Russian tour (1863) 26
Rysanek, Leonie 298
SA (Sturm-Abteilung; brownshirts) 141, 154, 172, 173
Saarbrücken 166
Sachs, Hans (character) 176, 182, 188
St Petersburg 123
Saint-Saëns, Camille 45
Salzburg: Mozarteum 342
Salzburg festival 345
Sarajevo 129
Sartre, Jean-Paul 314
Sattler, Dieter 265
Sawallisch, Wolfgang 294, 300
Saxony 24, 140, 238
Sayn-Wittgenstein, Princess Carolyne 29–30, 33, 34, 36, 51, 88
Scheel, Walter 325–6, 328, 329, 347, 350
Schemann, Ludwig 98
Schiller, Friedrich xiii, 121, 279
Schillings, Max von 167
Schinkel, Karl Friedrich 97
Schleicher, Kurt von 172
Schlesinger, Maurice 83
Schloss Berg, Lake Starnberg 35
Schloss Fantaisie, near Bayreuth 307–8
Schlusstrich policy 284
Schmidt, Helmut 325
Schmidt, Lieselotte
admires Hitler 201
antisemitism 201–2
and Hans Frank 201, 252
Wagner children’s coach-cum-secretary 201, 202
Schmidt-Rottluff, Karl 203
Schnappauf, Bernhard (Bayreuth barber) 49, 51
Schoenberg, Arnold 71, 150, 158, 167, 256
Gurrelieder 180
Moses und Aron 307
Scholl, Hans 289
Scholl, Sophie 289
Schönerer, Georg von 103
Schopenhauer, Arthur xiii, 20–23, 24, 26, 48, 49, 50, 73, 77, 78, 80
Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung (The World as Will and Representation) 20–21, 22
Schorr, Friedrich 149
Schröder-Devrient, Wilhelmine 298–9
Schultz, Klaus 343, 344
Schultze, Norbert
‘Lili Marleen’ 178
Schwarzer Peter (Black Peter) 178
Schumacher, Kurt 282
Schumann, Clara 118
Schumann, Robert 12, 119
Schwabe, Julie 26
Second Empire (France) 88
Second Reich 173
Second Republic (France) 88
Second World War
El Alamein 233
end of war in Europe 242
German occupation of much of Europe 233
Germany invades Holland and Belgium 216
Pearl Harbour 233
‘phoney war’ 216
start of (September 1939) 201, 211
Semites 69, 104
Semper, Gottfried 42
Senta (character) 293, 298, 299
Serkin, Rudolf 274
Shakespeare, William 37, 74, 294, 315, 326
Measure for Measure 10
The Merchant of Venice 80
Shaw, George Bernard 78, 116
The Perfect Wagnerite 19, 20
Siberia, Bakunin exiled in 16
Sicily 52, 53
Siegfried (character) 2, 19, 41, 80, 190
Siegfried Wagner Society 337
Sieglinde (character) 44
Siegmund (character) 44
Siena Cathedral, Italy 53
Silja, Anja 298–303
Singapore 120
Sixth Army (German) 234
Social Democrats 68, 107, 140, 172, 174, 245, 282, 309, 310, 312
socialism 73
Society of Friends of Bayreuth 268–9, 319, 337, 351
Söcking, Bavaria 128
Solti, Sir Georg 299
Sophie, Princess 37
Sorrento, Italy 51, 301
Southsea, Hampshire 91, 106
Soviet Union
‘Bolshevik threat’ 140
Hitler orders invasion of (1941) 233
Nazi experts working in 350
praised by western democrats 201
and reunification of Germany 283–4
Stalingrad battle (1943) 233–4
Spartakisten 139
Special Branch 219
Speer, Albert 183–4, 186, 252
Spengler, Oswald: Der Untergang des Abendlandes (The Decline of the West) 106, 107
Spengler, Tilman 315
Speyer, Antonia 119
Speyer, Edward 118, 119
Spruchkammern (German civilian tribunals) 252, 257, 274
SS (Schutzstaffel) 173, 217, 252
and the Bayreuth institute 238
Totenkopfring 236
Verena marries a senior SS officer xii
‘Wiking’ division 228
Stalin, Joseph 201, 260
Stalingrad, battle of (1943) 233–4
Stars and Stripes newspaper 251
Stein, Heinrich von 96, 97
Stenzl, Jürg 340
stock market crash (1873) 68, 86–7, 89
stock market crash (1929) 153
Stöcker, Adolf 68, 75, 121
Stolzing, Walther von (character) 190
