Price, January 8, 1944, NARA, RG 107, Box 1–4.
314 The two-week moratorium: Memorandum by Jack Lockhart, Subject: Dyess Story for Chicago Tribune, January 19, 1944, NARA, RG 216, Office of Censorship—Press File, Day File, January 1944, Box, 1416; Transcript of telephone conversation between Steve Early and Colonel Stanley Grogan, January 24, 1944, NARA, RG 107, Box 1–4.
315 A subsequent conversation: Transcript of conversation between General Clayton Bissell and Colonel Stanley Grogan, January 21, 1944, NARA, RG 107, Box 1–4.
315 Via Early, Davis had been directed: NOTES OF CONVERSATION WITH STEVE EARLY VIA TELEPHONE, January 20, 1944, NARA, RG 208, BOX 2; MAJOR GENERAL CLAYTON BISSELL, RELEASE OF INFORMATION ON ATROCITIES, January 21, 1944, NARA, RG 107, Box 1–4; MEMORANDUM, From: Jack Lockhart, To: W. H. Mylander, Subject: Navy Asks Simultaneous
Release Dyess-McCoy Stories, January 21, 1944, NARA, RG 216, Office of
Censorship—Press File, Day File, January 1944, Box 1416.
316 Elmer Davis, addressing the external factors: MEMORANDUM, January 22, 1944, NARA, RG 208, Box 2.
317 Perhaps Leo Boelens: Boelens, Diary, 64–65; My name is WENCESLAO DEL MUNDO (Sgt., USFIP), 26 Jan 44, MacArthur Memorial and Archives, Norfolk, VA, RG 16, “Checksheets forwarding documents, May 1942–June 1944,” Box 6, Folder 7.
21. CONDITIONAL VICTORY
PAGE
319 “Our faith is in the blood”: Lee, “Prison Camp Reverie (Three Years from Home),” Nothing but Praise, 45.
319 After months of interminable: JOINT ARMY-NAVY RELEASE, January 28, 1944, Marine Corps Historical Center, Washington, D.C., 1–11.
319 Later that morning: Transcript of telephone conversation between General Strong and General Surles, RE: REACTION ON ATROCITY STORY, January 28, 1944, NARA, RG 107, Box 1–4.
319 It would not take that long: Associated Press, in New York Times, January 28, 1944.<
br />
320 “To my commanding officers”: Chicago Tribune, January 30, 1944; Newsweek, February 7, 1944.
320 Washington was the epicenter: New York Times, January 28, 1944; Fort Worth Star-Telegram, February 5, 1944.
320 The most vociferous reaction: Fort Worth Star-Telegram, January 30, 1944; New York Times, January 29, 1944; New York Herald Tribune, January 31, 1944.
321 At the Brooklyn Navy Yard: Associated Press, January 30, 1944.
322 Herby Funston: Bland and Stevens, eds., The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, 261.
322 Security was added: United Press International, January 30, 1944; Associated Press, January 31, 1944.
322 The news quickly went global: Chicago Tribune, February 2, 1944; United Press International, January 29, 1944; New York Times, January 29, January 30, 1944.
323 Americans, riveted to and revolted by: Life, February 7, 1944.
Escape from Davao Page 49