poppy cultivation, here
porcelain, Chinese, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Portugal
agreements with Spain, here, here, here
and gold trade, here
profits from spice trade, here
and slave trade, here, here
voyages of discovery and trade routes, here, here, here, here, here, here
postal system, Russian, here
Potosí mine, here, here
Potsdam Conference, here
Powell, Colin, here
Powers, Gary, here
Prague, here
Prester John, here, here
Princip, Gavrilo, here, here
printing, invention of, here
prisoners of war, here
Priuli, Girolamo, here
Procopius, here, here
Propertius, here
prostitutes, barbarian, here
Ptolemy, here, here
Pul-i Charki prison, here
Pushkin, Alexander, here, here
Putin, Vladimir, here
Qābūs-nāma, here
Qādisiyyah, battle of, here
al-Qaida, here, here
Qalhāt, here
Qana’, here
Qānūn al-Ṣuvar, here
Qarakhānid Turks, here
Qardagh, here
Qasim, Abdul Karim, here, here
Qianlong dynasty, here
qibla, here
Qing dynasty, here
Qitai monitoring site, here
Qom, here, here
Querini, Vicenzo, here
Quetta, here, here, here, here
Quetzalcoatl, here
quinto (tax), here
Qurān, here, here, here, here, here
influence on social structures, here
teaching of, here
text on Iranian stamps, here
translations of, here
Quraysh tribe, here, here, here, here, here
Quuz, Sultan, here
Qyzyl cave complex, here
Rabban Sauma, bishop of Uighutia, here
Rabbani, Mullah, here, here
Rabīa Balkhī, here
Rabin, Yitzhak, here
Radek, Karl, here
Radmichi, here
RAF Habbiniyah, here, here
Ragusa, here
Rajmahal, here
Rāmisht of Sīrāf, here
Ramla, here
Raphael, here
rare earths, here
al-Rashīd, Hārūn, here
Rawlinson, Henry, here
Raymond of Toulouse, here
Rayy, here, here, here
Razmārā, Alī, here
Reagan, Ronald, here, here, here
Red Army, purges of, here
Red Line Agreement, here
Redwood, Dr Boverton, here
Reformation, here, here, here
Reichenau, General Walther von, here, here
relics, here, here
Renaissance, here
rendition, extra-judicial, here
Reuter, Baron George de, here
Rev-Ardashīr, here
Reynald of Châtillon, here
Reynolds, George, here
Reza Khan, Shah, here, here, here
Reza Pahlavi, Shah Mohammed, here, here, here, here, here
Rhineland, anti-Semitism in, here, here
Rhodes, here
rhubarb, here
Ribbentrop, Joachim von, here, here, here
Ricci, Matteo, here
Richard I, King, here
Ridley, General Clarence, here
Rijcksen, Jan, here
Rimbert, bishop of Bremen, here
River Yarmuk, battle of the, here
Roberts, Field Marshal Lord, here, here
Roger of Sicily, here
Roman army, here
Roman empire
adoption of Christianity, here, here
and Chinese silk, here
conquest of Egypt, here
decline and collapse, here, here, here, here
and founding of Constantinople, here
Persian alliance, here, here
Persian campaigns, here
Persian wars, here, here, here, here, here
Prophet Muammad and, here
relations with China, here
rise of, here
and slavery, here
trade with India, here
Romania, post-war, here
Romanos IV Diogenes, Emperor, here
Rome
Altare della Patria monument, here
as centre of Christianity, here
and fall of Constantinople, here, here
plague in, here
and rise of tourism, here
sack of, here, here
Rommel, General Erwin, here, here
Roosevelt, Archie, here
Roosevelt, Franklin D., here, here, here
Roosevelt, Kermit, here
Rosenberg, Alfred, here
Rostov-on-Don, here
Rothschild, Baron Alphonse de, here, here
Rotterdam, here
Royal Air Force, here, here
Royal Dutch/Shell, here, here
Royal Navy, conversion to oil, here, here, here
Rumaila oilfield, here
Rumsfeld, Donald, here, here, here, here
Rus’, see Viking Rus’
Russia (Russian empire)
abolition of serfdom, here
anticipates end of world, here, here
and approach to First World War, here, here
artistic flourishing, here
and Chechen terrorism, here
collapse of government, here
designs on Ottoman empire, here
development of autocracy, here
expansion of empire, here, here
First World War aims, here
and Indian trade, here
invasion of Balkans, here
and Jewish emigration, here
military reforms, here
Napoleonic invasion, here, here
and ‘new Russians’, here, here
and Persian oil exploitation, here
postal system, here
relations with Britain, here, here, here, here
relations with Persia, here, here, here, here
revolutions, here, here, here, here
trade links with England, here