Straubele (Wagner family schnauzer) 145–6
Strauss, Johann 184–5
Die Fledermaus (The Bat) 184
Strauss, Pauline Maria (née de Ahna) 61, 95, 116
Strauss, Richard 61–2, 95, 116, 150, 169, 170, 174, 242, 253, 255, 292, 299, 314
Elektra 175
Ein Heldenleben (A Hero’s Life) 169
Die Liebe der Danae 169
Der Rosenkavalier 242
Stravinsky, Igor 167, 180
Streicher, Julius 321
Strobel, Gertrud 144, 229, 329, 330
Strobel, Otto 229, 232, 328, 330
Stuckenschmidt, Hans Heinz 180, 181
student revolt (late 1960s) 310, 312
Stukas (film) 228
Sturmabteilung see SA
Stürmer, Der (antisemitic weekly) 321
Stuttgart 26, 40, 295
Sucher, Rosa 63
Sudetenland, Czechoslovakia 201
supermen, Nordic 69
Switzerland 254, 256
Chamberlain in 93–4
Deman flees to 211
Gerta von Einem’s valuables 215
and looted Jewish wealth 350
Mann dies in 279
RW exiled in 16, 59, 86
Wagner family’s abortive flight 242
Winifred-Friedelind meeting (1940) 212–14
Syberberg, Hans Jürgen 321–5, 336, 349
Sylt island 297, 301, 303, 305
Tangiers 166
Tannhäuser (character) 18, 157, 188, 292
Tauber, Richard 184
Tausig, Carl 84, 85
Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Ilyich 45
Tel Aviv, Israel 246
temperance 73
Thadden, Adolf von 312–13
Thielemann, Christian 346
‘Third Reich’ xii, 171, 181, 198, 203, 206, 210, 212, 219, 228, 237, 238, 246, 247, 248, 251, 263, 265, 270, 276, 278, 281, 283, 286, 287, 288, 293, 302, 310, 311, 321, 329, 347, 348, 350, 352
Thode, Daniela Senta von (Lulu; née von Bülow) 207
Bayreuth’s costume designer and wardrobe mistress 160
birth (1860) 33, 51
childless 112, 124
and Cosima’s death 155
death (1940) 225
designs Nibel-jungen costumes for Wagner children 193
looks after her mother 154
marriage 96, 113
and Mein Leben 125–6
personality 112
sent to boarding school 52
Siegfried stays with 117
and Winifred 137, 160–61
Thode, Heinrich (Henry) 96, 110, 112, 113, 117, 119, 126
Thomas à Kempis 30, 50
De Imitatio Christi (Imitation of Christ) 28
Thomson, Virgil 54–5
Thorborg, Kirsten 220
Thornborrow, Neill 338, 351
Thuringia 132, 140, 226
Tietjen, Heinz (Heinrich Vivian) 191, 217, 223, 226, 230, 265, 347
a
dministrative skill 166
appearance 164, 192, 196
appointed artistic director at Bayreuth 161, 166
background 165–6, 217
and the Bayreuth festival 169–71, 197–8, 226, 227
his Berlin Lohengrin 166
biographical essay 165, 166–7
and Bruno Walter 164–5
and the ‘Day of Potsdam’ 175
and Deman 211, 212
and Friedelind 195, 271
grey eminence of German theatre 165
Intendant of the Hamburg Opera 294
inventiveness of the Tietjen-Preetorius team 291–2
liking for massed crowd scenes 170, 171
his many foes 198
marries a ballet dancer 197, 272
memorandum of December 1941 231–2
personality 164–5, 197
plans the 1945 festival 232–3
and plans for a foundation 257
pre-Bayreuth career in music 166–7
relationship with Winifred 167, 168, 171, 196–7
sole cooperation with Wolfgang and Wieland 232
a substitute father to the Wagner children 191
ultra-sensitive nose for power 166
Wieland aims to dislodge him 229, 230
Wieland refuses his training offer 198, 222
Times Literary Supplement, The 108
Tintoretto (Jacopo Comin) 156
Titian 156
Assunta (Assumption of the Virgin) 53
Toscanini, Arturo 161, 248
and the 1930
recording of Tannhäuser 159
beaten by blackshirts 162
calls off festival plans (1933) 164, 168
comforts the children after Siegfried’s death 195
