Lenin
Page 66
3 He was still issuing orders to the Cheka: RGASPI f. 13, op. 9, d. 7; and to Justice Commissar about the new penal code: RGASPI f. 13, op. 8, d. 13.
4 Was not like the old Lenin making speeches: French Communist, quoted in Clark, p. 493.
5 Stalin refused to give him poison, ‘I do not have the strength’: Kotkin, p. 315.
6 Lenin’s ‘Last Testament’, background: Service, Lenin, pp. 450–2; Fotieva, VoVIL, Vol. 8, pp. 180–90; and Volkogonov, pp. 390–5.
7 Lenin’s last row with Stalin: Kotkin, pp. 320–2; Krupskaya, letter to Kamenev: RGASPI f. 12, op. 3, d. 9; Lenin’s message to Stalin: RGASPI f. 12, op. 3, d. 11; Stalin’s reply: RGASPI f. 12, op. 3, d. 12. March 1923 stroke and Professor Kramer quote: Moshe Lewin, Lenin’s Last Struggle, New York, 1967.
8 Nadya’s letter to Zetkin: RGASPI f. 12, op. 9, d. 1; Nadya to Inna Armand, 23 May 1923: RGASPI f. 12, op. 9, d. 11; letter on 2 September: RGASPI f. 12, op. 9, d. 13. Lenin’s nephew Gora’s visit: record at RGASPI f. 13, op. 11, d. 17. Visit by artist Yuri Annenkov: cited by Volkogonov, p. 374.
9 Lenin’s last day remembered: Bukharin, Pravda, 30 January 1924; death described in Krupskaya, Reminiscences, pp. 301–2.
53: ‘AN EXPLOSION OF NOISE’
1 ‘Unmistakable grief’ after Lenin’s death: Valentinov, p. 288.
2 Funeral described: Walter Duranty, New York Times, 28 January 1924; Bukharin, Pravda, 29 January 1924; Balabanova, p. 215; and Lunacharsky, www.marxists.org/archive/lunachar.
54: LENIN LIVES
1 Funeral Commission orders embalming the body for forty days: RGASPI f. 17, op. 9, d. 13. Dzerzhinsky, ‘If science can preserve a human body’: Politburo minutes, 25 January 1924, RGASPI f. 17, op. 17, op 8, d. 13. Trotsky objects to embalmment: The Trotsky Papers, Vol. 2, p. 59. Nadya’s letter to Inna Armand: RGASPI f. 12, op. 13, d. 18.
2 The ‘Troika’ ensure that Lenin’s Testament is ‘buried’ at Politburo: RGASPI f. 17, op. 11, d. 13; and at Council of Elders: RGASPI f. 17, op. 11, d. 16, and Kotkin, pp. 424–6. Zinoviev’s speech at Central Committee, ‘Every word of Ilyich is law to us’: RGASPI f. 17, op. 12, d. 116.
3 Lunacharsky on the shape of Lenin’s skull: Pravda, 3 September 1918. Studies by the Institute of the Brain: Volkogonov, pp. 400–2; post-mortem reports: Rozanov, p. 23; Service, Lenin, p. 463; and Louis Fischer, p. 483.
4 Immortalisation Commission and embalming Lenin: Volkogonov, pp. 406–10; Ilya Zbarsky and Samuel Hutchinson, Lenin’s Embalmers, London, 1998; Service, Lenin, pp. 453–4; and John Gray, The Immortalisation Commission, London, 2010.
