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The Chairman

Page 115

by Kai Bird


  heart attacks of, 447, 469–70

  Khrushchev’s relationship with, 467, 470–71, 476, 487–91

  McCarthyism as viewed by, 403, 405, 408–10, 415–16, 417, 418, 419–21, 433, 448

  McCloy’s relationship with, 146, 181–82, 193, 195, 199, 225, 344, 386, 391–92, 403, 407–11, 414, 421, 423, 429–30, 435, 445, 447–48, 469–70, 477, 483, 490, 497, 507, 513–14, 542, 544, 564

  North African military campaign of, 181–82, 190, 456

  nuclear strategy of, 461, 462–64, 465–71

  Oppenheimer security case and, 423, 425

  Eisenhower, Milton, 157, 160–61, 162–63, 409, 468

  Eliot, Charles W., 30

  Eliot, T. S., 88

  Elliott, William, 461

  Ellsberg, Daniel, 620

  Elman, Philip, 170

  Emergency Committee to Save the Jewish People of Europe, 202–3, 209

  Encounter, 358, 413

  Endo, Mitsuye, 166–67, 173

  Ennis, Edward J., 149, 153, 172

  Equitable Trust Company, 274

  Erhard, Ludwig, 576, 587, 589, 590, 591

  Esquire, 563–64

  Establishment:

  British Establishment vs., 18

  McCloy as “chairman” of, 15, 17, 19, 20, 563–64, 596–97

  McCloy as member of, 15–20, 47, 107, 661, 663

  in Philadelphia, 23–27, 663

  political outlook of, 312, 619–21

  prep-school credentials for, 35–36

  Vietnam War and, 603–4

  in Washington, D.C., 499, 613, 622–23, 637–39, 649–50

  EUCOM (European Command, U.S. Army), 345, 350

  Europe, Eastern, see specific countries

  Europe, Western:

  anti-Americanism in, 392–93, 471

  postwar reconstruction in, 235, 292–94, 306

  Soviet threat to, 303, 308–9, 327–28, 339–44, 356, 357, 360, 378, 524, 623

  union for, 336–37, 379, 385

  U.S. military presence in, 265, 344, 381, 384, 588–93, 621–24

  see also specific countries

  European Defense Force (EDF), 340, 341, 344, 364, 368, 378, 379, 381, 385

  European Economic Community (EEC), 379, 472, 516, 541

  European Movement, 471

  European Recovery Program (ERP), see Marshall Plan

  Evans, Ward V., 422

  Eveland, Wilbur Crane, 442–43

  Excomm (Executive Committee), 526–27, 529, 531, 533, 538–39

  Executive Order 9066, 153–54, 156

  Export-Import Bank (Eximbank), 298–99

  Exxon, 625

  ‘Face the Nation,” 559

  Fahy, Charles, 172

  Faisal, King of Saudi Arabia, 444, 445, 541, 606–7, 633–34

  Falk, Richard, 596, 618, 620

  Fall, Bernard B., 585

  I. G. Farben, 214, 219, 309, 316, 368, 479

  Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI):