Russia Company, here
Russian language, here
Russo-Chinese Bank, here
Russo-Japanese War, here
Rustichello, here
Ryazan, here
Ryrikovo Gorodische, here
sable skins, trade in, here
Sachsenhausen, here
sacred fire, extinguishing of, here
Sadat, Anwar, here
Saddharmapundarīka (Lotus Sutra), here
Safavid dynasty, here
Sahara desert, here
al-Said, Nuri, 4428
St Augustine, here
Saint-Etienne, here
St Gregory, here
St Jerome, here
St John, Oliver, here
St Paul, here
St Petersburg Academy of Medicine, here
St Thomas, here
Saki (H. H. Munro), here
Ṣalā al-Din al-Ayyubī (Saladin), here, here
Salang tunnel and highway, here, here
Salisbury, Lord, here
Sallām, journey of, here
Sallust, here
Salona, here
Salvian, here
Samandar, here
Sāmānid dynasty, here, here
Samarkand, here, here, here, here, here
Arab conquest, here, here
improvements under Mughals, here, here
improvements under Timur, here
Mongol conquest, here
Russian-controlled, here, here, here
Samarra (Kuib
yshev), here, here
Sameba Cathedral (Tblisi), here
Sanaa, here
sandalwood, here, here
São Jorge da Mina, here
São Tomé, here
Sasanian dynasty, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Sassetti, Filippo, here
Saudi Arabia, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
and founding of OPEC, here
and hunt for bin Laden, here
and ‘oil weapon’, here, here
Savak (secret police), here, here, here, here
Sazonov, Sergei, here
Schlieffen, Count Alfred von, here, here
Schmidt, Helmut, here
Scotland, here, here
Scowcroft, Brent, here
Scwarzkopf, General Norman, here
Scythians, here, here
Scythopolis, here
seals, Persian, here
Sefer (sea captain), here
Selden map, here
Seleucia, here
Seleucia-Ctesiphon, bishopric of, here
Seleucus, here
Selīm, Sultan, here
Selimiye mosque (Edirne), here
Seljuks, here, here
Seneca, here
Serbia, here
serpents, flying, here
Sevastopol, here
Severliane, here
Seville, here, here, here
‘Shah diamond’, here
Shah Jahān, Emperor, here, here
Shāhnāma, here
Shahrbarāz, here
Shakespeare, William, here, here, here
Shamil, Imam, here, here
Shamir, Yitzhak, here
Shanghai Co-Operation Organisation, here
Shāpūr I, King (of Persia), here, here
Shāpūr II, King (of Persia), here
Shaw Stewart, Patrick, here
sheep, size of, here
Shen Zhou, here
Shi Ji (Historical Records), here
Shim’on b. Yoai, Rabbi, here
shipbuilding, here, here, here, here, here
shipwrecks, here, here, here
Shuja, Shah, here
Shultz, George, here, here
Siam, here
Sicily, here, here, here, here, here
Sidon, here
Siemens, here
Siena, here
silk
appears in Rome, here
Chinese wearing of, here
early development of trade, here
increased production in China, here
Mongols and, here
Sogdians and trade in, here, here
Timur and, here
Uighurs and trade in, here
Viking Rus’ and, here, here, here
Silk Road website, here
silver, here, here, here
relative value of, here
Sima Qian, here
Sinagra, here
Sinān, here
Sindh, Arab conquest of, here
Singapore, here
Sīrāf, here
Sistan, here, here
Six-Day War, here
Sizabul (Türk leader), here
Slade, Admiral Sir Edmond, here, here
Slagve, commemorative rune-stone, here
slave trade, here, here, here, here
African, here, here, here
and castration, here
and conquest of Americas, here
decline of, here
England and, here
ghulām (slave troops), here
Roman empire and, here
Slavs, here, here
smallpox, here, here
smelting, decline of, here
Smith, Adam, here
Smolensk, here
snakes, worship of, here
Sogdian traders, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Sol Invictus, cult of, here
Somalia, here, here
Somme offensive, here
Song of Solomon, here
Song Yingxing, here
Sophocles, here
Soqotra, here
South Africa, here
Soviet Union
biological warfare programme, here
and British hold over Persia, here
Cold War interests, here, here, here
collapse of, here
food shortages and famine, here
and gender equality, here
and Iran–Iraq War, here
and Iranian revolution, here, here
Nazi invasion, here
pact with Nazis, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
resurgence and expansionism, here, here, here, here
Stalin’s purges, here, here
supply routes, here
and Yom Kippur War, here
space programme, American, here
Spain
agreements with Portugal, here, here, here
blockade of Low Countries, here