Select Bibliography
Abraham, Richard, Alexander Kerensky: The First Love of the Revolution, London, 1987
Alliluyev, Sergei, Moyi vospominaniya, Krasnaya letopis, Moscow, 1923
Archives of the President of the Russian Federation (APRF), Moscow
Armand, Varvara, ‘Zhivaya nit’, Novy Mir, No. 4, 1967
Ascher, Abraham, P. A. Stolypin: The Search for Stability in Late Imperial Russia, Stanford, 2001
———, The Revolution of 1905, London, 1988
Baedeker, Karl, Baedeker’s Russia, London, 1914
Bagoczki, Sergiusz, ‘V. I. Lenin v Krakove i Poronine’, in VoVIL, Vol. 1, pp. 438–56
Balabanova, Angelica, Impressions of Lenin, Ann Arbor, 1964
Bardawil, Georges, Inès Armand, Paris, 1993
Baron, Samuel, Plekhanov: The Father of Russian Marxism, Stanford, 1963
Beer, Daniel, The House of the Dead: Siberian Exile Under the Tsars, London, 2016
Bernov, Y. and A. Manusevich, Lenin v Krakove, Moscow, 1972
Blackstock, Paul and Bert Hoselitz (eds.), The Russian Menace to Europe, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: A Collection of Articles, Speeches, Letters and News Dispatches, London, 1953
Bobrovskaya, Cecilia, Twenty Years in Underground Russia, San Francisco, 1934
Body, Marcel, ‘Alexandra Kollontai’, Preuves, No. 14, April 1952, pp. 12–24
Bonch-Bruevich, Vladimir, Izbrannye Sochineniya, Moscow, 1934
———, Vospomonaniya o Lenine, Moscow, 1985
Brien, Alan, Lenin: The Novel, London, 1987
Brogan, Hugh (ed.), Signalling from Mars: The Letters of Arthur Ransome, London, 1998
Bryant, Louise, Six Red Months in Russia, New York, 1918
Buchanan, Sir George, My Mission to Russia and Other Diplomatic Memories, London, 1923
Buchanan, Meriel, Ambassador’s Daughter, London, 1958
Bukharin, Nikolai, The ABC of Communism, Ann Arbor, 1966
———, How It All Began, New York, 1998
Carr, E. H., The Bolshevik Revolution (3 vols.), London, 1950
Carrère d’Encausse, Hélène, Lenin, New York, 2001
Chernyshevsky, Nikolai, Chto delat?, St Petersburg, 1863; in English as What Is to Be Done? (trans. Laura Beraha), London, 1983
Churchill, Sir Winston, The World Crisis, Vol. 2: The Aftermath, London, 1929
Clark, Ronald W., Lenin: The Man Behind the Mask, London, 1988
Clements, Barbara, Bolshevik Women, Cambridge, 1997
Conquest, Robert, Between Mars and Venus, London, 1962
———, The Great Terror, London, 1973
———, Tyrants and Typewriters, London, 1989
Dan, L. O., Iz Arkhiva Dan, Amsterdam, 1957
Deutscher, Isaac, Lenin’s Childhood, London, 1970
———, The Prophet Armed: Trotsky 1879–1921, New York, 1954
———, The Prophet Unarmed: Trotsky 1921–1929, New York, 1959
Deutscher, Tamara, Not by Politics Alone: The Other Lenin, London, 1973
Ehrenburg, Ilya, People and Life: Memoirs of 1891–1917, London, 1961
Elwood, Ralph Carter, Inessa Armand: Revolutionary and Feminist, Cambridge, 1992
———, The Non-Geometric Lenin: Essays on the Development of the Bolshevik Party 1910–1914, New York, 2011
Engel, Barbara Alpern and Clifford Rosenthal (eds.), Five Sisters: Women Against the Tsar, London, 2013
Essen, Maria, ‘Vstrechi s Leninym’, in VoVIL, Vol. 1, pp. 244–62
Felshtinsky, Yuri, Lenin and His Comrades: The Bolsheviks Take Over Russia 1917–1924, New York, 2010
Figes, Orlando, A People’s Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891–1924, London, 1996
Fischer, Ben, Okhrana: The Paris Operations of the Russian Imperial Police, Washington D.C., Center for the Study of Intelligence, 1997
Fischer, Louis, The Life and Death of Stalin, London, 1953