  intelligence operations of, 118, 126, 280–81

  Kennedy assassination and, 548, 554–55, 556–59, 562, 565–66

  McCloy investigated by, 411–12

  sabotage investigated by, 117, 119, 128, 136, 137, 142–43, 163–65

  Security Index of, 555

  Special Intelligence section of, 118

  wiretapping by, 127, 128, 162

  Federal Reserve, 58, 72, 402, 453

  Fee, James A., 167

  Ferencz, Benjamin B., 336, 362, 368, 479, 480, 481

  Fermi, Enrico, 243n, 423

  “Fifth Column on the Coast, The” (Lippmann), 152–53

  Final Report, Japanese Evacuation from the West Coast, 169, 172–73

  Financial Times, 283, 287

  Fish, Hamilton, Jr., 46

  Fisher, Adrian, 172, 173, 499, 513

  Fleming, Ian, 129

  Flick, Friedrich, 361, 365, 367, 479

  Flyfishers Club, 99

  Forbes, 455

  Ford, Benson, 439

  Ford, Bill, 437–38

  Ford, Edsel Bryant, 436

  Ford, Gerald R., 548, 556, 565

  Ford, Henry, 88, 436, 438

  Ford, Henry, II, 414, 426, 436–40

  Ford, Leland M., 147

  Ford Foundation, 15, 358, 458, 478

  board of trustees of, 437, 438, 439–40, 519–20

  CIA involvement with, 426–29, 485

  McCloy as chairman of, 18, 475, 503, 518–20, 586

  McCloy as consultant to, 386, 391, 403

  McCloy as trustee of, 416, 426–29, 436, 437, 438

  projects funded by, 518–20, 567, 573, 618

  stock offering by, 436–40

  Ford Motor Company, 436–40

  Foreign Affairs, 63, 306, 307, 458, 460, 461–62, 521, 585, 619–20, 621

  Forger, Alexander, 16

  Formosa, 464, 473–75

  Forrestal, James V., 103, 130–31, 229, 239, 240–41, 247, 257, 260, 263, 264, 301, 302–3, 308

  Forrestal, Michael, 528

  Fortas, Abe, 274, 275, 548

  Fortune, 391, 395, 396, 553

  Forum, 413

  Foster, William, 516

  Foster Panel, 515–16

  Fowler, Henry H., 591

  France:

  intelligence operations in, 347, 348, 350–51

  Jewish community in, 346

  in NATO, 586, 587, 588, 589, 600

  occupation currency in, 197, 198

  postwar reconstruction of, 290–91, 292, 293, 296

  resistance groups in, 196, 197, 198, 199, 207, 221, 346, 350

  U.S. relations with, 347, 348

  Vichy, 180–81, 196, 197

  West Germany’s relations with, 342, 344, 376–78, 379, 380, 383, 385, 393

  Frankenstein, Joseph M., 406, 407, 410

  Frankfurter, Felix, 76, 102, 104, 120, 183, 205–6, 392, 401, 423, 477, 508, 511

  McCloy’s relationship with, 47–48, 49–50, 54, 55, 56, 121, 125, 131, 132, 148, 154, 170, 207, 219, 275, 282, 373, 374, 380, 418–19, 425, 482–83

  Franklin, George S., Jr., 107, 275–76, 457, 459, 462

  Frasheri, Midhat, 355

  Free French Committee, 180, 181, 183, 184, 195–96, 197–99, 200

  Freemantle Diary, 429

  Friedman, William, 142

  Frischer, Ernest, 218

  Fulbright, J. William, 436, 513, 582, 584

  Furland, Richard M., 16

  Furness, H. H., 28

  Gaither, H. Rowan, 436, 437, 439, 465, 475

  Gaither Commission, 465–68, 469, 487, 498, 501

  Galbraith, John Kenneth, 19, 435–36, 459, 496, 619

  Garner, Robert L., 286, 289, 298, 300, 301, 305

  Garrison, Lloyd K., 422, 423, 425

  Gehlen, Reinhard, 353–54, 355–56

  General Advisory Committee to the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, 521, 524

  General Motors, 59, 132, 436, 439

  George VI, King of England, 235

  Georges-Picot, Jacques, 449

  Gerhardt, Al, 213, 218, 220, 221, 355, 442

  German-American Mixed Claims Commission, 79–80, 82–83, 85, 86, 89, 90–91, 93

  German Democratic Republic (East Germany):

  government of, 323–24

  military forces of, 327

  refugees from, 338, 511–12

  Soviet control of, 380, 511

  Germany, Federal Republic of (West Germany):