and Friedelind 195, 208, 212, 218, 219, 220, 267, 274
and Furtwängler 162, 164
and Muck 17, 158, 161
precise beat and insistence on the letter of the score 161
a slow Parsifal (1931) 162
Strauss replaces 62, 169
swears never to conduct at Bayreuth again (1931) 162
and Winifred 271–2
trade unions 236
Traubel, Helen 220
Treblinka extermination camp, Poland 200
Treitschke, Heinrich von 68
Tribschen, near Lucerne, Switzerland 1, 2, 4–8, 41, 42, 48, 49, 50, 56, 61, 77, 94, 96, 158, 212, 213, 215, 222, 308, 338–9
Trier 166
Tristan (character) 18, 123, 190
Triumph des Willens, Der (The Triumph of Will) (film) 178, 323
Überlingen, Bodensee 238, 242, 337
unemployment 163, 200
UNESCO 256
United States
American troops at Richard Strauss’s villa 242
American troops at Wahnfried 250
and the Berne convention 61
business ties with the Reich 145
Congressional Un-American Activities Committee 279
court action of former victims 352
Declaration of Independence 50
denazification questionnaires 253, 264
and the Evian conference (1938) 199
Friedelind in xii, 207, 220
Friedelind’s US nationality 254, 273, 274
German boffins work for the American military 239
Hitler declares war 233
Jewish immigration 69
Nazi experts working in 350
rich-poor gap 331
RW fails to negotiate a deal in 46
and the Vietnam War 312
Wagners seek funding for Bayreuth 144, 148
‘Unser Seliger Adolf’ (USA; Our Blessed Adolf) 288, 313, 323, 336
V-1 flying bombs 237
Vansittart, Sir Robert 209
Varnay, Astrid 248, 297, 307
Vaterlandsverein (Fatherland Union) 15
Vatican: Concordat with Hitler 175
vegetarianism 73, 77–8
Venice
Friedelind in (1938) 214
RW and Cosima on holiday in (1876) 51
RW dies in (13 February 1883) xii, 1, 51, 54, 155
RW harassed by police in 23
RW seduced by 53–4
RW works on Tristan in 32, 51
Venus (character) 298
Verdi, Giuseppe 115, 179, 292
Otello 299
Versailles 92
Versailles Treaty (1919) 141, 310, 348
German armed forces restricted 139
Hitler reneges on the treaty 200–201
NSDAP demands abrogation of 140
reparations 139
strips Germany of territory 139
Victoria, Princess 106
Victoria, Queen 23, 106
Vienna 2, 99, 186, 235, 347
1848 insurrection 9, 10
Chamberlain lives in 102, 103
Chamberlain’s lecture angers Cosima 109
Gottfried writes a dissertation in 286
Hitler’s abject failure and poverty in 134
Hitler hears Wagner in 141
Nike lives in 314, 340
RW’s silk-lined home 26, 35
theatre fire (1881) 75
Vienna Court Opera (Hofoper; later Wiener Staatsoper) 62, 102, 103, 177, 208, 340, 347
Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra 347
Vienna University 102, 103
Vierwaldstätter Lake, Switzerland 1, 93
Vietnam War 310, 312
vivisection 73, 75
Volk, the 18, 132, 182, 185
Völker, Franz 171
Völkische Beobachter newspaper 154
Völkl, Marie 24
Volkswagen 236, 237
Voltaire 69, 90
Wacht am Rhein, Die (The Watch on the Rhine) patriotic song 148
Wächtler, Fritz 234
Wagner, Carl Friedrich (RW’s ‘official’ father) 25, 82
Wagner, Christine Wilhelmine ‘Minna’ (née Planer) 83, 98, 101
an actress 10
childless after cart accident 11
death (1866) 26
in Dresden 12
in exile with RW 16
her illegitimate daughter, Natalie 10, 26
jealous scenes 31
marriage to RW 7, 10–11, 17, 26
Wagner, Cosima see Wagner, Francesca Gaetana
Wagner, Daphne (Wieland’s daughter) birth (1946) 287
marriage to Proksch 314–15