———, The Life of Lenin, London, 1965
Fomicheva, L., N. K. Krupskaya: Zhizn’ i deyatelnost’ v fotografiyakh i dokumentakh, Moscow, 1988
Fotieva, Lidia, Pages from Lenin’s Life, Moscow, 1960
Francis, David, Russia from the American Embassy, New York, 1921
Fréville, Jean, Une grande figure de la révolution russe: Inessa Armand, Paris, 1957
———, Lénine à Paris, Paris, 1968
Ganecki, Yakub (von Vurstenberg), ‘V. Lenin’, Voprosy istorii, No. 3, Moscow, 1970, pp. 92–101
Geifman, Anna, Thou Shalt Kill: Revolutionary Terrorism in Russia, 1894–1917, Princeton, 1993
———, ed., Russia Under the Last Tsar: Opposition and Subversion, 1894–1917, Oxford, 1999
Getzler, Israel, Martov: A Political Biography of a Russian Social Democrat, Cambridge, 1967
———, Nikolai Sukhanov: Chronicler of the Russian Revolution, Cambridge, 2011
Gil’, Stepan, Shest’ let s V. I. Leninym: vospominaniya, Moscow, 1957
Gippius, Zinaida, Peterburgskie dnevniki 1914–1919, New York, 1982
Goldman, Emma, Living My Life, London, 1932
———, My Disillusionment in Russia, London, 1925
Golikov, Georgy, V. I. Lenin: Biograficheskaya Khronika, 1870–1924 (12 vols), Moscow, 1970–1982
———, Vospominaniya o V. I. Lenine (5 vols.), Moscow, 1968–1970
Gorky, Maxim, My Days with Lenin,
London, 1933
Hasegawa, Tsuyoshi, The February Revolution of Petrograd, 1917, London, 1981
Hastings, Max, Catastrophe 1914: Europe Goes to War, London, 2013
Henderson, Robert, ‘Lenin and the British Museum Library’, Solanus, Vol. 4, London, 1990, pp. 3–15
Hillyar, Anna and Jane McDermid, Revolutionary Women in Russia, 1870–1917, London, 2000
Hoffman, Max, War Diaries and Other Papers, London, 1929
Holroyd-Doveton, John, Maxim Litvinov: A Biography, London, 2013
Ivansky, A. I. (ed.), Comet in the Night: The Story of Alexander Ulyanov’s Heroic Life and Tragic Death as Told by his Contemporaries, Honolulu, 2004
Joffe, Nadezhda A., Back in Time: My Life, My Fate, My Epoch, Oak Park, Mich., 1995
Kamenev, Lev, Mezhdu dvumya revolyutsiyami; sbornik statey, Moscow, 1923
Kennan, George, Russia and the West Under Lenin and Stalin, Boston, 1961
———, ‘The Sisson Documents’, The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 28, No. 2, June 1956, pp. 130–54
Kerensky, Alexander, The Crucifixion of Liberty, New York, 1934
———, The Kerensky Memoirs: Russia and History’s Turning Point, New York, 1965
Knox, Major-General Sir Alfred, With the Russian Army 1914–1917, London, 1921
Kollontai, Alexandra, A Great Love (trans. Lily Lore), London, 1981
———, Love of Worker Bees (trans. Cathy Porter), London, 1971
Kotkin, Stephen, Stalin, Vol. 1: Paradoxes of Power 1878–1928, London, 2014
Krupskaya, Nadezhda, ‘O Vladimire Ilyich’, in VoVIL, Vol. 2, Moscow, 1975
———, Reminiscences of Lenin, New York, 1970
Krzhizhanovsky, Gleb, ‘O Vladimir Il’iche’, in VoVIL, Vol. 2, Moscow, 1924
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, Biograficheskaya khronika (12 vols.), Moscow, 1970–1982
———, Collected Works (45 vols.) (in English), Moscow, 1963–1970
———, Neizvestnye Dokumenty 1891–1922 (ed. Yuri Amiantov), Moscow, 1999
Lepeshinskaya, Olga, Vstrechi s Ilyichem, Moscow, 1966
Lepeshinsky, Panteleimon, Na povorot: ot kontsa 80-kh godov k 1905, Moscow, 1922
Liebman, Marcel, Leninism Under Lenin, London, 1975
Lieven, Dominic, Nicholas II: Emperor of All the Russias, London, 1993
———, Russia’s Rulers Under the Old Regime, London, 1989