  Allies’ “contractual relationship” with, 343–44, 376, 378, 379–85, 404

  anti-Semitism in, 334–35

  Basic Law for, 310, 322, 335

  Bonn Constitution of, 311

  British troops in, 586, 591, 593

  Bundestag of, 314, 315, 356–57, 404, 447

  Constitution of, 362

  currency reform in, 303, 309–10, 323

  demilitarization of, 326, 327–28, 336, 415, 512

  de-Nazification program in, 309, 317, 328–30, 337, 347–48, 367

  dismantl
ing of industry in, 324–25, 326, 332, 368–69, 383, 480–81, 482

  economy of, 360, 380

  French relations with, 342, 344, 376–78, 379, 380, 383, 385, 393

  General Claims Law for, 314–15

  industrialists in, 332, 337–39, 368–69

  intelligence operations in, 334, 345–58

  Jewish affairs in, 314–15, 328, 334–35, 337, 382–83, 479–82

  Labor Service units in, 354–55

  McCarthyism as viewed in, 410, 414–15

  McCloy’s agenda for, 318–19, 336–44, 371, 379–82, 414–15, 478, 585–93, 621–24

  McCloy’s staff in, 317–18

  Marshall Plan for, 309

  in NATO, 585–93

  Nazi war criminals in, 330–36, 346–56

  neutrality of, 342, 343, 380, 381, 384, 463, 478

  nuclear weapons in, 467, 585–86

  Occupation Statute for, 321–22, 323, 337» 343

  occupation zones in, 309, 318, 320–21, 325, 326, 334, 337, 338, 376, 377, 379

  Ostpolitik of, 587, 593, 621–22

  as parliamentary democracy, 310, 311, 313, 318, 320, 326–27, 328, 334, 335, 337, 338, 374, 379–80, 385

  postwar reconstruction of, 309, 324–25

  rearmament of, 339–44, 363, 376–79, 380, 381, 385

  reparations paid by, 314–15, 317

  Secret Service of, 353

  sovereignty of, 342, 379–80, 381, 383

  Soviet opposition to, 323–24, 336, 339, 590

  Soviet “peace offensives” and, 380–82, 383, 384, 415

  taxation in, 337, 338

  “trilateral negotiations” in, 590–93

  U.S. relations with, 341, 586, 592

  U.S. troops in, 376, 381, 384, 586, 588—93, 594, 621–24

  Germany, Occupied:

  demilitarization of, 311, 343, 478

  dismemberment of, 230, 308, 310

  European stability dependent on, 295

  McCloy as high commissioner of, 16, 18, 268, 305–6, 308–86, 446, 570, 662

  McCloy’s inspection tour of, 232–35

  nationalism in, 309, 377

  neutrality of, 310, 378

  occupation zones of, 192, 254, 255, 258, 259, 308, 310–11, 342

  pastoralization of, 230, 287

  postwar reconstruction of, 224–27, 231, 232, 233, 234–35, 255, 295

  Prussian militarism in, 310, 319

  reparations paid by, 231, 232, 255, 382–83, 479–82

  reunification of, 311, 319, 323, 324, 325, 335, 336–37, 342, 376, 377–78, 380–82, 384, 446, 478, 511–12, 662