and funds from sale of the archive 318
a Munich-based actress 314, 340
Wagner, Ellen (née Drexel) 255
appearance 231
birth of Eva 241
a dancer 231, 332
death (2002) 333
diaries 333, 351
divorce from Wolfgang 332
marriage to Wolfgang 231
retires to Wiesbaden 332–3
returns to Wahnfried (1946) 254
takes refuge from bombs in Siegfried-Wagner-Haus 241
Wagner, Eugenio (Gottfried’s adopted son) 331
Wagner, Eva (RW’s daughter) see Chamberlain
Wagner, Eva (Wolfgang’s daughter) see Pasquier, Eva
Wagner, Francesca Gaetana Cosima (née Liszt; RW’s wife) 166
aims to be the muse of a creative genius 34
ambitions for Siegfried 117–18
antisemitism 39, 62, 87–9, 186, 348
appearance 28, 30, 35
on Bärenhäuter 149
the Beidlers’ begging letter to 127
birth (24 December 1837) 28, 155
a birthday treat for RW 5
childhood 28, 29, 32, 88, 134
contact with her father 8
correspondence with King Ludwig 35–6
death (1 April 1930) and funeral 155–6, 158, 159, 207
debut as a producer 58
diaries 2, 3, 7–8, 24, 35, 49, 54, 73, 79–80, 87, 119, 125, 327–8, 329, 332
dissembling 30
divorce from von Bülow 4
&
nbsp; ‘divorce’ letter 123–4, 125
education 30, 50, 88
efforts to doctor the record after RW’s death 4, 20
engages Isadora Duncan 112
fosters RW’s creativity 7
Franz Beidler’s unfinished biography of her 246
a German nationalist xiii, 6–7, 55
at Haus Pellet 27
health 110, 111, 123, 154
and Hitler’s first visit to Wahnfried 141–2
Isolde becomes an ‘unperson’ to her 113
Isolde takes her to court 127–9
and Judith Gautier 49
and Klindworth 135
Liszt’s illegitimate daughter xi, 1, 28, 29, 30
and Marguerite de Nuovina 117
marriage to von Bülow 31, 32–4, 88, 89
marries RW (1870) 4, 94
meets Chamberlain 95, 96
meets RW 30
musical birthday present 5, 158
outlives RW by forty-seven years xi, 155, 197
personality 8, 31, 32, 50–51
relationship with Chamberlain 95–6
response to RW’s work 31–2
revisionism 100–101
runs the Bayreuth festival 55–8, 60–64, 115, 158, 194
RW pokes fun at her 50
and RW’s death 54
and RW’s refusal to sign Foerster’s petition 75
her suffering 8, 28, 50, 57
suicidal 32, 34
unhappy with Isolde’s marriage 123–4
Wagner, Friedelind (‘Mausi’; RW’s granddaughter)
admiration for Hitler’s Germany 206, 207
in America xii, 207, 220–21
American nationality 254, 273, 274
antisemitism 207
appearance 209, 220, 274
attitude toward the Nazis xii, 206–7, 212, 267, 273
banned from the Festspielhaus 317, 323
birth (29 March 1918) 137
in Britain (1940) 214–19
CARE packets 255, 269, 273
confirmed as a church member 189
Daily Sketch articles 215, 217
death (8 May 1991) 338
dubbed the ‘black sheep of the family’ 206
education 134, 207, 275
on entertaining Hitler 205
financial affairs 218–19, 220, 274, 280, 308, 318, 337
flees from Nazi Germany xii, 143, 251, 350
friendship with Frida Leider 194, 208, 211–12, 271
and Gertrud Reissinger 206, 297
and Gottfried von Einem 214–15
interned in Britain 216, 218
intervenes on her mother’s behalf 269–70, 271, 273
lengthy stays in England 207
and Liszt 194
London years 207–9
in Lucerne 214, 246
master classes at Bayreuth 281, 307–8, 337, 346
Mayor Meyer’s letter 255–6, 276
meeting with Winifred in Zurich 212–14
and Neill Thornborrow 338, 351
personality 134, 192–3, 206, 208, 218, 274, 337
pessimistic about the international situation 268
promotes Siegfried’s little-known music 337–8
The Wagner Clan Page 53