———, Towards the Flame: Empire, War and the End of Tsarist Russia, London, 2015
Lih, Lars, Lenin, London, 2011
Lilina, Zina (Zinovieva), ‘Tov: Lenin edet v Rossiyu’, Leningradskaya Pravda, 16 April 1924
Lunacharsky, Anatoly, Revolutionary Silhouettes, New York, 1968
Lyadov, M., Iz zhizhni partii, Vospominaniya, Moscow, 1926
McMeekin, Sean, History’s Greatest Heist: The Looting of Russia by the Bolsheviks, New York, 2009
———, July 1914: Countdown to War, London, 2014
———, The Russian Origins of the First World War, Cambridge, Mass., 2011
McNeal, Robert, Bride of the Revolution: Krupskaya and Lenin, London, 1973
Maisky, Ivan, Journey into the Past, London, 1960
Marcu, Valeriu, ‘Lenin in Zurich: A Memoir’, in Foreign Affairs, April 1943
Marxist Internet Archive, www.marxists.org
Mayakovsky, Vladimir, ‘Vladimir Mayakovsky’ and Other Poems, London, 2016
Medvedev, Roy, Let History Judge: The Origins and Consequences of Stalinism, London, 1972
Mel’nichenko, Vladimir, Ya tebya ochen’ lyubila: Pravda o Lenine i Armand, Moscow, 2002
Merridale, Catherine, Lenin on the Train, London, 2016
Meshcheryakov, N. L. (ed.), Po Vospominayam perepeske i dokumentam, Moscow, 1935
Mikhailov, I. K., ‘Vospominaniya o V. I. Lenin’, in VoVIL, Vol. 3, Moscow, 1960, pp. 130–41
Milton, Giles, Russian Roulette: How British Spies Thwarted Lenin’s Plot for Global Revolution, London, 2013
Milyukov, Pavel, The Russian Revolution, New York, 1978
Muravyova, L. and L. Sivolap-Kaftanova, Lenin in London: Memorial Places, Moscow, 1983
Novikov, V., Lenin i deyatel’nost’ iskrovskikh grupp v Rossii 1900–1903, Moscow, 1978
Ossendowski, Ferdinand, Lenin: God of the Godless, London, 1931
Payne, Robert, The Life and Death of Lenin, New York, 1965
Pearson, Michael, Inessa: Lenin’s Mistress, London, 2001
———, The Sealed Train, London, 1975
Pianzola, Maurice, Lénine en Suisse, Geneva, 1965
Piłsudski, Joseph, The Memoirs of a Polish Revolutionary and Soldier, London, 1931
Pipes, Richard, The Russian Revolution 1899–1919, London, 1990
———, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime 1919–1924, London, 1994
———, ed., The Unknown Lenin: From the Secret Archives, London and New Haven, 1996
Platten, Fritz, Lenin iz emigratsii v Rossiyu, Moscow, 1925
Podvoisky, Nikolai, ‘V. I. Lenin v 1917 godu’, in VoVIL, Vol. 4, Moscow, 1960
Pomper, Philip, Lenin’s Brother: The Origins of the October Revolution, New York, 2010
Porter, Cathy, Alexandra Kollontai: A Biography, London, 2014
Possony, Stefan, Lenin: The Compulsory Revolutionary, London, 1966
Potresov, Alexander (ed. B. Nikolayevsky), Posmertny sbornik proizvedeniya, Paris, 1937
Rabinowitch, Alexander, The Bolsheviks Come to Power: The Revolution of 1917 in Petrograd, London, 1979
———, The Bolsheviks in Power: The First Year of Soviet Rule in Petrograd, Bloomington, Ind., 2007
———, Prelude to Revolution: The Petrograd Bolsheviks and the July 1917 Uprising, Bloomington, Ind., 1968
Radek, Karl, ‘Lenin’s “Sealed Train” ’, New York Times, 19 February 1922
———, ‘V plombirovannom vagone’, Pravda, 20 April 1924
———, Portrety i pamflety (2 vols.), Moscow, 1927
Rakhia, Eino, ‘Moyi vospominaniya o Vladimir Ilyich’, Pravda, 21 January 1927
Ransome, Arthur, The Autobiography of Arthur Ransome, London, 1976
———, Six Weeks in Russia in 1919, London, 1919
Rappaport, Helen, Conspirator: Lenin in Exile: The Making of a Revolutionary, London, 2009
———, Ekaterinburg: The Last Days of the Romanovs, London, 2008