  Soviet zone in, 224, 225, 267, 308, 310–11

  U.S. occupation policy on, 223–27, 230, 254

  Germany, Weimar, 70–71, 324

  Gerow, Leonard T., 135, 139, 146, 233

  Gestapo, 361, 369

  Gettel, Raymond, 39

  Gettysburg, Battle of, 429

  Gilpatric, Roswell L., 491, 532, 576

  Giraud, Henri, 180, 181, 182, 183

  Globke, Hans, 329

  Godkin, Edwin L., 392

  Goering, Hermann, 89, 90, 324

  Goetz, Betty, 499, 513, 514

  Goldberg, Arthur, 584

  Goldmann, Guido, 659

  Goldmann, Nahum, 219, 222, 382–83, 482, 659

  Goldwater, Barry, 542, 562–64, 568, 637, 638

  Golitsyn, Anatoliy, 560n

  Goodpaster, Andrew, Jr., 464

  Gorbachev, Mikhail S., 657

  Gordon, Lincoln, 551, 552

  Gottlieb, Leo, 49

  Goulart, Joâo, 550–53

  Graham, Billy, 456

  Graham, Katharine, 468

  Graham, Philip, 468

  Gray, Gordon, 422, 424–25, 487, 488

  Gray Board, 422–26

  Great Oil Spill (McCloy et al.), 636

  Greco, El, 278

  Greece, 237, 290

  Greenstein, Harry, 314, 315

  Gregory VII, Pope, 322

  Grew, Joseph, 239, 240–41, 247

  Grewe, Wilhelm, 320, 512

  Grigg, James, 289

  Gromyko, Andrei, 250, 501–2

  Grotewohl, Otto, 323–24

  Groves, Leslie R., 243n, 244, 276, 278

  Gruenther, Alfred M., 468, 470, 471, 477, 488

  Guatemala, 435, 449

  Gulf of Tonkin resolution, 571, 620

  Gulf Oil Corporation, 636–37, 640

  Gullion, Allen W., 148, 149, 150, 151, 153, 154

  Gullion, Edmund A., 499, 500

  Haig, Alexander, 635, 637, 656

  Hall, W. Reginald, 80, 84, 85, 94

  Hamilton, Andrew, 26

  Hamilton, Walton, 39

  Hammarskjöld, Dag, 450, 451

  Hammer, Armand, 625–26, 636

  Hammett, Dashiell, 404

  Hanauer, Jerome J., 60, 66

  Hancock, John, 279

  Hand, Learned, 49, 392

  Handy, Thomas T., 119, 178, 213, 374

  Hanfstaengl, Ernst Franz “Putzi,” 88–89, 95, 176–77

  M. A. Hanna Mining Company, 550–53

  Hanrieder, Wolfram, F., 384

  Harding, Warren G., 54–58

  Hardy, René, 348, 350 Harper’s, 19, 263, 659–60

  Harriman, Averell, 103, 239, 256, 260–61, 296, 305, 423, 471–72, 499, 507, 512, 526, 539, 634, 637, 639

  Khrushchev and, 485–87, 543

  McCloy’s relationship with, 19, 69, 191, 228, 250, 253, 265, 300, 340, 485–87, 551, 552, 563, 564, 568, 575, 586, 587, 600, 649

  Vietnam War and, 573, 585, 594, 600, 602, 614, 617, 618

  Harriman, Edward H., 69

  Harris, George L., 37, 185, 243n, 251

  Harrison, Pat, 124

  Harvard Advocate, 53–54

  Harvard Crimson, 50, 102

  Harvard Law Review, 48, 50, 53

  Harvard University, 658–59

  Hastie, William H., 187–88

  Hays, George P., 314, 315, 318

  Haywood, “Big” Bill, 87

  Heald, Henry, 519–20

  Healey, Denis, 472

  Hearst, William Randolph, 61

  Heinemann, Gustav, 343

  Helms, Richard M., 560–61, 565, 598

  Henry, Bayard, 57

  Heritage Foundation, 414

  Hermann, Frederick Laurent, 81–83, 84–85, 93, 95

  Herod, Rogers, 486

  Herter, Christian A., 468, 476, 477–78, 488

  Hess, Rudolf, 89, 374

  Heusinger, Adolf, 364

  Heydrich, Reinhard, 201

  Hilken, Paul, 81–83, 84, 92, 95

  Hill, Kenneth, 442

  Hillenkoetter, Roscoe H., 302

  Hinsch, Friedrich, 81–82, 83, 84

  Hirabayashi, Gordon K., 166–67, 170

  Hirohito, Emperor of Japan, 242, 243, 245, 246, 248, 250, 251, 252–53, 257, 258, 259–60, 263

