Procrastination

by Jane B. Burka

  as overly optimistic(app)

  self-control, lack of(app)

  self-discipline, poor(app)

  self-doubt(app)

  self-handicapping(app)

  Childhood origins of procrastination

  assumptions about parental love

  autonomy discouraged

  family influences

  lack of emotional connection to parents

  over-involvement with parents

  Children, as procrastinators

  ADD considerations(see also Attention deficit disorder)

  ineffective approaches

  perceptions of time

  techniques for parents

  Choice points(app)

  and ADD, ED

  and excuses

  Circadian rhythms

  Clinging theme in family

  Clock genes

  Clown, as procrastinator

  Clutter

  Cognitive reappraisal

  Collaboration

  Commitments

  phobias, avoidance of

  public

  unnecessary

  Competition, as procrastination factor

  Conscientiousness, low(app) (app)

  Consequences of procrastination

  for children

  external

  for others

  internal

  of timelessness

  Consumer Reports magazine

  Control exerted through procrastination

  for autonomy

  Cortisol

  Covey, Stephen

  Cozolino, Louis

  Criticism, as ineffective approach

  Cross-cultural pressures

  alienation

  career obstacles

  culture shock

  differences in time perceptions

  influencing procrastination

  inhibiting success

  isolation

  managed through social, family supports

  self-doubt

  sense of loss

  See also Students, college, first-generation

  Cultural pressures. See Cross-cultural pressures

  Culture shock

  Cycle of Procrastination

  Dangers of improvement

  Defense attorney metaphor

  Delegation technique (app)

  for ADD, ED

  Dement, William

  Dependency upon others and procrastination See also Clinging theme in family

  Depression (app)

  Disappointment in procrastinator

  Distancing

  Distractibility, as characteristic of procrastinators (app)(app)

  Dread

  activates amygdala in brain

  articulation of

  interrupted by sacred pause

  Drucker, Peter

  Dweck, Carol(app)

  ED. See Executive dysfunction (ED)

  Eifert, George

  Einstein, Albert

  Electronic addictions

  Emotional clutter

  Emotional intelligence

  Emotional regulation

  contextualization

  as procrastination factor(app)

  through feelings of well-being

  Emotions, feelings

  after accomplishing goals

  avoided through procrastination

  defensive patterns, suppression

  neuroscience of emotions

  as roots of procrastination

  triggered by procrastination

  Encouragement, as ineffective approach

  Endorphins

  Environmental stimuli

  Excitement. See Risk, thrill through procrastination

  Excuses for procrastination

  and achieving goals

  as choice points

  converted into rewards (app)

  and overcoming task aversiveness (app)

  pre-planned

  Executive dysfunction (ED)

  differences among procrastinators

  need for habitual structures, routines

  and point of performance/avoidance help

  and self-regulation(app)

  See also Attention deficit disorder (ADD)

  Exercise

  Expectations(app)

  based on past family experiences

  of difficulties, unpleasant outcomes (app)

  Factors likely to increase procrastination

  expectations of difficulties(app)

  low confidence(app)

  self-regulation, lack of(app)

  unpleasant process or distant rewards(app) (see also Task Aversiveness)

  Failure, fear of

  and avoiding competition

  and commitment phobia

  contrasted to fear of success

  from Fixed Mindset

  linked to procrastination (app)

  Families’ influences

  on children’s self-esteem

  as clinging

  as conditions for love

  in cross-cultural contexts

  as distractions

  Families’ influences (continued)

  from doubting messages

  as parental distancing

  past messages lead to pressures

  rebelled against by procrastinators

  as supportive, nonsupportive

  through parental control

  Fears

  benefits of discussing

  of commitment

  confronting or facing

  of failing(app)

  of intimacy

  of separation

  of success

  triggered by managing procrastination

  unconscious

  of workaholism

  Fiore, Neil

  Fixed Mindset

  Flexibility, in approaching procrastinators

  Forsyth, John

  Freedom from Procrastination Code

  Freud, Sigmund

  Frustration cycle of dealing with procrastinators,

  Future discounting(app)

  Gender pressures

  Goals

  assessing accomplishment of

  in behavioral terms (app)(app)

  broken in small steps (app) (app)

  and flexibility

  following through

  as minimally acceptable

  as observable

  as realistic(app)

  selection of

  as specific, concrete(app)

  starting up(app)

  See also Behavioral goals

  Goleman, Daniel

  Growth Mindset (app)

  Hallowell, Ned

  Hargrove, Michael

  Heartmath

  Hebb, Donald

  Hoarding

  How to Get Control of Your Time and Your Life (Lakein)