Rappoport, Charles, ‘Lénine à Paris’, in Russie d’aujourd’hui, No. 70, January 1938
Raskolnikov, Fyodor, ‘Priezd tov. Lenina v Rossiyu’, Proletarskaya revolutyutsiya, No. 10, 1923, pp. 220–26
Reed, John, Ten Days That Shook the World, New York, 1919
Rothstein, Andrew, Lenin in Britain, London, 1970
Rozanov, Vladimir, ‘Iz vospominaniya o Vladimire Ilyiche’, in N. L. Meshcheryakov (ed.), Po Vospominayam perepeske i dokumentam, Moscow, 1935
Russell, Bertrand, The Practice and Theory of Bolshevism, London, 1920
Russian State Archive of Social and Political History (RGASPI), Moscow
Russian State Library (The Lenin Library), Moscow
Russian State Library of Literature and Arts (RGALI), Moscow
Russian State Military Archive (TsGASA), Moscow
Salisbury, Harrison, Black Night, White Snow: Russia’s Revolutions 1905–1917, New York, 1978
Sanborn, Joshua, Imperial Apocalypse: The Great War and the Destruction of the Russian Empire, Oxford, 2014
Savinkov, Boris, Memoirs of a Terrorist, London, 1931
Schapiro, Leonard, The Communist Party of the Soviet Union, New York, 1970
———, The Russian Revolutions of 1917: The Origins of Modern Communism, New York, 1984
Sebag Montefiore, Simon, The Romanovs 1613–1918, London, 2016
———, Young Stalin, London, 2007
Semashko, Nikolai, Otchego bolel i umer V. I. Lenin, Leningrad, 1924
Senn, Alfred, The Russian Revolution in Switzerland 1914–1917, London, 1975
<
br /> Serge, Victor, Memoirs of a Revolutionary, London, 1963
———, Year One of the Russian Revolution, London, 1972
Service, Robert, Lenin: A Biography, London, 2000
———, Lenin: A Political Life (3 vols.), London, 1985–95
———, Spies and Commissars, London, 2011
———, Stalin: A Biography, London, 2004
———, Trotsky: A Biography, London, 2009
Sheridan, Clare Consuelo, Russian Portraits, London, 1921
Shlyapnikov, Alexander, On the Eve of 1917: Reminiscences from the Revolutionary Underground, London, 1982
Shotman, A. V., ‘Lenin nakanune Oktyabrya’, in O Lenine: Sbornik vospominaniy, Leningrad, 1925
Shub, David, Lenin, London, 1966
Shukman, Harold, Lenin and the Russian Revolution, New York, 1981
———, ed., The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the Russian Revolution, Oxford, 1988
Smele, Jonathan, Russian Revolution and Civil War 1917–1921: An Annotated Bibliography, London, 2003
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, Lenin in Zürich, London, 1975
Spengler, Tilman, Lenin’s Brain, London, 1993
Stasova, Elena, Vospominaniya, Moscow, 1969
Steinberg, Isaac, Maria Spiridonova: Revolutionary Terrorist, London, 1935
Stone, Norman, The Eastern Front 1914–1917, London, 1975
Sukhanov, Nikolai, Zapiski o Revoliutsii, Moscow, 1922; in English as The Russian Revolution 1917: A Personal Record, London, 1955
Sverdlova, Klavdia, Yakov Mikhailovich Sverdlov, Moscow, 1957
Tismaneanu, Vladimir, The Devil in History: Communism, Fascism, and Some Lessons of the Twentieth Century, Los Angeles, 2012
Trotsky, Leon, The History of the Russian Revolution, London, 1934
———, My Life, New York, 1930
———, On Lenin: Notes Towards a Biography, London, 1971
———, The Trotsky Papers, 1917–1922 (2 vols) (ed. M. Meijer), The Hague, 1964–1971
Troyat, Henry, Gorky, London, 1989
Tsereteli, Irakli, Vospominaniya o fevral’skom revolutsii, Paris, 1963
Tsvetaeva, Marina, Earthly Signs: Moscow Diaries, 1917–1921 (trans. Jamey Gambrell), London and New Haven, 2002
———, Selected Poems (trans. David McDuff), London, 1987