  Hiroshima bombing, 240–68, 463

  intelligence information and, 242, 251, 252, 263

  Japanese surrender and, 242–43, 263

  McCloy’s opposition to, 16–17, 240, 242–43, 259, 263–64, 501, 663

  moral consequences of, 254, 263–64

  Stalin’s views on, 260–61

  Stimson’s views on, 240–48, 251, 263, 501

  Truman’s policy on, 241, 244, 254, 257, 259, 260, 263

  U.S. invasion and, 244–48

  Hirschmann, Ira, 218

  Hiss, Alger, 281, 283, 404–5, 412, 413

  Hitler, Adolf, 86, 88, 90, 108–9, 132, 143, 144, 176, 276, 316, 319

  dictatorial powers of, 329, 419

  industrialists as supporters of, 359–60, 366–67, 372

  McCloy’s views on, 133, 254, 452

  military strategy of, 179

  opposition to, 332–33, 374–75, 504

  as responsible for Nazi crimes, 330, 361

  Roosevelt vs., 89, 171

  Ho Chi Minh, 581, 594

  Hoffman, Amzi, 32, 34, 35, 39

  Hoffman, Paul
, 294, 447, 654

  Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr., 47

  Holocaust:

  concentration camps in, 359–60, 361, 362, 366, 367, 369

  gas chambers in, 205, 211–12, 214–17

  Jewish-Americans and, 175, 202, 205, 207, 208, 209, 218, 222

  Jewish emigration and, 203, 208–11

  McCloy’s policies on, 201–27

  military force and, 204–5, 207, 212–23

  Nuremberg trial and, 331

  reports of, 201, 202, 205–6, 207, 211–12, 215, 217, 220, 221, 309, 334

  rescue efforts and, 175, 203–4, 209–10, 216

  slave labor in, 479–82

  Soviet military strategy and, 214, 218, 219, 220

  see also Auschwitz concentration camp Hook, Sidney, 357

  Hoover, Herbert, 18, 71–72, 97–98, 99, 103, 109, 139, 301, 430

  Hoover, Herbert, Jr., 451

  Hoover, J. Edgar, 118, 119, 126, 127, 128, 129, 137, 147, 149, 162, 164–65, 276, 301

  Kennedy assassination and, 554–55, 557, 561

  McCloy’s relationship with, 271, 280–81, 411–12

  Hope, Walter, 107

  Hopkins, Harry, 144, 179, 184, 192, 193, 194–95, 224, 225

  House of Morgan, 60, 66, 98

  House of Representatives, U.S.: Committee on Government Operations, 406

  Foreign Affairs Committee, 513–14

  Foreign Relations Committee, 123, 208

  Select Committee on Assassinations, 559, 566n

  Howard, Frank, 442

  Howe, Louis, 101

  Hulbert, Mark, 654

  Hull, Cordell, 103, 140, 192, 225, 250

  Hull, John E., 213, 221

  Humes, James J., 554

  Humphrey, George, 550–53

  Humphrey, Hubert H., 499, 513, 564, 583, 584, 614

  Hurewitz, J. C., 458

  Hyland, William G., 616–17

  ICBMs (intercontinental ballistic missiles), 465, 466, 467, 487, 488, 509, 524, 525, 616

  Ickes, Harold L., 110, 118, 119, 124, 137, 161, 171, 177, 182, 185, 190, 223, 226, 229, 272, 274, 275, 417

  IL-28 bombers, 533, 534, 537, 538, 540

  Independent Research Service, 484

  insider trading, 72, 105, 404–5

  Institute for Policy Studies, 620

  intelligence operations:

  centralized, 84, 94, 118, 129–30, 279–80

  counter-, 128, 137, 164, 351

  covert operations and, 353–58, 384, 411, 413–14

  ex-Nazis used in, 346–53

  illegal methods used in, 126–28, 130, 136, 155

  McCloy’s views on, 84, 85, 94, 95, 118–19, 126–30, 141–42, 279, 301–4, 345, 347, 350, 355, 356–57, 411–12, 414, 427, 429, 561–62

  in Pearl Harbor attack, 140, 141–42

  against Soviets, 345, 347, 353–57

  see also Central Intelligence Agency

  Interim Committee, 237, 242, 243–44, 249, 276

  Internal Revenue Service (IRS), 438, 639

  International Acceptance Bank, 71

  International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, see World Bank

 

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