conquest of Americas, here
economic mismanagement, here
expulsion of Muslims, here
forcible conversion of Jews, here
Islamic, here, here
relations with England, here, here, here
voyages of discovery and trade routes, here, here, here, here, here
Spanish Armada, here
Spanish Company, here
Speer, Albert, here, here
Spetsnaz special forces, here, here
Spice Islands, here, here, here
spice trade, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
and Dutch colonies, here, here
early development of, here, here, here
Portuguese, here
Venetian, here, here
spingards, here
Split, here
Spring-Rice, Sir Cecil, here
Sputnik, launch of, here
Sri Lanka (Ceylon), here, here, here, here, here
Stahl, Leslie, here
Stalin, Josef, here, here, here, here
and post-war world, here, here, here, here
wartime conferences, here, here
Stalingrad, battle of, here, here
Standard Oil, here
Staraya Ladoga, here
Stathmoi Parthikoi, here
Stein, Auriel, here
steppe nomads, here, here, here, here
adoption of Christianity, here
competition with Viking Rus’, here
lifestyle and trade, here
religious beliefs, here
threaten Persia and Rome, here, here
see also Avars Huns Türks
Stern, Avraham, here
Stinger missiles, here
Stoddart, Captain James, here
Stolypin, Pyotr, here
Strabo, here
Straits of Gibraltar, here
Strauss, Richard, here
stupas, here, here
submarine warfare, here
Sudan, here
Suevi, here
Suez Canal, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Suez Crisis, here
sufis, here
sugar, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Sulaymān the Magnificent, Sultan, here
Sullivan, William, here
Sultanabad, here
Sulu, here
Sumatra, here
Surat, here
Surnes, Alexander, here
Susa, here
Susiana, here
Suzhou, here
Sverdlovsk, here
Sweden, plague in, here
Swedish iron ore, here, here
Sykes, Sir Mark, here
Sykes–Picot agreement, here, here
synagogues, here, here, here
Syria
civil war, here
and Cold War, here, here, here
and fall of France, here, here
&nb
sp; French-controlled, here, here, here
increasing repression, here
military spending, here
and here/11 attacks, here
and pan-Arabism, here
post-war coup, here
Tabriz, here, here, here
Tacitus, here, here
Taíno people, here
Taiwan, here
Taj Mahal, here
Taklamakan desert, here, here
Talas, battle of, here, here
Taliban, here, here, here, here
Talmud, here
Tamil literature, here
Tammuz nuclear facility, here
Tang dynasty, here, here
Taq Taq oilfield, here
Tāq-i Bustān, here
Taraki, Nur Muammad, here
Tashkent, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
‘Tatar’ cloth, here
‘Tatar Tonga’, here
Tatars, see Mongols
Taxila, here
tea, here, here, here, here
Teheran, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
anti-American demonstrations, here
pro-Khomeini protests, here, here
US embassy and hostage crisis, here, here, here, here
Teheran Conference, here, here
Telefunken, here
Tengri (nomad deity), here, here, here
Tenochtitlán, here
Terevingian Goths, here
Tertullian, here
textile industry, development of, here
Thanksgiving, feast of, here
Theodore, here
Theodosius II, Emperor, here
Therapeutai sect, here
Thessaloniki, sack of, here
Thirty Years War, here
Thrace, here
Tian Shan belt, here
Tibet, Christian missionaries in, here
Tikrit, here
Tilya Tepe graves, here
Timbuktu, here
Timoshenko, Marshal Semyon, here
Timothy, Patriarch, here, here
Timur, here, here, here
Timurid dynasty, here, here
Tinnīs, here
Tipu Sultan, here
Tiridates III, King (of Armenia), here
Tirpitz, here
Titian, here
Titon, Maximilien, here
Tlaxcalan, here
Todt organisation, here
Tóla, here
Toledo, here
topaz, here, here
Tora Bora, here, here
Tours, here
TOW missiles, here
Towcanelli, Paolo, here
Townley, William, here
Trajan, Emperor, here, here
Trans-Caspian Railway, here, here
Trans-Siberian Railway, here
travellers’ tales, here
Treaty of Alcáçovas, here
Treaty of Gulistan, here, here
Treaty of al-udaybiya, here
Treaty of Nanking, here
Treaty of Paris, here, here
Treaty of Tordesillas, here, here
Treaty of Versailles, here, here, here
Treaty of Zaragoza, here
Trinidad and Tobago, here
Triple Entente, here
Tripoli, here, here
triumphal arches, here
Trogir, here, here
Trojan War, depicted on ewer, here
The Silk Roads: A New History of the World Page 88