323 The indignation was not limited: United Press International, January 30, 1944.
323 President Roosevelt said: The Complete Presidential Press Conferences of Franklin D. Roosevelt (New York: Da Capo, 1972), 11–12.
324 The War Finance Committee: Letter from Palmer Hoyt to Steve Monchak (news editor of Editor & Publisher ), date unknown, Hoyt Papers, Denver Public
Library, WH 1226, Box 2.
324 Soviet successes on the Eastern Front: Letter from Elmer Davis to Admiral
William D. Leahy, December 24, 1943, NARA, RG 208, Box 2, 1–3.
324 Treasury Secretary Henry Morgenthau’s men: John Morton Blum, V Was for Victory: Politics and American Culture During World War II (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1976), 20.
325 Across the country, War Bond sales: New York Times, January 29, January 30, 1944; (Nashville) Tennessean, January 30, 1944; Fort Worth Star-Telegram, February 3, 1944.
326 The biggest celebrity presence: New York Herald Tribune, January 31, 1944.
327 Some saw through: Fort Worth Star-Telegram, February 1, 1944, February 10, 1944; (Nashville) Tennessean, February 4, 1944.
327 The U.S. State Department: New York Times, January 29, 1944.
327 On the 10th of February: Fort Worth Star-Telegram, February 1, 1944; New York Times, January 30, 1944.
328 The president had added: New York Times, January 30, 1944; (Nashville) Tennessean, February 2, 1944; Fort Worth Star-Telegram, January 30, 1944.
329 “You can answer every sleazy”: (Nashville) Tennessean, February 4, 1944.
329 U.S. military personnel in the Pacific: Newsweek, February 7, 1944; New York Times, January 30, 1944.
330 Though there would be instances: New York Times, January 30, 1944; Falk, Bataan, 210–211.
330 Even as late as December 1945: Fortune, December 1945.
331 It was no surprise then: Robert H. Ferrell, Off the Record: The Personal Papers of Harry S. Truman (New York: Harper & Row, 1980), 55.
331 After hearing news: Breuer, The Air-Raid Warden Was a Spy, 207.
331 Perhaps the most important consequence: (Nashville) Tennessean, February 1, 1944; Chicago Tribune, January 29, 1944; Fort Worth Star-Telegram, February 2, 1944.
332 We’ve got to have the nature: Palmer Hoyt, “What the Public Must Be Told,” The American, February 1944.
333 “Let us face the facts”: Philippines Mail, February 25, 1944; Newsweek, February 7, 1944;
333 Good news or bad: Editor and Publisher, February 1944; Palmer Hoyt, “What the Public Must Be Told,” The American, February 1944.
333 Instead, thanks to the Dapecol escapees: Letter from Palmer Hoyt to Wilbur Forrest (associate editor, New York Herald Tribune ), February 19, 1944, Hoyt Papers, Denver Public Library, WH 1226, Box 2.
333 In the war-torn Pacific: Letter from Carl Mydans, “I Know of Nothing Out Here That Has Done More Good,” Life, January 8, 1945.
334 “with more loose pages”: Haggerty, Guerrilla Padre in Mindanao, 113; Mydans, “I know of nothing.”
334 And what of those fighting: New York Times, January 30, 1944.
335 “Be of good cheer:” Copy of Commander McCoy’s message to prisoners, U.S. Naval Academy Special Collections Library, Annapolis, MD.
335 Feeling the weight of world opinion: Kerr, Surrender and Survival, 163–64.
EPILOGUE
PAGE
337 “We’ll have our small”: Lee, “ ‘Group Four, November 11, 1943 (Cabanatuan Camp Cemetery),” Nothing but Praise, 32.
337 The release of the atrocities story: Jack Hawkins, author’s interview.
337 Sam Grashio had been: Grashio, Return to Freedom, 184–90; e-mail correspondence from Jeff Davis to the author, September 26, 2005; Devonia Grashio, author’s interview.
339 In early 1944, the Marines discovered: Austin Shofner, Smallwood interview; Jack Hawkins, author’s interview; Paul Marshall, author’s interview; Obituary of Melvyn H. McCoy, San Diego Union-Tribune, January 19, 1989.
341 When the battle entered: Honolulu Star-Bulletin, January 12, 1944; Brainerd Daily Dispatch (Minnesota), August 10, 1997; Stewart Shofner, author’s interview; New York Times, November 17, 1999.
342 “When we escaped”: Paul Marshall, author’s interview; Robert Spielman, author’s interview; Robert Spielman, Smallwood interview.
342 In late 1943 and early 1944: Mellnik, Philippine Diary, 283–90; Rosenquist Diary #3, Fertig Papers, Mac, RG 83, Box 9, Folder 32; Jack Donohoe, author’s interview; Gregory Michno, Death on the Hellships: Prisoners at Sea in the Pacific War (Annapolis: U.S. Naval Institute Press, 2001), 173–76, 225–31; Clyde Childress, author’s interview; Paul Marshall, author’s interview; Paul Marshall, Smallwood interview; Robert Spielman, Smallwood interview; Peter Parsons, author’s interview. Parsons believed that, if estimates were reasonably accurate, Laureta’s forces possessed only about 200 rifles, meaning that only one-fifth of his force would be armed.
346 For Melvyn McCoy and Steve Mellnik: Mellnik, Philippine Diary, 302–12; McCoy biography, 2–3; Indianapolis Times, February 1, 1944; Winsor Soule, author’s interview; Julie Witkoff, author’s interview.
347 Okinawa would be Jack Hawkins’s last shot: Jack Hawkins, author’s interview.
348 “If Ed was watching”: Grashio, Return to Freedom, 184.
348 Thanks to the efforts: “Individual Deceased Personal File, Leo Boelens,” National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Missouri.
349 The remaining Dapecol POWs: Bert Bank, author’s interview.
349 Juan Acenas: Ernesto Corcino, author’s interview.
349 After attending the July 4, 1946, ceremonies: Mellnik, Philippine Diary, 316.
349 Perhaps the most capable: Dee Childress, author’s interview.
349 Casiano de Juan: Ernesto Corcino, author’s interview.
349 For the remainder of the war: Mercedes Brolagda, author’s interview; miscellaneous e-mail correspondence between Mercedes Broladga and the author, 2004–2006.
350 With the passage of: Obituary of Magdaleno Dueñas, San Francisco Chronicle, March 6, 2005.
350 By all accounts, Victorio Jumarong: Ernesto Corcino, author’s interview.
350 Colonel Ernest McClish: Clyde Childress, author’s interview.
350 After retiring from the Navy Reserve: Peter Parsons, author’s interview; miscellaneous e-mail correspondence between Peter Parsons and the author, 2004–2009.
351 International Military Tribunal: “Record of Proceedings of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, 1946–1948;” 1145–1211; sides, Ghost Soldier, 333–34; Judgment IMFTE, Part 3, Chapter VII, The Pacific War, 1940–1948. Supreme Commander for Allied Powers, MAC, RG 331, Box 1333; American Heritage, February/March 2007.
353 Unlike Camp O’Donnell or Cabanatuan: E-mail correspondence from Duane Heisinger to the author, June 12, 2004; Dapecol camp roster (as of April 15, 1944), NARA, RG 407, Box 95; Pablo Asuncion, author’s interview.
Bibliography
INTERVIEWS BY AUTHOR
Malcolm Amos
Eduardo Gardé
Pablo Asuncion
Devonia Grashio and Samuel E. Grashio
Bert Bank
Jack Hawkins
Thelma Basham
Louis Jurika
Anton Bilek
Thelma Kost
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James Litton
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