  Identities of procrastinators

  Immigrants’ cultural pressures

  career obstacles

  culture shock

  of first-generation college students

  importance of social supports

  isolation

  self-doubt

  sense of loss

  of undocumented people

  Implicit memory

  Impulsiveness(app) (app)

  Independence. See Autonomy, need to prove

  Individuality, as an approach to procrastinators

  Inhibition

  as brain activity

  linked to sense of time

  as problem with ADD, ED

  Integration of healthy body-mind systems

  Intention-action gap, as correlated with procrastination(app)

  Internet

  for procrastinators’ support

  used for avoidance behavior (app)

  Intimacy, avoidance of

  Irrational optimism(app)

  Isolation

  Journal or notebook writing

  Jung, Carl

  Kabat-Zinn, Jon

  Kagan, Jerome

  Kahneman, Daniel(app) />
  Kandel, Eric

  Kant, Immanuel

  Kindness, compassion

  Kolodny, Susan

  Lakein, Alan

  Lay, Clarry

  Learned industriousness process (app)

  Left Shift

  Lessig, Lawrence

  Lists

  Loss, sense of

  Low confidence, as procrastination factor(app)

  Maladaptive perfectionism (app)

  Mature time

  Memory

  of family influences on self-esteem

  implicit

  need for point of performance reminders

  Merzenich, Michael

  Mindfulness

  for nonjudgmental awareness

  as regulating heart rhythm

  as sacred pause

  as stress-reducer

  “Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction” (Kabat-Zinn)

  Mindsets

  and dealing with excuses

  Fixed

  Growth (app)

  and selecting a realistic goal (app)

  Miracle worker, as procrastinator

  Mirror neurons

  Models of success and failure

  Motivations

  intrinsic(app)

  related to autonomy(app)

  unconscious (app)(app)

  Nagging, as ineffective approach

  Neuroplasticity

  Neuroscience and procrastination

  and ability to tell time accurately

  and benefits of exercise

  differences among procrastinators

  and emotional regulation

  and inability to inhibit activity

  influences of implicit memory

  and language learning

  and stages of change

  See also Biologically-based conditions, states

  Newton, Isaac

  Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

  Obstacles

  career

  working around or through (app)

  O’Connor, Flannery

  Oppositional/Defiant disorder

  Optimism, of some procrastinators

  irrational or overly optimistic (app)(app)

  Organization

  Oxytocin

  Panic disorder

  Parallel play

  Patterns, styles of procrastination

  Perfectionism

  adaptive-maladaptive distinguished (app)

  and avoiding competition

  and avoiding discomfort

  catastrophic expectations of

  and goal-setting,-achieving

  maladaptive(app)

  of parents and children

  pressures within families

  and reluctance to delegate

  Personal growth

  Planning

  with help from others

  overview

  recording progress

  using the un-schedule (fig)

  Plastic paradox

  Point of avoidance

  Point of performance

  Power, powerlessness, and procrastination

  fantasy of omnipotence

  time as oppressor or liberator

  Prime time, personal

  Prioritization technique

  Prochaska, James

  Procrastination cycle

  Procrastination Research Group (app)

  Procrastinators Anonymous

  Procrastinator’s Code

  Psychotherapy. See Therapy

  Ratey, John

  Rebellion, of procrastinators

  and control or autonomy issues (app)

  by denying values

  as response to doubting families

  Recording progress

  Renaissance man, as procrastinator

  Rescuing, as bailout for procrastinators

  Retaliation or revenge

  Rewards

  for children

  converted from excuses (app)

  immediate compared to delayed (app)

  for progress along the way (app)

  to record progress

  through socializing

  unrealistic(app)

  Ridicule

  Risk, thrill, through procrastination

  Roots of procrastination

  Sacred pause

  Sarton, May

  Schwartz, Jeffrey

  Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

  Secrecy

  Self-control

  and inability to inhibit activity

  and irrational optimism(app)

  as limited resource(app)

  Self-discipline, lack of(app)

  Self-doubt(app)

  Self-esteem

  family influence on

  low, procrastination high

  and maladaptive perfectionism

  Self-handicapping(app)

  Self-monitoring

  and ADD, ED

  as executive function

  as reviewing

  verbal

  See also Self-regulation

  Self-regulation(app)

  Self-regulatory failure(app)

  See also Emotional regulation; Self-monitoring

  Self-worth equation

  measured by performance, ability

  non-performance demonstrates ability

  undone by Growth Mindset

  Separation from others, fear of

  Shame

  about being in psychotherapy

  as consequence of procrastination

  as cross-cultural concept

  as ineffective approach

  and maladaptive perfectionism

  Sleep disorders, deprivation, apnea (app)

  Social contacts